Tsim, Science
Keeb kwm ntawm noob caj noob ces (luv luv). Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm noob caj noob ces nyob rau hauv Russia
Biology - lub ntim yog heev science uas npog tag nrho cov yam ntawm lub neej ntawm txhua tus hais tias yog, los ntawm cov qauv ntawm nws cov microstructures rau hauv lub cev thiab xaus kev sib txuas lus nrog cov sab nraud ib puag ncig thiab lub cosmos. Uas yog vim li cas hauv khej nyob rau hauv qhov kev qhuab qhia heev npaum li cas. Txawm li cas los, ib tug ntawm cov hluas, tab sis pheej, thiab muaj hnub no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb yog noob caj noob ces. Nws originated tom qab tshaj lwm tus, tab sis tau muaj kev tswj los mus ua tus tseem ceeb, tseem ceeb thiab ntim ntawm science, uas muaj nws tus kheej lub hom phiaj, cov hom phiaj thiab yam khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb. Xav txog dab tsi lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm noob caj noob ces thiab hais tias qhov no yog ib ceg ntawm biology.
Noob caj noob ces: cov kev kawm thiab tus kwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb
Lub npe ntawm science tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1906 nyob rau suggestion ntawm ib tug Englishman Bateson. Txhais nws yuav muab raws li nram no: nws yog ib tug qhuab qhia uas kawm cov mechanisms ntawm caj thiab nws variability nyob rau hauv hom sib txawv ntawm nyob quavntsej. Yog li ntawd, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog yus lub caj qauv ntawm cov lug lub luag hauj lwm rau cov kis ntawm cov roj ntsha sijhawm, thiab kawm essence ntawm tus txheej txheem.
Cov khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog:
- tsob nroj;
- tsiaj;
- cov kab mob;
- nceb;
- neeg.
Yog li, nws npog tag nrho cov xim ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm qhov, tsis nco qab ib yam ntawm cov neeg sawv cev. Txawm li cas los, rau hnub tim rau feem ntau muab tso rau hauv ib tug kwj ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yog qhov nyuaj ib leeg-celled creatures, tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv noob caj noob ces thwmsim ua rau lawv, raws li tau zoo raws li cov kab mob.
Mus txog cov kev tshwm sim tam sim no muaj, lub keeb kwm ntawm noob caj noob ces tau tuaj ib tug ntev thiab thawv caij. Nyob rau ntau lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm uas nws tau raug intensive kev loj hlob, kom oblivion. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub kawg tseem muaj nws cov rightful qhov chaw ntawm cov tsev neeg lom disciplines.
Keeb kwm ntawm noob caj noob ces Development luv luv
Yuav kom tuab lub loj milestones pib xam tau tias yog ib ceg ntawm biology, nws yog tsim nyog rau qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub tsis yog li ntawd nyob deb dhau los. Tom qab nws pib yuav siv sij hawm noob caj noob ces ntawm tus XIX caug xyoo. Thiab cov nom hnub ntawm nws yug raws li ib tug kiag li nyias muaj nyias ib qhov kev qhuab qhia pom tau hais tias nyob rau hauv 1900.
Los ntawm txoj kev, yog hais tias peb tham heev twb txog lub hauv paus pib, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg me nyuam no yuav cog qe, crossbreeding tsiaj ib tug ntev lub sij hawm dhau los. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog ua los ntawm cov tswv teb thiab ranchers nyob rau hauv lub XV caug xyoo. Nyuam qhuav tshwm sim tsis yog ib tug scientific point of view.
Rooj "Keeb kwm ntawm noob caj noob ces" yuav lug tau sai dlua nws lub ntsiab keeb kwm lub sij hawm ntawm tsim.
| txoj kev loj hlob lub sij hawm | yooj yim discoveries | zaum |
| Basic (thib ob ib nrab ntawm XIX century) | Hybridological kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov nroj tsuag (tiam txoj kev tshawb rau cov piv txwv ntawm cov hom taum mog) | Gregor Mendel (1866) |
| Tus foundations ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm meiosis thiab mitosis, txoj kev tshawb no ntawm kev sib deev tu tub tu kiv thiab nws tseem ceeb rau lub consolidation thiab hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm qhov zoo los ntawm cov niam txiv rau cov xeeb ntxwv | Strasburger, Gorozhankin, Hertwig, Van Benevin, Flemming, Chistyakov, Valdeyr thiab lwm leej lwm tus (1878-1883 biennium). | |
| Medium (pib-nruab nrab ntawm XX century) | Qhov no tshaj plaws lub sij hawm ntawm intensive kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic, yog hais tias peb xav txog lub keeb kwm lub sij hawm raws li ib tug tag nrho. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm discoveries nyob rau hauv lub caj apparatus ntawm lub cell, nws tseem ceeb thiab mechanisms ua hauj lwm, deciphering cov qauv ntawm cov DNA, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev xaiv thiab tus ntoo khaub lig-chaw ua taus zes, tso cov me nyuam yaus ntawm theoretical noob caj noob ces ntog rau qhov no lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm | Ib tug ntau ntawm domestic zaum thiab geneticists los ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no: Thomas Morgan, Navashin, Serebryakov, Vavilov, de Vries, Correns, Watson thiab Crick, Schleiden, Schwann, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg |
| Cov niaj hnub lub sij hawm (lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XX xyoo pua rau tam sim no hnub) | Qhov no lub sij hawm yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm discoveries nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm microstructures ntawm nyob beings: ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshawb txog ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov DNA, RNA, cov nqaijrog, enzymes, cov tshuaj hormones thiab thiaj li nyob. Elucidation ntawm qhov pib nta cai mechanisms thiab lawv hloov los ntawm qub txeeg qub teg, cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code thiab nws seev suab, tawm mechanisms ntawm transcription, replication thiab thiaj li nyob. Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb yog subsidiaries caj science, uas thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no tsim ntau | B. Elwing, Naudin thiab lwm tus neeg |
Cov lus saum toj no tshab xyuas lub keeb kwm ntawm noob caj noob ces tso tawm kom pom. Tom ntej no, cia peb xav txog nyob rau hauv ntau yam lub ntsiab discoveries ntawm sij hawm sib txawv.
Major discoveries ntawm cov XIX xyoo pua
Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm no yog tus ua hauj lwm ntawm peb zaum los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws:
- Holland G. de Vries - txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm qub txeeg qub teg ntawm zoo nyob rau hauv hybrids ntawm txawv tej tiam neeg;
- K. Correns nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees - puas tau tus qub tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv ntawm cov pob kws;
- Austria K. Cermak - rov qab thwmsim ntawm Mendel rau taum mog sowing.
Tag nrho cov kev tshawb pom tau raws li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv 35 xyoo ua ntej lawm ua hauj lwm ntawm Gregor Mendel, uas siv ntau xyoo ntawm txoj kev tshawb thiab soj ntsuam kaw nyob rau hauv scientific tej hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los, cov ntaub ntawv no tsis deev cov kev txaus siab ntawm nws lub contemporaries.
Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub keeb kwm ntawm noob caj noob ces muaj xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm discoveries rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tib neeg kab hlwb thiab cov tsiaj. Nws yog muaj pov thawj hais tias ib co ntawm cov cwj pwm uas yog pub, yog tsau unchanged. Lwm tus yog hais rau txhua tus kab mob thiab ua lub txiaj ntsim ntawm adaptation rau tej yam kev mob. Ua hauj lwm twb nqa tawm Strasburger, Chistyakov, Flemming thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.
Cov kev loj hlob ntawm science nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX
Raws li cov hauj lwm hnub yug yog 1900, nws tsis yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX keeb kwm yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm noob caj noob ces. Hybridological txoj kev tshawb fawb, tsim lub sij hawm no, uas maj mam tab sis muaj tseeb tau txais zoo kawg li tshwm sim.
Cov creation ntawm tshiab kev kho nyob rau hauv technology ua rau nws tau mus nrhiav mus rau hauv lub microstructure - yog txawm ntau kev kho nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm noob caj noob ces rau pem hauv ntej. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsim los:
- DNA thiab RNA qauv;
- mechanisms rau lawv synthesis thiab replication;
- protein molecule;
- kev qub txeeg qub teg thiab tuav;
- localization ntawm ib tug neeg cov cim nyob rau hauv lub chromosomes;
- change thiab lawv ces;
- Nws muaj kev nkag tau mus rau txoj kev tswj cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic apparatus ntawm lub cell.
Tej zaum ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub deciphering ntawm cov DNA nyob rau hauv no lub sij hawm ntawm discovery. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm Watson thiab Crick nyob rau hauv 1953. Nyob rau hauv 1941, nws tau muaj pov thawj hais tias cov tej yam tshwm sim yog encoded nyob rau hauv protein molecules. Los ntawm 1944 mus 1970, ua lub siab tshaj plaws qhib nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm lub teb, thiab lub replication ntawm DNA thiab RNA qhov tseem ceeb.
niaj hnub noob caj noob ces
Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm noob caj noob ces raws li ib tug science nyob rau tam sim no theem yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub intensification ntawm nws txawv cov lus qhia. Tom qab tag nrho, niaj hnub no muaj:
- genetic engineering ;
- molecular noob caj noob ces;
- kev kho mob cov khoom;
- pejxeem;
- tawg thiab lwm tus neeg.
Qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm XX thiab pib ntawm XXI xyoo pua, rau qhov muab kev qhuab qhia yog pom tias yuav ua tau lub genomic era. Tom qab tag nrho, niaj hnub zaum tau ncaj qha cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic system ntawm lub cev, kawm kom hloov nws nyob rau hauv txoj cai coj, kev tswj cov txheej txheem noj qhov chaw muaj, txo lub pathological ces, yuav ua kom lawv zoo rau nws.
Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm noob caj noob ces nyob rau hauv Russia
Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, suav hais tias ib tug science pib nws intensive tsim kom txog thaum lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XX caug xyoo. Qhov no yog hais tias rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, muaj ib lub sij hawm ntawm stagnation. Qhov no yog qhov reign ntawm Stalin thiab Khrushchev. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no cov keeb kwm era muaj yog ib tug phua hauv lub scientific voj voog. T. D. Lysenko, uas muaj txoj cai, hais tias tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm noob caj noob ces yog siv tsis tau. Thiab nws tsis yog ib tug science nyob rau tag nrho. Enlisting cov nyiaj them yug ntawm Stalin, nws yog tag nrho cov zoo-paub geneticists ntawm lub sij hawm uas xa mus rau lawv cov neeg tuag. Cov lawv:
- Vavilov;
- Serebrovskii;
- nplhaib;
- Plaub-thiab lwm tus.
Muaj ntau raug yuam kom hloov mus rau qhov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm Lysenko kom tsis txhob tuag thiab mus ntxiv cov kev tshawb fawb. Ib txhia emigrated mus rau lub tebchaws United States thiab lwm lub teb chaws.
Tsuas yog tom qab stepping cia Khrushchev noob caj noob ces nyob rau hauv Russia tau txoj kev ywj pheej nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev muab siab kho kev loj hlob.
Lavxias teb sab zaum geneticists
Qhov loj tshaj discoveries uas yuav ua tau txaus siab ntawm qhov kev kawm nyob rau hauv lo lus nug, steel, thiab cov neeg uas pom tau hais los ntawm peb cov compatriots. Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm noob caj noob ces nyob rau hauv Russia yog kev cob cog rua nrog xws li npe raws li:
- Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov (txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tsob nroj tiv thaiv, cov kev cai lij choj ntawm homologous series, thiab lwm yam);
- Nikolay Konstantinovich Koltsov (tshuaj mutagenesis);
- NV Timofeev-Resovsky (tsim ntawm hluav taws xob noob caj noob ces);
- V. V. Saharov (nature ntawm change);
- KUV Lobashev (sau phau ntawv rau noob caj noob ces);
- A. S. Serebrovsky;
- K. A. Timiryazev;
- NP Dubinin thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.
Daim ntawv mus rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm, vim hais tias txhua lub sij hawm Lavxias teb sab minds zoo nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lag luam thiab kev teb.
Tiam sis nyob rau hauv science: kho mob noob caj noob ces
Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kho mob noob caj noob ces originated ntau ntxov tshaj lub general science. Tom qab tag nrho, rov qab nyob rau hauv lub XV-XVIII centuries nws muaj lawm proven phenomenon ntawm roj ntsha kis tau tus mob ntawm cov kab mob xws li:
- polydactyly;
- hemophilia;
- hnyav chorea;
- qaug dabpeg, thiab lwm tus neeg.
sib deev tsis zoo luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tswj kev noj qab nyob thiab ib txwm loj hlob ntawm lub zag yog ntsia. Niaj hnub no, cov seem ntawm noob caj noob ces yog ib tug heev tseem ceeb cheeb tsam ntawm cov tshuaj. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tso cai rau koj los tswj cov tsos mob thiab ntes ntau tshuaj ntsuam genetic change nyob rau theem ntawm embryonic txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub fetus.
tib neeg noob caj noob ces
Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg noob caj noob ces originated npaum li cas tom qab General noob caj noob ces. Tom qab tag nrho cov, saib hauv tus tib neeg lub chromosome apparatus yog ua tau tsuas yog los ntawm kev siv lub feem ntau niaj hnub kev khoom thiab kev tshawb fawb txoj kev.
Tus txiv neej tau ua rau qhov kev kawm ntawm noob caj noob ces nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov tshuaj. Txawm li cas los, qhov yooj yim nta ntawm qub txeeg qub teg thiab hloov mus rau lwm mechanisms uas sau thiab tso saib lawv nyob rau hauv lub offspring ntawm tib neeg yeej tsis txawv ntawm cov neeg ntawm cov tsiaj. Yog li ntawd nws yog tsis tsim nyog los siv tus kwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog tib neeg.
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