Tsim, Secondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv
Tsis-membrane organelles: qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi
Tag nrho cov hlwb uas muaj sia nyob yog ua los ntawm cov ntshav membrane, nucleus thiab cytoplasm. Qhov kawg no yog cov organelles thiab inclusions.
kev faib organelles
Nyob ntawm seb tus qauv, lawv yuav muab faib ua ob pawg loj. Nyob rau hauv cytology tso membrane thiab uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles. Tus thawj yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob pab pawg: odnomembrannye thiab dvumembrannye.
Los ntawm odnomembrannym organelles xws li cov endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, hlwv, melanosomes.
Los ntawm dvumembrannym ranked li organelles mitochondria thiab plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts). Lawv muaj ib tug heev qauv, thiab tsis tsuas yog vim lub xub ntiag ntawm ob week. Lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tau tsum tam sim no nyob rau hauv thiab txawm tag nrho organelles thiab DNA. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub matrix ntawm mitochondria thiab ribosomes yuav tsum tau cai mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
Rau uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles xws li ribosomes, lub cell center (centriole), microtubules thiab microfilaments.
Tsis-membrane organelles: muaj nuj nqi
Ribosomes yuav tsum tau mus ua ke protein. Lawv yog cov luag hauj lwm rau tus neeg txhais lus txheej txheem, piv txwv li, deciphering cov ntaub ntawv uas yog nyob rau tus tub txib RNA, thiab tsim los ntawm cov polypeptide chains ntawm tus neeg amino acids.
Cell chaw muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm mitotic ntxaiv. Nws yuav ua nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm meiosis thiab mitosis.
Tej uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles li microtubule cytoskeleton yog tsim. Nws ua yam ntxwv thiab thauj zog. Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm microtubules yuav tsiv mus nyob li cais tshuaj, thiab tag nrho cov organelles, xws li mitochondria. thauj txheej txheem tshwm sim siv tshwj xeeb cov nqaijrog hu ua lub cev muaj zog. Microtubule organizing chaw yog lub centriole.
Microfilaments yuav koom nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov lub cell zoo, raws li tau zoo raws li qhov yuav tsum tau txav mus rau ib co tib-celled kab mob xws li amoeba. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug yuav tsim ib tug ntau yam ntawm lug uas nws zog yog tsis qoos taub.
qauv
Raws li lub npe no qhia, uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles muaj week qauv. Lawv muaj li ntawm proteins. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tseem muaj nucleic acids.
Tus qauv ntawm lub ribosome
Cov uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles no muaj nyob rau ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosome muaj ib tug kheej kheej zoo, nws txoj kab uas hla yog 100-200 Angstroms. Cov uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles muaj ob qhov chaw (subunits) - me me thiab cov loj loj. Thaum lub ribosome tsis ua hauj lwm, lawv yog cais. Yuav kom lawv ua ke, ua tib zoo xub ntiag ntawm magnesium los yog poov hlau ions nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm.
Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm loj molecules ribosomal protein yuav muab tag nrho rau hauv pab pawg hu ua polyribosomes los yog polysomes. Tus nab npawb ntawm ribosomes nyob rau hauv lawv muaj peev xwm sib txawv los ntawm 4-5 mus 70-80, nyob ntawm seb qhov loj ntawm ib tug protein molecule uas yog tsim los ntawm lawv.
Ribosomes muaj ntawm cov nqaijrog thiab rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid), thiab dej lwg me me thiab hlau ions (calcium los yog magnesium).
Tus qauv ntawm lub cell chaw
Nyob rau hauv eukaryotes, cov uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles yog muaj li ntawm ob qhov chaw, hu ua centrosomes, thiab tsentrosfery - lighter qhov chaw ntawm cytoplasm uas nyob ib ncig lub centrioles. Tsis zoo li cov ntaub ntawv nrog lub ribosomes ntawm no organelle yog feem ntau merged. Teeb ntawm ob centrosomes hu ua diplosome.
Txhua centrosome muaj microtubules uas yog cov mus rau hauv ib tug cylindrical zoo.
Tus qauv ntawm lub microfilaments thiab microtubules
Tus thawj muaj xws li actin thiab lwm yam contractile cov nqaijrog xws li myosin, tropomyosin thiab lwm tus neeg.
Microtubules yog ntev thooj voos kheej kheej, khoob sab hauv, uas loj hlob los ntawm lub centrioles rau cov npoo ntawm lub cell. Lawv txoj kab uas hla - 25 nm, thiab qhov ntev yuav tsum yog los ntawm ob peb nanometers mus rau ob peb millimeters nyob ntawm qhov luaj li cas thiab kev khiav dej num ntawm ib tug cell. Cov uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles yog muaj feem ntawm cov protein tubulin.
Microtubules yog tsis ruaj tsis khov organelles yog lossi tau hloov. Lawv muaj cai ntxiv rau-kawg thiab ib tug tsis zoo kawg. Tus thawj mus tas li hniav nws tus kheej mus rau lub tubulin molecule, thiab los ntawm lub thib ob lawv tas li cleaved.
Tsim kom muaj uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles
Lub luag hauj lwm rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ribosome nucleolus. Nws yog tsim ntawm ribosomal RNA, cov qauv ntawm cov uas yog kho los ntawm ribosomal DNA nyob rau ntawm tej chromosomal cheeb tsam. Cov proteins uas ua li no organelles yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Tom qab ntawd, lawv yog thauj mus rau lub endosome, qhov twg nws nrog lub ribosomal RNA, txoj kev me me thiab cov loj loj subunit. Ces npaj organelles tsiv mus nyob rau lub cytoplasm, thiab ces rau ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm ntxhib endoplasmic reticulum.
Cell center yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub cell txij li thaum nws inception. Nws yog tsim los ntawm paub faib cov niam cell.
xaus
Raws li ib tug xaus, peb muaj ib lub ntsiab lus lub rooj.
| organelle | localization | zog | qauv | ||||
| ribosome | txheej membrane sab ntxhib endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasm | protein synthesis (translation) | ob subunits li ntawm rRNA thiab proteins | ||||
| cytocentrum | lub hauv paus cheeb tsam ntawm lub cell cytoplasm | koom nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm mitotic ntxaiv lub koom haum ntawm microtubules | ob centrioles, muaj raws ntawm microtubule thiab tsentrosfera | ||||
| microtubules | cytoplasm | txij nkawm ntawm cell zoo, thauj tej thiab tej yam organelles | ntev thooj voos kheej kheej ntawm cov nqaijrog (mas tubulin) | ||||
| microfilaments | cytoplasm | cell zoo hloov thiab lwm tus neeg. | cov nqaijrog (feem ntau actin, myosin) | ||||
Yog li ntawd tam sim no koj paub tag nrho hais txog qhov uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles, uas yog muaj nyob rau ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv nroj tsuag thiab nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj thiab fungal hlwb.
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