Treatises - tias ... George tus treatise. philosophical treatise

Cov Ntawv Tseb - ib tug scientific, ntuav los yog philosophical yam, uas yog cov hauj lwm ntawm ib tug chaw los yog lub ntsiab, thiab muaj ib tug kev sib tham txog qhov teeb meem thiab cov zajlus kom xaus. Ib co piv txwv yuav tsum ua rau muaj kev to taub.

Tej hauj lwm ntawm Archimedes

Kev treatises yog zaum. Piv txwv li, Archimedes sau ntau yam zoo li tej hauj lwm. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb mus kom ze rau lub cev muaj teeb meem? Nws twb repelled los ntawm cov nruj, tab sis yog unpretentious pov thawj. Yog li, peb yuav hais tias Archimedes yog leej txiv ntawm zauv physics. Nws tej hauj lwm "Nyob rau Floating Lub cev" thiab "Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub dav hlau nuj nqis" yog devoted mus rau nws. Ib yam yuav hais txog tus poj optics treatise hu ua "Catoptrics" uas, Tu siab, tsis tau dim. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm "rau lub equilibrium ntawm lub dav hlau nuj nqis" nrog rau empirical ntaub ntawv paub los ntawm Archimedes predecessors. Lawv txheeb cov khib nyiab. Cov ntaub ntawv no paub txog portrayed raws li postulates, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub axioms. Qhov yuav tshwm tau thaum twg, Archimedes muaj pov thawj li qhia siv kuj, yog li txoj kev ua ib kev tshawb xav txog qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Tus kws tshawb fawb kuj tau muab cov piv txwv. Nws xam ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus rau tag nrho cov hom ntawm tiaj khoom.

Lub treatise "Nyob rau floating lub cev"

Kws txawj ntseeg tau hais tias lub treatise "Nyob rau Floating Lub cev" Archimedes sau nyob rau hauv lub hnub poob ntawm lawv cov kev ua ub no, thiab ib txhia txawm ntseeg tau hais tias qhov no yog nws tseeb ua hauj lwm. Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv ob tagnrho. Nyob rau hauv thawj phau ntawv ntawm tus paub txog, ntseeg hais tias cov dawb dej saum npoo yog kheej kheej, lub series tshuaj xyuas tej teeb meem hais txog mus dhia dej mus rau hauv nws cov khoom khoom, thiab tsim nws nto moo kev cai lij choj, uas hnub no yog sau nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv. Nws hniav tseem ceeb heev. Tsis muaj lub zem, vim hais tias nws yog suav tias yog lub feem ntau ancient ntuj txoj cai. Mus kom ze rau qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv no treatise tau yuav tib yam: siv ib co soj, tus paub txog tsim ib tug qauv ntawm cov dej, ua tsaug rau uas nws tau txais daim ntawv teev cov teebmeem. Ntxiv nws proves lawv sequentially. Qhov thib ob ntim ntawm Archimedes, piv txwv tias yog tias cov dej saum npoo yog tiaj tus, qha tau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txiav txim hydrometer. Yuav ua li cas tom ntej no? Cov soj ntsuam ntawm ces tham txog cov equilibrium mob cov khoom zoo li tus zoo li ib tug ya ntawm ib tug paraboloid thiab nyob rau hauv cov dej. Reflections ntawm Archimedes thiab hnub no yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg muaj nuj nqis rau shipbuilding.

Nto moo tej hauj lwm ntawm Aristotle

Aristotle tsim ib tug thawj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm ib tug philosophical treatise rau tus ntsuj plig. Yuav ua li cas yog hu li cas? Heev tsuas: "Nyob rau hauv ntsuj plig". Qhov no sau ntawv pib tsis tsuas cov kev xav ntawm Aristotle. Thaum pib muaj lus sib cav hais txog tus ntsuj plig teej tug mus rau ib tus paub txog uas nyob thiab ua hauj lwm ua ntej, thiab xwb ces pib tus kheej views ntawm tus sau. Yog li, qhov no treatise yuav suav hais tias lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj historiographical ua hauj lwm, rau lub cheeb tsam ntawm psychology thiab philosophy. Impressive, tsis yog nws?

Daim ntawv thiab teeb meem

Puas siab puas ntsws paub txog lub tswvyim rawv xav nrog nws general philosophical views txog rau hauv daim ntawv thiab teeb meem. Koj yuav txawm hais tias nws stemmed los ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv kev to taub lub scientific kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb no twb yuav mus los ntawm ib tug tas mus li nws ntawm ob ntsiab cai - active, uas Aristotle hu ua daim ntawv, thiab passive, hu ua teeb meem. Yuav ua li cas yog qhov tseeb? Yog, tej zaum, txhua yam uas nyob ib ncig cov neeg thiab lawv tus kheej zoo li. Txhua particular khoom kwv yog tsim los ntawm tus duab uas tau npaj muaj peev xwm. Thiab nws yog los ntawm nws tshaj plaws acquires zoo txhais. Daim ntawv thiab teeb meem tsis tau tsuas co-nyob ua ib ke. Tej ntsiab cai no yog inseparable. Tus plig yog rau hauv daim ntawv. Nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nyob yam. Aristotle twb convinced ntawm no. Composing kawm siab ntawm daim ntawv thiab os, thiab tus ntsuj plig uas belongs rau tag nrho cov nyob yam, muaj ib daim ntawv teev cov feem ntau nthuav txim. Koj yuav tsum tau them tshwj xeeb mloog mus rau lawv, nyeem ntawv ib tug treatise rau tus ntsuj plig. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yuav tsum tau mus sim kom to taub txhua txhua lo lus.

Yuav ua li cas yog tus ntsuj plig?

Aristotle ntseeg tias tus ntsuj plig yuav tsis muab suav hais tias yog tsis pub primordial lub xeev, los yog ib qho kev ywj lub cev cais los ntawm lub phenomenon. Yog dab tsi? Plig - yog ib tug nyob, active hauv paus ntsiab lus nrog rau hauv lub plhaub khoom, tus duab, tab sis nws tsis tau tuaj raws li ib qho kev ywj neeg sawv cev los yog lub cev.

Kamasutra - lwm nto moo treatise

Muaj tseeb txhua leej txhua tus tau hnov nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg yog ib tug me ntsis txog lub npe nrov treatise "Kama Tseeb Duantais." Txawm li cas los, tsis yog txhua txhua paub hais tias qhov tiag translation ntawm no treatise yog heev me me. Lawv yuav tsum tau suav rau tus ntiv tes. Los ntawm txoj kev, uas zoo sib xws tracts - yog feem ntau ib tug zoo rarity, thiab qhov no ua hauj lwm yuav xam tau tias yog cim.

Ua hauj lwm txhua lub sij hawm

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub Kama Tseeb Duantais - ib tug monumental ua hauj lwm, pab ntau soj ntsuam ntawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ancient Indian keeb kwm. Los ntawm no ua hauj lwm peb yuav to taub li cas lub teb chaws no twb yeej los ntawm txoj kevcai, mores uas twb raug tus neeg nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, koj yuav kawm tau ntau yam. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias tam sim no tus Kama Tseeb Duantais yuav suav hais tias ib tug zoo heev ua hauj lwm. Dhau lub xyoo txhiab, tab sis cov teeb meem ntawm kev hlub thiab kev ntxub, kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub sexes tseem nyob rau hauv lub minds ntawm ntau tus neeg. Nws nkawd hais tias lub xyoo pua dhau li vib nas this, thiab tib neeg psychology tsis tau hloov. Cov neeg cia li poob rau hauv kev hlub, kev sib deev, raug kev txom nyem, hnia, dreaming ntawm hnub, raws li ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los.

Qhov no treatise rau kev hlub, sau nyob rau hauv prose, tab sis lub xaus nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub rau daim ntawv - uas yog raug rau classic loj sloka.

kev nthuav qhia nta

Yuav ua li cas yuav hais txog qhov style ntawm no ua hauj lwm? Nws yog heev compressed, minimalist, nws tsis ci yeeb yuj metaphors thiab lengthy daws. Qhov no style yog raug sutras, tej zaum koj yuav pom tias nws muaj ib co zoo sib xws rau Bhashya (thiaj li hu ua ancient Indian comments), yog li ntawd nws yuav tsis tau hu ua interesting thiab tseem cia nrog. Los ntawm txoj kev, novelty thiab originality thiab tsis yog ib tug yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau cov creation ntawm ib tug ua hauj lwm. Cov Ntawv Tseb - nws tsis yog ib txwm ib yam dab tsi heev tseem cia nrog. Cov ntawv nyeem yuav tsum havzoov nominative tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, qhov no ua hauj lwm yog ib tug narrative, nyob rau hauv uas yuav pom nquag ua hauj lwm nrog cov kev kawm inclination. Lub zoo kawg li paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm no treatise? Nyob rau nws koj yuav tsuas hais tias muaj tej yam zoo: qhov ntsiab lus uas siv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem yog leej heev thiab yog tsis misleadingly, thiab yog hais tias muaj ib tug twb qhia thiab piav ib co tswvyim tshiab, qhov ntau nws yuav tsum tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub treatise muaj ntau ntau yam lus, txhais, uas muab qhov narrative ib tug tej yam zoo nkauj.

George lub treatise

Muaj kuj treatises txoj cai. Nruj me ntsis hais lus, qhov no yog tsis yooj yim dua. Qhov no muaj xws li St George tus treatise. Yuav ua li cas yog nws zaj dab neeg?

Lub Xya hli ntuj 24, 1783 lub kos npe rau ntawm ib daim ntawv uas Irakli II, yog tus huab tais ntawm Kakheti thiab Kartli, pom tau tias qhov kev pab tiv thaiv thiab txoj cai ntawm Russia. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais ntawm St. George. Nyob rau hauv no daim ntawv cog lus, Irakli II ntawm, tus huab tais ntawm Georgia, muaj leej twg paub kev tiv thaiv ntawm peb lub teb chaws thiab tau cog lus tseg hais tias nws yuav tsis muaj cai txawv teb chaws txoj cai ntawm nws tus kheej. Thiab nws pab tub rog los ntawm hais tias lub sij hawm twb muaj los ntawm Russia. Raws li rau lub Empress Catherine II, nws tau cog lus tseg hais tias tus huab tais uas lawv muaj yuav tsum tau ceev cia lawm, thiab Georgia yuav muab suav hais tias autonomous, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv. Tom qab lub kos npe rau ntawm lub Treaty ntawm St. George heterodox lub teb chaws, namely Qaib ntxhw thiab Iran, tau moderated lawv qab los noj mov. Lawv nres predatory glance nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Georgia. Tej treatises - nws yog ib tug cawm seej rau tej lub teb chaws.

Keeb kwm cov txheej xwm uas coj qhov chaw tom qab lub kos npe rau ntawm lub treatise

Tom qab lub kos npe rau ntawm daim ntawv cog lus coj qhov chaw ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb keeb kwm cov txheej xwm. Piv txwv li, PS Potemkin kom leem Georgian tub rog loj rau kev sib txuas lus nrog rau cov Trust lub teb chaws. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog nyob rau tus ntoo khaub lig pass. Txoj kev, nyob rau hauv uas nws ua hauj lwm 800 pab tub rog, yog npaj txhij raws li thaum ntxov raws li 1783, nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg. Tsis ntev tus tub huabtais ntawm nws mus rau Tiflis. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv txoj kev los ntawm cov Ingush tawm tsam nyob rau hauv 1784 nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Vladikavkaz fortress ua tau. Raws li rau Ossetia, nws tau los ua ib feem ntawm peb lub teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv 1791, Zog ntawm Guj kuj demanded tias Qaib Cov Txwv tsis tsim nyog rau Georgia. Tam sim no los yog tom qab ntawd nws yuav tsum tau tshwm sim. Nws twb hais raws li ib tug mob rau kos npe rau Iasi treatise tom qab tsov rog ntawm Qaib ntxhw thiab Russia.

Ib txhia rulers ntawm Transcaucasia menyuam lub ua los ntawm kev Irakli II. Ntxiv mus, lawv tau txiav txim siab los ua raws li nws tus yam ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv 1783, Armenia lub rulers nug rau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm Russia. Thiab tsis ntev West Georgia ua zoo li ntawd. Nws yog nyob rau hauv 1801.

Qhov no nom tswv treatise occupies ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Georgia, vim hais tias nws yog tom qab nws kos npe rau nws intermarried nrog Russia. Nws meant heev rau nws. Nws muaj pov thawj yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev cai thiab kev nom kev tswv cov lus, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub literal, lub cev.