Tshuaj oxide

Oxides los yog oxides ntawm ntau yam ntsiab hu ua compound nrog oxygen. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntsiab tsim xws tebchaw. Chloro, raws li zoo li lwm yam halogens, yus nyob rau hauv xws tebchaw zoo oxidation lub xeev. Tag nrho cov tshuaj oxides yog cov tsis tshua tsis ruaj tsis khov tshuaj, uas yog cov yam ntxwv rau cov oxides ntawm halogens. Plaub paub tshuaj uas molecules muaj tshuaj thiab oxygen.

1. Gaseous compound los ntawm daj rau liab xim nrog ib tug yam ntxwv tsis hnov tsw (tsw reminiscent Cl2 gas) - tshuaj oxide (I). Tshuaj mis Cl2O. Lub melting point ntawm Rho tawm 116 ° C, boiling kub + 2 ° C. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, nws ceev yog sib npaug zos rau 3.22 kg / m³.
2. Daj los yog txiv kab ntxwv-daj roj nrog ib tug yam ntxwv tsw - tshuaj oxide (IV). Tshuaj mis ClO2. Lub melting point rho tawm 59 ° C, tus kub point ntxiv 11 ° C.
3. Cov liab-xim av kua - tshuaj oxide (VI). Tshuaj mis Cl2O6. Melting point ntxiv 3,5 ° C, tus kub point ntxiv 203 ° C.
4. Tsis muaj kob oily kua - tshuaj oxide (VII). Tshuaj mis Cl2O7. Melting point rho tawm 91,5 ° C, tus kub point ntxiv 80 ° C.

Oxide tshuaj oxidation xeev +1 anhydride yog tsis muaj zog monobasic hypochlorous acid (HClO). Npaj los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov nws Peluso mercuric oxide los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog chlorine roj raws li ib tug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib npaug: 2Cl2 + 2HgO → Cl2O + Hg2OCl2 los yog 2Cl2 + HgO → Cl2O + HgCl2. ntws tej yam kev mob ntawm cov sib txawv tshua. Cov tshuaj chlorine ua oxide (I) yog condensed ntawm ib tug kub ntawm Rho tawm 60 ° C vim hais tias sov dua nws decomposes explosively, thiab nyob rau hauv feeb meej daim ntawv no yog ib tug heev. Cl2O aqueous tov tau los ntawm chlorination nyob rau hauv dej los yog alkali carbonates, alkaline ntiaj teb co. Oxide yaj zoo nyob rau hauv dej, nyob rau lub hypochlorous acid yog tsim: Cl2O + H2O ↔ 2HClO. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog tseem yaj nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon tetrachloride.

Oxide tshuaj oxidation xeev +4 tsis paub dioxide. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas twb yaj nyob rau hauv dej, sulfuric thiab acetic acids, acetonitrile, carbon tetrachloride, thiab lwm yam organic kuab tshuaj nrog ua polarity uas tsub kom nws solubility. Nyob rau hauv lub laboratory nws yog npaj los ntawm reacting poov tshuaj chlorate nrog oxalic acid: 2KClO3 + H2C2O4 → K2CO3 + 2ClO2 + CO2 + H2O. Txij li thaum cov tshuaj oxide (IV) yog ib tug heev yeeb tshuaj, nws yuav tsis muab cia rau hauv cov tshuaj. Rau lub hom phiaj no, silica yog siv, rau nws nto nyob rau hauv adsorbed daim ntawv ClO2 yuav khaws cia rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, thaum tsis tau kom tshem tau ntawm contaminating nws cov tshuaj impurities, vim nws yog tsis yaim los ntawm lub silica gel. Nyob rau hauv industrial tej yam kev mob ClO2 npaj los ntawm txo nrog sulfur dioxide nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm sulfuric acid, sodium chlorate: 2NaClO3 + SO2 + H2SO4 → 2NaHSO4 + 2ClO2. Nws siv raws li ib tug tshuaj ua kom dawb, e.g., daim ntawv los yog cellulose, thiab lwm yam, raws li tau zoo raws li rau sterilizing thiab tua kab mob ntau yam ntaub ntawv.

Oxide tshuaj oxidation xeev + 6, nws decomposes raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv raws li qhov melting: Cl2O6 → 2ClO3. Npaj cov tshuaj oxide (VI) oxidizing lub ozone dioxide: 2O3 + 2ClO2 → 2O2 + Cl2O6. Qhov no oxide muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm reacting nrog alkaline daws teeb meem thiab dej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib tug disproportionation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog poov tshuaj hydroxide: 2KOH + Cl2O6 → KClO3 + KClO4 + H2O, qhov tshwm sim tau chlorate thiab poov tshuaj perchlorate.

Dua oxide tshuaj kuj hu ua dihlorogeptaoksid tshuaj los yog anhydride yog ib tug muaj zog oxidant. Nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm ib tus pin los yog tawg thaum rhuab. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tshuaj yog ruaj khov dua lub oxides nyob rau hauv lub oxidation xeev +1 thiab +4. Disintegration nws mus rau tshuaj thiab cov pa yog ceev los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm sab oxides thiab qhov kub thiab txias ntawm lub nce los ntawm 60 mus rau 70 ° C. Cov tshuaj chlorine ua oxide (VII) muaj peev xwm ntawm maj mam soluble nyob rau hauv dej txias, lub resulting cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua chloric acid: H2O + → Cl2O7 2HClO4. Dihlorogeptaoksid npaj los maj mam muab cua sov perchloric acid nrog phosphoric anhydride: P4O10 + 2HClO4 → Cl2O7 + H2P4O11. Cl2O7 kuj yuav tau siv oleum es tsis txhob ntawm phosphorus pentoxide.

Section inorganic Science News for KIDS, uas kawm halogen oxides, xws li oxides, tshuaj chlorine ua, pib los tsim sai heev nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo, txij thaum cov tebchaw yog lub zog intensive. Lawv yog cov tau combustors dav hlau hloov mus rau lwm lub zog instantaneously thiab nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tam sim no qhov chaw ceev ntawm nws cov recoil yuav tau tshuaj. Vim li cas rau cov kev txaus siab - yog tau synthesizing tshiab pawg ntawm inorganic tebchaw, e.g., tshuaj chlorine ua oxide (VII) yog lub progenitor ntawm perchlorates.