Shorthand - yog dab tsi? Fundamentals thiab tej yam tshwm sim shorthand

Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm peb tau hnov los yog pom nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, qhov no mysterious lo lus - "shorthand." Yuav ua li cas yog nws thiab yog vim li cas koj yuav tsum paub ib tug ob peb, thiab ib tug heev ob peb cov neeg ua lug tau sai dlua nws. Thiab nws hloov tawm mus rau yuav ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau ib tug txiv neej tsis tsuas yog ntawm yav dhau los, nekompyuterizirovannogo xyoo pua, tab sis niaj hnub.

Shorthand - lub peev xwm los sau ntaub ntawv sai sai los ntawm kev siv tus cim tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yog rau cov ntaubntawv povthawj ntawm tib neeg hais lus ceev thaum lub caij ntawm nws cov kev qhia. Lawm tshwm sim bewilderment: yog vim li cas muaj xws li ib tug kev txawj? Txawm li cas los, cov menyuam kawm ntawv, thiab cov menyuam kawm ntawv, nws yuav pab tau nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawv, qhov chaw uas tus kws qhia ntawv yog tsis yog tshwj xeeb kev txhawj xeeb txog seb tus mloog muaj lub sij hawm los sau txhua yam uas koj xav tau.

Cov tsos ntawm shorthand

Shorthand cim uas yuav suav hais tias tus thawj los yog cov thawj, twb pom ntawm cov monuments ntawm Iyiv civilization. Lub Egyptians yees nws tus kheej shorthand. Nrog kev pab los ntawm kaw lus dawb ceev no ntawm vaj ntxwv. Shorthand (raws li ib tug yooj yim txoj kev ntawm cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv) them xim rau lwm yam ancient civilizations. Yog li ntawd, cov Greeks thiab Loos, heev tej kev cai no thiab rau siab zoo heev, yog tseem nquag siv tus cim tshwj xeeb rau cov ceev ceev fixation uas zoo paub. Nws yog lub sij hawm ntawm ancient Rome thiab tim Nkij teb chaws yog ntaus nqi mus rau lub flourishing ntawm shorthand. Raws li ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, lub ancient Roman shorthand tsim Tyrone, lub pab ntawm tus poj orator Cicero.

Ancient Roman shorthand tej yam tshwm sim uas totaled yuav luag 5,000 units, yog tsis yooj yim rau tswv. Yog hais tias niaj hnub shorthand - ib tug literal, piv txwv li, txhua lub cim piv nruab nrab yog ib tug tej yam ntawv, tus laus tus system yog zoo li, uas yog ib tug kos npe rau ntawd hais tej lo lus. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb nws yog ib yam nyuaj heev.

Cov hauj lwm hnub yug tus ntawv no yog xav tau ib verbatim Hlis ntuj nqeg 5, 63 BC. e. - kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Tyrone rau nws system ntawm tej yam tshwm sim.

Nthuav keeb kwm ntawm shorthand

Vim lub shorthand txoj kev sau peb tam sim no muaj cov sij hawm los nyeem tej hauj lwm ntawm William Shakespeare. Neeg sib tw ntawm cov ua yeeb yam ntawm tus naas ej thiab kev vam meej playwright twb xa rau ib lub hom phiaj yuav tsum tau xa transcribers, yog li ntawd cov neeg kaw verbatim ua yeeb yam txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm kev mloog lus. Thiab, tsis muaj teeb meem li cas protested sau ua txoj hauj lwm, lawv raug kaw, thiab vim hais tias tau mus txog rau peb. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, nws tseem yog ib tug shorthand lo lus kab.

Tab sis alphabetic shorthand nyob tom qab cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv "globes". Dzhon Uills tsim alphabetic system, nyob rau hauv uas txhua tus ua cim shorthand khi rau kos npe rau cov tsiaj ntawv. Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd pib ib tug tshiab era ntawm shorthand, ib tug ntau npaum li cas yooj yim thiab yooj yim rau kev kawm.

Ib tug zoo-paub paub txog-zoologist Alfred Brehm sau siv ntaub ntawv shorthand nws phau ntawv "Lub neej ntawm Tsiaj txhu". Kawm cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv lawv tej yam ntuj tso ib puag ncig, nws tsis muaj tag nrho cov tej yam kev mob rau tej kev sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub teb, nyob rau hauv txoj kev, piv txwv li, caij ib tug nees, nws siv shorthand lus rau journaling. Thaum sib sau txaus Brehm tawm chaw muag mis nyuj rau nws tus poj niam, thiab nws deciphered cov ntaub ntawv thiab tso lawv rau printing. Los ntawm qhov kev piv txwv uas peb pom tau hais tias cov shorthand pab cov neeg ntau tshaj ib zaug rau noj sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau huab tej yam kev mob.

Shorthand nyob rau hauv Russia

Thaum lub sij hawm ib tug zoo li nyob rau hauv cursive Lavxias teb sab raws li ib tug tag nrho system ntawm transcription tsis ua ib ke. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th cursive kaw pej xeem veche nyob rau hauv Pskov thiab Novgorod. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th shorthand twb siv tau nyob rau tus thawj kav cov vaj ntxwv Romanov. Peter feem ntau kuj resorted mus rau kev pab los ntawm stenographers.

Qhov zoo Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv pom tau hais tias lub superiority ntawm kev kub ceev sau ntawv mus rau qhov yooj yim. Cov lawv FB Dostoevsky thiab L. N. Tolstoy. Tag nrho cov paub yog los ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab zaum N. E. Zhukovskogo thiab D. I. Mendeleeva. Cov hauj lwm ntawm cov poj cov txiv neej twb tso ua ke los ntawm shorthand kaw lus qhuab qhia.

Nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm tsarist Russia tsev tsuas paub shorthand. Cov tub txawg yog mas nyob rau hauv loj lub zos - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk.

Lub Soviet lub sij hawm twb xaiv los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug me me pab pawg neeg ntawm stenographers ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm cov txheej xwm kaw nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj, rau cov uas nws tom qab tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm zoo-paub cov nuj nqis. Ntxiv mus, no hom ntawm kev sau ntawv tau ua ntau nrov txij li thaum nws tau los ua tseeb tias nrog kev pab los ntawm tej ntaub ntawv sau ua hauj lwm yuav ntau npaum ntawm lub sij hawm. Rau science, nws yog invaluable pab.

hom shorthand

Verbatim system uas twb muaj lawm thaum lub caij, yog muab faib rau ob peb thaj av: nyob rau nrig txog kev pom cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cim cim thiab nyob ntawm seb dab tsi hom ntawm kev hais lus unit nruab nrab yog lwm kos npe rau system (lo lus, morpheme, suab). Raws li ib tug ntawm cov tshuab mus rau lub ntawv qaij los yog geometralnym, morphological los yog phonetic - rau lwm feature.

Ntawv qaij thiab geometralnye system

Nyob rau hauv lub nruab geometralnyh shorthand daim ntawv ntawm geometric duab: vajvoog thiab semi-voj voog, dots thiab ncaj. Ntawv qaij systems yog tias tsim los ntawm feem ntawm cov pa tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv uas muaj inclined mus rau hauv txoj cai thiab muaj ib tug yeej kheej li qe. Ntawv qaij tej yam tshwm sim yog hais tias yuav ntau aesthetically pleasing thiab yooj yim rau teev.

Tej yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cursive geometralnyh systems thiab kuj muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv inscription: lub thinner kab, cov tsawg cim muaj ntau heights, qhov luaj li cas, inclination. Yog li ntawd, lub recordings ua los ntawm xws li tshuab, nicer thiab yooj yim rau kev nyeem ntawv.

Morphological thiab phonetic system

Morphological yam ntxwv ntawm lub system ntawm Western lub teb chaws, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus rau hauv tus tsim kev txiav txim ntawm cov lus, ntsig txog, ib tug yus ib feem ntawm cov tswv yim muaj ib tug immutable txoj hauj lwm. Lavxias teb sab lus muaj dynamic, li ntawd, lub morphological system ntawm shorthand nws tsis tau pom tej chaw. Es tsis txhob tej lus feature ntawm lub system twb npaj siab ib txoj kev hu ua fonostenografiey.

Fonostenografiya (phonetic system) sawv cev los ntawm ib tug shorthand system Ternes-Alexandrova. Nws yog ib tug ceev txoj kev uas yuav sau hais lus nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, uas yog siv rau qhov no tshwj xeeb tej yam tshwm sim. system qhab nia daim ntawv frazgraf - kos npe rau hais tias ib tug tag nrho kab lus.

Cov tsiaj ntawv Patkanovoy-Alexandrova sozherzhit 40 cim, uas ua rau nws tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum sau ntawv smyslorazlichiteli muaj hais txog ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv uas nws yog nthuav. Cov tshuab ob yog tsis suav tias yog abbreviations. Qhov no feature yuav pab tau tsim frazgrafiyu sai - ib qho ntawm lub tshuab, uas muaj xws li cov shorthand. Tej yam tshwm sim ntawm phonetic systems nyob rau hauv kev muaj ntau mus siv cuag rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj.

niaj hnub tiam sis

Shorthand, uas nws txoj kev kawm yog tsis raws li ntau raws li lub li ib txwm hais lus, raws li tau zoo raws li tag nrho cov lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no system nyhav mus piv rau, los pab kom cov neeg siv tau mus thov nws thiab tsim. Nws thov kom muab tag nrho cov tshuab ua ke rau lub hauv paus ntawm muaj kuab xav txog kev teem. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub transformation thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cursive - lub union ntawm tag nrho cov tshuab mus cuag conciseness, taub hau thiab versatility.

Thaum shorthand kev tshawb fawb hnub no siv scientific txoj kev thiab kev sib txuas lus nrog lwm yam sciences, feem ntau nrog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov physiological nta ntawm tib neeg hais lus. Yav tas los, nyob rau hauv yav tag los centuries, lub creators verbatim tshuab ua nyob rau hauv nws kev txiav txim, nws yog tam sim no lub nrhav tswvcuab uas rau kev siv ntawm tib neeg cov lus. Tseem ceeb yog qhov zoo tshaj yuav tau hais tias thaum tsiv cursive system los ntawm ib yam lus mus rau lwm lub, muaj yog ib txwm ib tug yuav tsum tau hloov nws. Qhov no zoo heev complicates lub creation ntawm ib tug universal system.

Nyob rau hauv tej yam tshwm sim ntawm shorthand

Peb twb kawm tau hais tias qhov no shorthand uas txawv cursive system. Dismantled thiab lawv lub ntsiab sib txawv. Tab sis shorthand tej yam tshwm sim Lavxias teb sab lus nws muaj nws nthuav nta.

Dig muag, lawv tseem muaj li ntawm qhov chaw ntawm peb cov paub cov tsiaj ntawv. Lawv yog cov yooj yim thiab zoo nkauj tuaj koom ua ke. Txawm muaj ib tug ceev email stenographer yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tau nco ntsoov hais tias cov tej yam tshwm sim yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav distorted.

Lawv qhia cov cim thiab tsiaj ntawv cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, tab sis cov kev sau ntawv yog heev txog. Ntawm consonants ntawv niam yog tsis sau, thiab yog muab tso rau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub kawg, thaum pib ntawm cov lo lus los yog nyias. Consonants yog koom kuj los ntawm tshwj xeeb cov kev cai, thiab nyob rau nws lawv yuav tsum tau nyeem los yog nyeem tsis tau ntawv.

Sau ntawv shorthand cim

Txawv txawv yam tshwm sim sau cov cim verbatim hwm rau cov kab. Muaj peb theem ntawm kev sau ntawv: nyob rau hauv kab, saum toj no thiab hauv qab no lub kab. Theem yog hloov nyob ntawm seb koj muaj kev cob cog rau tej yam tshwm sim. Lub tebchaw lawv tus kheej yeej ib txwm luv luv, vim hais tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj nyob rau hauv cursive - simplicity rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv ceev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, vim luv luv sib txuas ntaub ntawv tau compact, tiam sis nws tseem tseem ceeb heev.

Tam sim no, thaum muaj txaus cov lus qhia txog ib tug kos npe rau system, raws li shorthand, nws yog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas nws muaj evolved dua ib lub sij hawm ntev - peb sawv cev. Kuj muaj ib lub tswv yim ntawm yuav ua li cas nws twb siv ua ntej lawm. Tab sis tam sim no lub era yog txawv heev tshaj thaum lub shorthand yog ntau heev. Qhov twg nws yog siv nta system ntawm shorthand?

Shorthand nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm

Qhov tseeb ntawm transcribing cov ntaub ntawv uas yog cia nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm. Kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias tib neeg hais lus yog tsib lub sij hawm sai dua tus muaj peev xwm los sau nws txhais tes, thiab ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm sau txog 20 lus ib feeb nrog cov uas hais txog 100-120.

Tau ceev sau ntawv hnub no yuav tuaj nyob rau hauv muab rau nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug administrative pab, cov tub ntxhais kawm, tsev kawm ntawv cov tub ntxhais kawm, sau xov xwm xav kom manually sau - tag nrho cov neeg uas yog ntsib nrog tus yam tseem ceeb ntawm ib yam dab tsi los sau ntawv sai sai thiab meej, xws li lectures, seminars, xovxwm lub rooj sib tham thiab lwm cov pej xeem tsom. Rau cov tub kawm transcriptions ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav muaj lwm tseem ceeb heev siv - sau ntawv txaj. Lawv tau txais ib compact thiab to taub tsis tau rau lwm tus neeg, yog li ntawd txawm raug pom, txaj yuav tsum tsuas yog tsis pom zoo raws li xws li.

Cov kev pab cuam shorthand paub tsis yog tas rau lub yooj yim ntawm ceev ceev hais lus fixation. Kawm ntau npaum li cas shorthand yam sij hawm thiab kev rau siab, nws pab qhov zoo tshaj ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog muaj pov thawj hais tias cov shorthand muaj kev xav, muaj peev xwm kom meej meej thiab tiag articulate lawv cov kev xav.

Yuav ua li cas kom paub shorthand

Niaj hnub no, muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi nyuab yuav mus txeeb ntawm cov neeg pab kev txawj ntse, uas muab shorthand. Kev kawm ntawv nws muaj peev xwm coj raws li me ntsis raws li ib tug ob peb lis piam. Yog hais tias tau, koj yuav tau kos npe rau tshwj xeeb kev kawm. Ntawm no kev stenographers yuav qhia koj mus rau cov kev qhia tswj ntawm shorthand thiab qhia seb lawv paub yuav ua li cas yuav ua li cas.

Yuav kom mus kawm hauv chav kawm shorthand yuav tsis tau kev tshwj xeeb kev cob qhia. Qhov tshaj plaws xwb koj yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau - qhov no muaj, kam kawm thiab pishushih khoom siv (phau ntawv sau, cwj mem los yog xaum rau). Thaum ib tug ntiav kawm shorthand, koj yuav kawm tau li cas los sau ntawv 60-70 lus ib feeb (es tsis txhob ntawm 20 lo lus nyob rau hauv txhua hnub lus), thiab yog hais tias koj noj cov kev cob qhia tiag, thiab 100-120 lus ib feeb. Great tau yuav tsis tau li ntawd, tseem ceeb, vim hais tias cov neeg yuav luag tsis txawj hais lus nrog ntau dua cov kev ceev.

Shorthand nkawd txawv txawv newcomer. Thaum pib ntawm txoj kev kawm nws yog ib txwm nyuaj rau cov siv tau rau tus tshiab ntsiab cai hauv tsab ntawv, tab sis tom qab ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov sij hawm ntawm kev xyaum los siv tau rau qhov no feem ntau.

Cons verbatim cov tsiaj ntawv

Nrog rau tag nrho cov zoo ntawm tej yam muaj shorthand yog tsis zoo tag nrho. Nrog ib tug heev ceev ceev cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv yog ib tug uas muaj feem yuav mus sau cov cim kom koj to taub lawv ces nws yuav tsis tshua muaj neeg yooj yim.

Ib tug loj drawback ntawm cursive sau ntawv yog hais tias nws yog yuav luag tsis hwm spelling cai. Qhov yooj yim piv txwv - yog sau nyob rau hauv lub prefix "ib tug" es tsis txhob ntawm "on" vim lub fact tias cov kev twb kev txuas nrog cov "ib tug" yooj yim. Rau cov verbatim abstracts rau lawv tus kheej siv tsis yog ib tug xeeb txob. Txawm li cas los, koj yuav tau siv rau txoj ntsiab cai no ntawm kev sau ntawv uas yog ntsaws rau thiab lo rau nws thaum koj yuav tau sau nyob rau hauv cov lus yooj yim. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis yog tsis muaj spelling tso tseg.

tshiab cov kev taw qhia

Rau centuries, cov neeg tau tau muaj tsuas classical, manually siv shorthand. Yuav ua li cas yog nws, peb tau kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej. Tab sis tam sim no nws muaj ib tug tshiab saib. Yuav ua li cas yog lub computer shorthand rau cov uas nws tau tsim, yog tias niaj hnub technologies ntau ntau lwm txoj kev los ceev ceev lub suab txias?

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no system los rau cov lus qhia kev ruaj ntseg. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm tom qab tus foundations ntawm cheeb tsam no nws twb tsis tsim uniform terminology. Peb teem sib txawv tswv yim, thiab nws thiaj li qhia lub ntsiab qhov txawv ntawm cryptography: yog hais tias tus tom kawg yuav cov ntaub ntawv encryption, lub zais nrhw ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm nws cov kis tau tus mob - ib qho teeb meem yuav tsum tau daws tau los ntawm shorthand. Kev Pab ua complexity yog tsim rau lub hom phiaj no. Ib qho yooj yim thiab pheej yig nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev siv, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm dawb, - Hma liab zais 1.00. Koj muaj peev xwm siv nws los zais cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv nrov hom ntawv nyeem, graphics thiab suab. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tus neeg siv tau txais ib lub hwj muaj thaum ntaub ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws tau muab zais, lawm tsub kom nyob rau hauv loj. Los ntawm lub thawv ntaub ntawv yog retrieved siv ib lo lus zais.

tshawb pom

Shorthand - ib txoj kev rau sai sai sau ntaub ntawv, uas twb tau muab siv rau ntau centuries. Nws evolved thiab hloov ua ntej peb lub sij hawm, xws li ib tug system twb tsis tau tau tsim, uas yuav tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm ntau yam lus, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob compact thiab yooj yim rau siv. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev loj hlob ntawm shorthand, zoo li lwm yam lus, nws twb tsis tso tseg, txij li thaum npaum li cas tseem yuav tau ua nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kom nws txawm ntau ntau yam. Nws yog qhov no yuav stenographers tag nrho peb hnub.

Peb to taub tias cov tswv yim, uas muaj xws li shorthand, nws yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas peb yuav xav tau nyob rau hauv lub neej, kawm txog lub verbatim classifications systems, nta ntawm lawv cov cim thiab kev sib txuas.

Tam sim no hais tias peb muaj ib lub tswv yim hais txog qhov no txawv txawv rau peb sau ntawv system, yuav luj tag nrho cov lus rau caum nws txoj kev loj hlob. Peb cia siab tias peb tsab xov xwm tau tuav rau koj thiab pab tau.