Aristotle raws li ib tug paub txog thiab philosopher

Aristotle, raws li ib tug paub txog thiab tus poj Greek philosopher, lub npe hu rau ntau yam: nws lub npe rau txhua leej txhua tus daim di ncauj neeg. Nws lub neej yog tag nrho ntawm nthuav thiab, raws li kev ua si tau coj ib tug invaluable pab mus rau science.

Phooj ywg thiab cob

Qhov zoo ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, nyob rau hauv ib thiab philosophy tshuav ib tug txiav txim hneev taw, tau yug los nyob rau hauv 384 BC. e. nyob rau hauv lub thracian lub zos ntawm Stagira. Nyob rau hauv 368 BC. e., thaum nws tseem hluas heev, nws tau mus Athens, qhov uas nws los ua ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv-coj Plato Academy. Nyob rau hauv Plato, Aristotle, ib tus paub txog pom muaj ib qho txog tej cob thiab qub phooj ywg, uas nws admired thiab nws lub hwj nws muaj tus so ntawm nws lub neej. Lawv zoo tshwm mus txog rau thaum Plato tuag nyob rau hauv 348 los yog 347 BC. e.

Txhaum cai, tab sis heev yog qhov kev tshawb xav hais tias thaum lub sij hawm nws lub xub ntiag nyob rau Academy Aristotle yog ib tug implacable tus nrog sib ntaus ntawm Plato, sib tw lub supremacy ntawm nws lub tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, Aristotle yog tus Academy rau nees nkaum xyoo, thiab nws yog tsis zoo li no yuav tau yog tias nws lub tswv yim nyias txawv los ntawm Plato tus views los yog tsis tooj mus rau general chav kawm ntawm nws kev xav.

tom qab lub Academy

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus xib fwb, Aristotle sab laug lub Academy nyob rau hauv Athens, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsim kom muaj nws ceg nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Assos nyob rau hauv Asia muaj hnub nyoog Troas. Ntawm no nws tsim ib tug phooj ywg sib raug zoo nrog ib tug hauv zos tyrant ntawm Hermas, uas ob xyoos tom qab liam ntawm tsis mloog cov Pawxia thiab tua pov tseg. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, Aristotle twb yuam kom tsiv mus nyob rau cov kob ntawm Lesbos, nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm chloride. Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv Assos thiab chloride, pib coj zoo lawm thiab yuav tau tawm ntawm nws tus kheej philosophical tswv yim.

Aristotle thiab Aleksandr Veliky

Hais txog 343 xyoo BC. e. King Philip ntawm Macedonia, Aristotle muaj ib txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug kawm ntawm nws tus tub thiab tus txais cuab tam ntawm Alexander. Nws yog paub qab hau tej lus qhia ntawm Aristotle muaj ib tug decisive cawv rau tsim ntawm ib tug yav tom ntej zoo commander. Tsaug rau Alexander raws li ib tug kos npe rau ntawm sib sib zog nqus kev ris txiaj thiab kev hwm rebuilt puas thaum campaigns ntawm Philip tus hometown ntawm nws saib Stagira.

tsev kawm ntawv ntiav

Tom qab lub accession ntawm Alexander mus rau lub hauv Makadaunias zwm txwv nyob rau hauv 336 BC. e. Aristotle tshuav txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug kawm, thiab tau ncaim mus Athens, qhov twg nws nrhiav tau nws tus kheej lub tsev kawm ntawv - Lyceum (nyob rau tom ntej mus rau lub sanctuary Apollona Likeyskogo, lub ntsej muag), kuj hu ua Περίπατος ( «Qab khav yog phab», qhov twg lectures). Nws listeners tau hu ua Peripatetics. Aristotle tus Lyceum yog ib tug tiag tiag kev tshawb fawb cov zej zog. Ntawm no tau nws tus kheej tsev qiv ntawv, thiab ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm cov xib fwb, lectures lug.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 323 BC. e. Aleksandr Makedonsky tuag. Cov pejxeem ntawm Athens, nrhiav kev khiav tawm lub Makadaunias domination, txwv Aristotle. Nws twb yuam kom khiav tawm thiab txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Halkida nyob rau hauv Evia, qhov twg nws tuag ib xyoo tom qab.

muaj tswv yim sij hawm

Tag nrho cov kev kawm ntawm Aristotle yog muab faib ua peb lub sij hawm:

1. "Academic" lub sij hawm, lub sij hawm ntawm kev sib tham nrog Plato. Tom qab ntawd peb tau tsim lub sib tham "Evdem" nyob qhov twg Aristotle raws li ib tug paub txog pom zoo nrog qhov tswv yim ntawm Plato paub li recollection ntawm cov tswv yim, xav kom cov me nyuam yug, thiab "Protreptics" - tsab ntawv mus rau Femissu ntawm Cyprus nyob rau hauv uas tus sau thiab supporter ntawm Plato lub hom phiaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, hais tias lub neej tiag tiag ntawm tus ntsuj plig yuav pib tom qab kev tuag ntawm lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd lub sij hawm no, tej zaum, chaw ua hauj lwm tau pib nyob rau hauv "physics" thiab "Nyob rau hauv ntsuj plig", raws li zoo li ib co ua hauj lwm rau logic.
2. Lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv Assos thiab chloride. Qhov no yuav tsum muaj xws li kev sib tham "Nyob rau Philosophy", qhov twg Aristotle, hauv ib lub sij hawm ntawd tseem tsis tau tau muaj discoveries, hu Platonism niaj hnub pinnacle ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm philosophy, txawm li cas los, nws cem cov kev tshawb xav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Ntawm no Aristotle twb muaj ib lub tswv yim ntawm Vajtswv raws li ib tug "nyob ruaj ruaj prime Mover" ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, nws kuj tau ua hauj lwm rau "metaphysics" thiab "txoj cai" tsim "Evdemovu ethics."
3. lub sij hawm qhia thiab kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub arches ntawm lub Lyceum. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, nws yog txiav txim hais tias Aristotle sab thaum lub sij hawm hauv lub xyoo ntawm nws lub neej. Nws teem tawm mus xa rau qhov philosophy ntawm ib tug txhim khu kev qha thiab muaj zog paus: nws tsis tu ncua ua rau ntau haiv neeg, ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm xwm thiab keeb kwm. Pedagogical ua hauj lwm (qhuab qhia) thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Aristotle fwm thiab raug luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub 60s BC. e. Andronicus ntawm Rhodes. Yog li ntawd "metaphysics" yog ib phau ntawm lectures muab nyob rau ntawm Lyceum ntawm txawv sij hawm. Lub npe "metaphysics" qhia qhov chaw ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv sau ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Aristotle, vim hais tias nws yog tom qab lub "Physics" (Greek μετα -. «Tom qab»). Tiam sis tag nrho cov tib cov ntsiab lus raws li nws yog metaphysical nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub txiav txim zoo - yog hais tias tus "Physics" txojkev cov kev sib tw ntawm raug mus rau lub zog, lub "metaphysics" yog nplooj siab mus rau lub siab tshaj plaws hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab lwm tus ua. Nws tus kheej "Physics", piv txwv li, Aristotle tus corpus mob siab rau tej yam ntuj tso kev kawm thiab tej yam ntuj tso philosophy kuj siv mus rau lub thib peb lub sij hawm. Lawv kuj muaj xws li "Nyob rau hauv ntsuj plig" - ib tug puas siab puas ntsws kev tshawb xav ntawm Aristotle, ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ethic ( "Nicomachean Ethics", "Great Ethics"), kev nom kev tswv kev tshawb xav ( "Txoj cai"), "rhetoric", "Poetics".

systematization ntawm science

Aristotle raws li ib tug paub txog thiab systematized philosophy, faib nws mus rau hauv cov nram no ntawm kev txawj ntse:

1. Theoretical Philosophy. Nws nrhiav kev mus cuag ntshiab paub, mus kev txawj ntse los ntawm nws tus kheej, tsis mus rau tej tswv yim tau. Theoretical Philosophy muaj xws li physics (txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov khoom, hloov chaw), kev kawm txog zauv (kev kawm lub unchangeable, tab sis inseparable los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas) thiab metaphysics (hais txog sib cais los ntawm cov khoom, lub transcendent thiab tsau).
2. Tswv yim philosophy. Nws muaj xws li mas nom tswv science, raws li zoo raws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev kawm uas Aristotle ntseeg hais tias subordinate thiab koom haum pab rau kev nom kev tswv: economics, zoo, rhetoric.
3. Poetic philosophy. Xws li ethics thiab tsim kom zoo nkauj, qhov no muaj xws li Aristotle tus kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv lub arts.

Aristotle tshab rau hauv lub txhab nyiaj ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev vam meej yuav tsis yog yuav overestimated. Yuav ua li cas Aristotle qhib, daim ntawv yuav ua tau ntev. Ntau ntawm nws theories migrated rau lub Neo-Platonic philosophy thiab medieval philosophy. Ib tug lub sij hawm coined los ntawm Aristotle thiab yog siv los txog niaj hnub no yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub philosophical paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm tej yam ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tus uas twb muaj lawm hom lus.