Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant alloys. Tshwj xeeb steels thiab alloys. Qhuav thiab siv thaum tshav kub kub-resistant alloys

Niaj hnub nimno kev lag luam yuav tsis yuav xav tsis muaj ib tug khoom xws li hlau. Nrog nws, peb yuav ntsib yuav luag txhua qhov chaw. Los ntawm cov kev taw qhia mus rau hauv nws cov qauv ntau yam tshuaj hais yuav ho txhim kho tus neeg kho tshuab thiab kev kawm ntawv zog.

Yuav ua li cas yog hlau

Steel hu ua hlau uas yog tsim los ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, xws li ib alloy (yees duab pov tseg hauv qab no) yuav muaj lwm yam impurity tshuaj ntsiab.

Ob peb cov yam ntxwv lub xeev. Yog hais tias cov pa roj carbon cov ntsiab lus yog nyob rau hauv 0,025-0,8%, cov ntaub ntawv hu ua pro-eutectoid hlau thiab muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv perlite thiab ferrite. Yog hais tias hypereutectoid steel, nws yog tau mus soj ntsuam cov pearlite thiab cementite theem. Ib tug feature ntawm lub ferrite qauv yog loj ductility. Cementite kuj muaj ib tug txiav txim hardness. Perlite tsim ob ntawm yav tas los theem. Nws yuav muaj ib tug granular zoo (los ntawm xam nrog ntawm cov nplej ntawm ferrite cov txheej txheem cementite uas muaj ib tug yeej zoo lawm) thiab ib lub phaj (ob theem muaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov phiaj). Yog hais tias lub steel yog rhuab saum toj no qhov kub thiab txias thaum uas lub polymorphs tshwm sim, ces tus qauv kev hloov mus rau austenite. Qhov no theem muaj ib tug high ductility. Yog hais tias cov pa roj carbon cov ntsiab lus ntau tshaj 2,14%, xws cov ntaub ntawv thiab alloys yog hu ua hlau.

hom steel

Nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub steel tej zaum yuav carbon hlau thiab hlau. Carbon cov ntsiab lus tsawg tshaj li 0.25% characterizes lub uas tsis muaj-carbon hlau. Yog hais tias tus nqi nce mus txog 0,55%, ces peb yuav tau tham txog lub medium-hlau. Steel, uas muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntau tshaj 0.6% carbon, hu ua high-carbon. Yog hais tias yog ua raws li ib tug fusion, lub tshuab yuav cov kev taw qhia ntawm tej tshuaj hais, qhov no alloy steel hu ua. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov ntau yam yog ho hloov nws lub zog. Yog hais tias lawv tus nqi yog tsawg tshaj li 4%, qhov uas tsis muaj-alloyed hlau. Srednelegirovannoj thiab high-hlau steel muaj feem rau 11% thiab ntau tshaj 12% impurities. Nyob ntawm qhov chaw uas nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm steel alloys siv, lawv faib xws hom: instrumental, yam ntxwv thiab tshwj xeeb steels thiab alloys.

raug technology

steel-txiav txim siab cov txheej txheem yog heev lub sij hawm siv. Nws muaj ob peb theem. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, koj yuav tsum raw cov ntaub ntawv - hlau ore. Tus thawj theem muaj cua kub mus rau ib tug tej yam kub. Thaum zoo li no tshwm sim oxidative muaj dab. Nyob rau hauv lub kauj ruam thib ob qhov kub thiab txias ua ntau ntau dua. Carbon oxidation dab yog khaus. Tau ntxiv oxygen kawm ntawm lub alloy. Pliaj impurities raug muab tshem tawm mus rau lub slag. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog raws kev coj kom qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm cov pa los ntawm steel vim hais tias nws ho thiaj li txhua yam khoom. Qhov no diffusion yuav nqa tawm los yog precipitating txoj kev. Yog hais tias deoxidation txheej txheem tsis tshwm sim, lub resulting steel yog hu ua ib kub npau npau. Ntsiag to hlau tsis emit gases, oxygen yog muab tshem tawm kiag li. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab yog semi-tua hlau. Qhuav ntawm alloys hlau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hearth, induction rauv taws nte, yooj yim oxygen rauv.

alloying ntawm steel

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau tej yam khoom ntawm lub steel, nws muaj pes tsawg leeg yog xeem tshwj xeeb dopants. Lub ntsiab zoo ntawm xws li ib alloy yog zoo kuj mus rau ntau yam deformations, txhim khu kev qha Cheebtsam thiab lwm yam ntxwv neeg nce ho. Quenching thiaj li feem pua ntawm cov kab nrib pleb thiab lwm yam tsis xws luag. Feem ntau, xws li ib tug qauv ntawm cov saturation siv txawv hais rau impart kuj mus tshuaj corrosion. Tab sis muaj ib co drawbacks. Lawv yuav tsum tau ntxiv ua, ib tug siab yuav tshwm sim ntawm kab plaub hau tej kab nrib pleb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsub tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Cov feem ntau alloying ntsiab - chromium, npib tsib xee, tungsten, molybdenum thiab cobalt. Lawv teb ntawm daim ntawv thov yog heev siab heev. Qhov no engineering, thiab zus tau tej cov ntsiab lus ntawm pipelines, fais fab nroj tsuag, aircraft thiab tshaj.

Lub tswvyim ntawm tshav kub tsis kam thiab tshav kub tsis kam

Lub sij hawm thaum tshav kub kub kuj yog meant lub peev xwm ntawm lub hlau los yog hlau los tswj tag nrho nws cov yam ntxwv thaum kev khiav hauj lwm thaum muaj kev kub kub. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib puag ncig nws yog feem ntau pom gas corrosion. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv rau qhov kev txiav txim, uas yog yuav tsum tau tshav kub-resistant. Yog li, tus yam ntxwv ntawm alloys yog siv nyob rau hauv loj kub yuav tsum muaj xws li ob qho tib si ntawm cov tswv yim. Tsuas yog hais tias xws steels muab qhov yuav tsum tau kev pab cuam lub neej rau qhov chaw, cov cuab yeej thiab lwm yam ntxwv hais.

Nta tshav kub-resistant steel

Nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob qhov twg qhov kub thiab txias nce mus txog siab qhov tseem ceeb, nws yuav tsum siv cov alloys uas yuav tsis cev qhuav dej thiab tiv deformation. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tshav kub-resistant alloys. Cov kev khiav hauj lwm kub rau tej ntaub ntawv - saum toj no 500 ° C. Ib qho tseem ceeb point characterizing zoo xws li cov steel yog ib tug siab ntev thev txwv, plasticity, uas yog tswj rau ib ntev lub sij hawm raws li zoo raws li lub so kuj. Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm Cheebtsam muaj peev xwm ntawm ho kom cov kuj rau siab kub: cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum. Thiab obligatory tivthaiv yog chromium. Nws tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas cuam tshuam rau lub zog, nws tsub kom cov kuj mus scaling. Chrome kuj tiv thaiv xeb dab. Ib qho tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov alloys ntawm no hom - ib tug qeeb nkag.

Classification tshav kub resistant steels ntawm cov qauv

Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant thiab thaum tshav kub kub-resistant alloys yog ferritic chav kawm ntawv, martensitic, austenitic thiab ib tug martensitic qauv feritno. Tus thawj yog muaj li ntawm txog 30% chromium. Tom qab tshwj xeeb kev kho mob yuav zoo grain qauv. Yog hais tias cov cua kub kub tshaj 850ºS, lub grain nce, thiab xws li thaum tshav kub kub-resistant ntaub ntawv ua nkig. Martensitic qib yus muaj los ntawm ib tug chromium cov ntsiab lus ntawm los ntawm 4% mus rau 12%. Nickel kuj yuav tsum tam sim no nyob rau hauv me nqi, tungsten thiab lwm yam hais. Ntawm lawv tsim qhov chaw ntawm turbines, li qub nyob rau hauv lub tsheb. Steels uas muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv ib martensite thiab ferrite, tsim rau cov lag luam nyob rau ntawm lub qhov siab kub thiab ntev-lub sij hawm kev lag luam. Lub chromium cov ntsiab lus nce mus txog 14%. Austenite yog tau los ntawm qhia ib tshav kub resistant npib tsib xee alloys. Steel nrog ib tug zoo xws li cov qauv muaj ntau hom.

Npib tsib xee-raws li alloys

Nickel muaj ib tug xov tooj uas pab tau cov khoom. Nws muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau cov machinability ntawm lub steel (ob kub thiab txias). Yog hais tias qhov khoom los yog lub cuab tam uas tsim los ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv hnyav tej kev kawm, lub doping ntawm no lub caij ho tsub kom kuj mus corrosion. Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant npib tsib xee-puag ntaub ntawv no yog muab cais mus rau hauv cov nram no pawg: Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant thiab thaum tshav kub kub resistant nws tus kheej. Cov yav tas yuav tsum tau muaj ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus kub-resistant cov yam ntxwv. Kev khiav hauj lwm kub mus txog 1200 ° C. Tsis tas li ntawd muab chromium los yog titanium. Characteristically, steel alloyed nrog npib tsib xee, muaj ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm impurities xws li barium, magnesium, boron, yog li ntawd, ntau grain thaj tsam yog siv tam. Superalloys ntawm no hom yog muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov forged, kuav los tiag. Nws tseem yog tau ebb paub meej. Lub ntsiab cheeb tsam ntawm daim ntawv thov - raug ntsiab ntawm cov roj turbines. Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant npib tsib xee-puag alloys muaj ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab mus txog rau 30% chromium. Lawv yog cov haum zoo rau stamping, welding. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov scaling kuj yog high school. Qhov no ua rau nws tau siv lawv nyob rau hauv cov roj raj dej system.

Thaum tshav kub kub tiv steel, titanium hlau

Titanium yog nkag tau rau hauv ib tug me me npaum li cas (0.3%). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yuav tsub kom lub alloy zog. Yog hais tias nws cov ntsiab lus yog considerably ntau dua, ib co deteriorate txhua yam khoom (hardness, muaj zog). Tab sis lub plasticity ntawm lub nce. Qhov no tswj lub processing ntawm hlau. Thaum muab titanium ua ke nrog lwm yam yuav ho txhim kho high-kub yam ntxwv. Yog hais tias muaj yog qhov yuav tsum tau mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug hostile chaw (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub thaum lub siv yuav vuam), lub alloying caij sib cov ntaub ntawv yog warranted.

cobalt alloys

Ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cobalt (mus txog 80%) yog siv los tsim xws ntaub ntawv raws li superalloys thiab tshav kub resistant alloys, vim nws yog tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv. Nws thawj coj pab ductility raws li kuj nyob rau hauv kub muaj peevxwm. Thiab ntau dua nws yog, qhov ntau dua tus nqi ntawm cov cobalt incorporated nyob rau hauv lub hlau. Nyob rau hauv ib co stamp nws cov ntsiab lus nce mus txog 30%. Lwm cov yam ntxwv feature ntawm cov steels - kev txhim kho ntawm sib nqus. Txawm li cas los, vim lub high nqi ntawm cobalt, nws siv yog theej limited.

Cawv ntawm molybdenum rau superalloys

Active tshuaj caij ho muaj feem xyuam rau lub dag lub zog ntawm cov khoom nyob rau sov siab. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo yog nws siv ua ke nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab. Nws ho tsub kom lub hardness ntawm steel (twb nyob ib cov ntsiab lus ntawm 0.3%). Tensile zog kuj yuav tsub kom. Lwm zoo feature uas muaj superalloys doped molybdenum - ib tug ntau dua degree ntawm kuj mus oxidative muaj dab. Molybdenum txhawb rau grain ca. Lub disadvantage yog cov teeb meem ntawm welding.

Lwm yam tshwj xeeb steels thiab alloys

Yuav kom ua tau tej yam kev pab raws qib yuav tsum tau ntaub ntawv uas muaj tej yam khoom. Yog li, peb yuav tham txog cov kev siv tshwj xeeb alloys, uas yuav ua tau ob qho tib si alloyed thiab cov pa roj carbon. Qhov kawg set uas yuav tsum tau cov yam ntxwv yog attained vim lub fact tias cov siv thiab ua cov alloys thiab lawv ua yog tshwj xeeb technology. Lwm tshwj xeeb alloys thiab steels raug muab faib mus rau hauv cov yam ntxwv thiab instrumental. Ntawm cov ntsiab teeb meem rau no hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog cov nram qab no: kuj mus corrosion thiab hnav dab, muaj peev xwm mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug hostile ib puag ncig, nce txhua yam yam ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv pawg yog thaum tshav kub kub-resistant hlau thiab alloys nrog ib tug high school cov ua hauj lwm kub thiab cryogenic steel ntawd mas mus txog -296ºS.

Tool steel

Rau lub chaw ua khoom ntawm cov cuab yeej siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua tshwj xeeb cuab tam hlau. Vim lub fact tias cov ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob ntawm ntaub ntawv sib txawv kuj xaiv ib lub zuj zus. Txij li thaum lub seev theej siab uas yuav tsum tau, thiab tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub alloys rau lawv cov khoom raws li tsim nyog: lawv yuav tsum tau free los ntawm lwm impurities, inclusions ntawm deoxidation txheej txheem yog zoo nqa tawm, thiab ib tug homogeneous qauv. Ntsuas seev nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj kev ruaj khov ua tau zoo thiab tiv coj. Hais lus ntawm tej cuab yeej, hais tias lawv khiav lag luam ntawm txhawb kub (ntug cua kub tshwm sim), qhov tsis sib haum xeeb thiab deformation. Yog li ntawd, rau lawv nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom tus thawj hardness thaum rhuab. Lwm yam tuam steel - kev kub ceev. Yeej, nws yog alloyed nrog tungsten. Hardness yog khaws cia ntawm ib tug kub ntawm txog 600 ° C. Muaj kuj tuag steels. Lawv yog tsim rau ob qho tib si kub thiab txias deformation.

Scope tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj alloys

Cov lag luam uas siv alloys nrog tshwj xeeb cov yam ntxwv teem. Vim hais tias ntawm nws cov superior zoo, lawv yog indispensable nyob rau hauv lub engineering, kev tsim kho, roj av ua lag luam. Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant thiab thaum tshav kub kub-resistant alloys yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua Cheebtsam ntawm turbines, qhov chaw rau tsheb. Steels uas muaj lub siab anticorrosive nta, yog indispensable rau zus tau tej cov kav dej, carburetors koob, disks, ntau yam ntsiab ntawm cov tshuaj ua lag luam. Cov ntsia rau lub tsheb ciav hlau, thoob, kab ntsig thauj - lub hauv paus rau tag nrho cov no yog coj-resistant steels. Nyob rau hauv loj zus tau tej cov bolts, screws thiab zoo sib xws cov khoom siv Automaton alloys. Lub springs yuav tsum txaus elastic thiab check. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom rau lawv yog caij nplooj ntoos hlav hlau. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txhim kho qhov zoo nws yog ntxiv alloyed nrog chromium, molybdenum. Tag nrho cov tshwj xeeb alloys thiab steels nrog ib tug txheej ntawm tej yam ntxwv yuav txo tau tus nqi ntawm qhov chaw nyob qhov twg yav tas los siv uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau.