Statistical pejxeem

Txheeb cais - lub science uas kawm rau hauv lub loj phenomena uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm zoo thiab kom muaj nuj nqis. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov txais cov ntsiab lus txhais. Muaj yog ib tug taw tes ntawm view rau nws, raws li ib tug science uas muaj statistical txoj kev rau cov kev tshawb fawb ua nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw.

Qhov loj tshaj thiab zoo sib xws, lub zog thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm phenomena thiab cov khoom uas muaj nyob objectively muaj kev cuam tshuam tej tswv yim los yog pawg. Nrog lawv pab, qhov no science kawm lub tus kheej tshaj plaws. Ib tug ntawm cov pawg yog ib tug statistical sau ua ib pawg. Qhov no yog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau phenomena uas muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov kuj homogeneous thiab muaj tej yam tshwm sim, coj lawv los ze zog mus rau los yog sib txawv.

Statistical pejxeem yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov nram qab no cov khoom:

1. Indecomposability. Thaum tshwm sim los yog ploj ib co ntsiab ntawm statistical pejxeem, nws cov high-zoo puag yog tsis pov tseg. Piv txwv li, tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv lub zej lub zos tsis hloov qhov tseeb hais tias txhua txhua xyoo nyob rau hauv nws cov ibyam mus kawm thawj xyoo thiab kawm ntawv tiav lawv tawm.
2. Uniformity. Statistical pejxeem yog yeej ib txwm tsawg kawg yog ib tug tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ntau rau tag nrho cov ntawm nws cov ntsiab. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, qhov no feature yog tsis tau tib yam rau lawv. Qhov no feature yuav muaj ntau qhov tseem ceeb rau txawv chav nyob. Raws li qhov uas tshwm cov pejxeem yog homogeneous, tsim thaum lub sij hawm tshawb nrhiav. Thiab nws yog nyob ntawm lub vaj tse, feem nyob rau hauv cov hom phiaj thiab cov hom phiaj uas nws yog tuav.
3. Variation. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse tseem ceeb tshaj yav dhau los ob tug. Nws manifests nws tus kheej raws li nram no: thaum lub sij hawm kev hloov los ntawm ib tug caij mus rau lwm lub statistical pejxeem hloov lub quantitative feature qhov tseem ceeb. Nws yuav ua tau tib yam rau txhua yam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kom tau ib lub tswv yim dab tsi lub statistical pejxeem, koj muaj peev xwm tsis kawm siab, thiab yuav tau xav txog tsuas yog ib constituent caij. Cov tshwm sim ntawm variation muaj feem xyuam rau ib tug tag nrho ntau yam ntawm ua thiab tej yam kev mob. Lawv nrhiav, tshe lub economic kev qhuab qhia muab kev koom tes. Ib tug xwb ntsuas quantitatively yuav ua li cas txhua muaj feem xyuam rau cov variation ua ib tug kev zoo losis phem. Ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov no yuav pab ua kom txoj cai tswj kev txiav txim siab.

Statistical sau ua ib pawg yog muab faib ua ob peb pab neeg: cov

1. Cov uas tsim lub neej. Lawv twb tsim tau ib cov kev sib sau, tsis muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav los yog tsis. Piv txwv li, qhov no set ntawm industrial qhauj nyob rau hauv lub nroog, lub totality ntawm lawv ua hauj lwm. Lawv yeej muaj nyob, lawv yuav tsum tau ntsuas.
2. Pawg neeg uas raug tsim hais rau kev tshawb fawb. Qhov no, piv txwv li, ib tug statistical sau los ntawm tej yam periodical txawj nyeem ntawv.
3. Hypothetical teeb. Cov teeb no ntawm stochastic (xws li vaj xilethi-aus lub cev uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub galaxy). Uas yog, lawv tsuas yog yuav tsum xav.

Tej statistical pejxeem teej tug mus rau ib yam ntawm cov peb pab pawg muaj cov yam ntxwv nta. Yuav cais lawv rau ntau yam.

Piv txwv li, nyob ntawm seb qhov xwm ntawm cov kev qhia tej yam tshwm sim yog:

1. Piav txog yam (attribute). Lawv qhia los ntawm txhais tau tias cov lus (piv txwv li, kev kawm ntawv, haiv neeg twg, yog txivneej los pojniam). Tej yam no pub rau lub ntsab lug yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam units muaj xijpeem nqi.
2. Ntau. Lawv kev ntsuas - hais txog zauv (e.g., hnub nyoog, ntev ntawm cov kev pab, tus nqi ntawm cov nce los yog poob, etc.). Tej yam no kuj tso cai rau mus saib lub ntsab lug lub xov tooj ntawm cov chav nyob uas muaj ib tug tej yam muaj nuj nqis, thiab qhov nruab nrab los yog tag nrho tus nqi nyias rau lawv aggregates.