Science News for KIDS: tswv yim, cov ntsiab lus txhais, cov ntsiab lus thiab cov kev cai

Science News for KIDS, tswv yim uas peb xav txog - yog science uas kawm cov tshuaj thiab lawv transformations tshwm sim nrog qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab chaw pib lub zog. Ua ntej, koj yuav tau los txhais tau li cas yog meant by ib lub sij hawm xws li "tshuaj". Yog hais tias peb tham txog nws nyob rau hauv ib tug broad kev txiav txim zoo, nws yog ib daim ntawv ntawm qhov teeb meem uas muaj ib tug so loj. Substance yog tej elementary particle, piv txwv li, lub neutron. Nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, lub sij hawm yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaim kev txiav txim zoo.

Yuav pib nrog ib tug nyuag lus piav qhia txog lub ntsiab lus thiab cov tswv yim ntawm kev Science News for KIDS, atomic-molecular kev tshawb xav. Tom qab ntawd, peb piav qhia txog lawv, raws li tau zoo raws li tam sim no ib co tseem ceeb cov kev cai ntawm no science.

Basic ntsiab ntawm Science News for KIDS (teeb meem, atoms, molecules) yog paub rau tag nrho cov ntawm peb los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Hauv qab no yog ib tug nyuag lus piav qhia txog lawv, raws li tau zoo raws li lwm yam, tsis yooj yim pom cov nqe lus thiab phenomena.

atoms

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, tag nrho cov tshuaj uas yog kawm nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, muaj li ntawm me me, hu ua atoms. Neutrons tsis yog tib yam khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm no science. Nws yuav tsum raug hais tias lub atoms yuav sib sau ua ke nrog txhua lwm yam, li no txoj kev tshuaj bonds. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua txhaum no kev twb kev txuas, tsim nyog siv ntawm lub zog. Yog li ntawd, lub atoms nyob rau hauv lub qub tej yam kev mob tsis muaj ib lub zuj zus (tshwj tsis yog "noble roj"). Lawv muaj kev cob cog nrog txhua lwm yam tsawg kawg yog nyob rau hauv officers.

Nruam thermal zog

Nruam thermal tsab ntawv tsa suab ntawm tus hais yog yus muaj los ntawm tag nrho cov uas kawm Science News for KIDS. Lub tswv yim ntawm no science piav tsis tau, tsis txhob tham txog nws. Nrog tas mus li lub zog nruab nrab kinetic zog yog proportional rau tus kub ntawm cov particle (txawm tias nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias lub zog ntawm txawv discrete hais). Ekin = kt / 2, nyob qhov twg k - yog Boltzmann lub qhov. Qhov no mis yog siv tau rau txhua yam ntawm lub zog. Txij li thaum Tkin = MV ^2/2, lub suab ntawm loj heev hais ntau maj mam. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus kub yog tib yam, cov pa molecule nyob rau nruab nrab txav mus rau 4 lub sij hawm qeeb qeeb tshaj carbon molecules. Qhov no yog vim hais tias lawv loj yog ntau tshaj 16 lub sij hawm. Lub zog yog oscillating, Translational thiab muab. Oscillating cai nyob rau hauv cov kua thiab khoom, thiab gaseous tshuaj. Tab sis lub Translational thiab muab feem ntau yooj yim nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov roj. Nyob rau hauv cov dej, nws yog ntau yooj yim, thiab nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab - txawm ntau nyuaj.

molecules

Peb mus txuas ntxiv los mus piav qhia cov tswv yim thiab txhais cov ntsiab ntawm Science News for KIDS. Yog hais tias lub atoms yog ua ke nrog txhua lwm yam, txoj kev ua ib tug me me pab pawg neeg (hu ua lwg me me), xws pawg neeg muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub thermal tsab ntawv tsa suab, kuj ua ib chav tsev. Mus txog 100 atoms tam sim no nyob rau hauv raug molecules, thiab lawv muaj pes tsawg yog li no-hu ua high-molecular tebchaw yuav ua tau mus 105.

uas tsis yog-molecular tshuaj

Txawm li cas los, atoms yog feem ntau ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm bands los ntawm 107 mus 1027. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no lawv suab tsis koom nyob rau hauv lub thermal tsab ntawv tsa suab. Cov koom haum ua teb muaj me ntsis resemblance mus rau lub molecule. Lawv yog neeg zoo li daim ntawm ib tug khoom. Cov tshuaj no hu ua uas tsis yog-molecular. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub thermal tsab ntawv tsa suab yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub daim, thiab nws yuav ya li molecule. Muaj yog ib txoj kev hloov cheeb tsam thiab ntau thiab tsawg, uas muaj xws li koom haum ua teb muaj li ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 105 mus 107. Cov hais yog tog twg los loj heev molecules los yog me me nplej ntawm hmoov.

ions

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg uas atoms thiab pawg yuav muaj ib tug hluav taws xob xwb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lawv hu ua ions nyob rau hauv no science, zoo li Science News for KIDS, tswv yim uas peb yuav kawm. Txij li thaum zoo li nqi ib txwm ua txhua lwm yam, ib yam khoom uas uas yog tam sim no ib tug ntau yam pauv loj tshaj ntawm ib tug los yog lwm yam ntawm cov nqi tej zaum yuav tsis ruaj khov. Cov tsis zoo thiab zoo nqi yog yeej ib txwm ua lwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog electrically nruab nrab. Nco ntsoov tias cov nqi uas pom tias loj nyob rau hauv electrostatics, los ntawm qhov seem yus pom ntawm Science News for KIDS yog negligible (ntawm 105-1015 atoms - 1E).

Khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS

Nws yog tsim nyog los ntxiv tias cov khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS tus thoob tswv yim rau cov tshwm sim, uas tsis tshwm sim, thiab tsis txhob ua txhaum down lub atoms, tiam sis tsuas yog rearrange, uas yog kev cob cog rua nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshiab. Ib txhia bonds yog tawg, lwm leej lwm tus yog tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, tus tshiab tshuaj tshwm sim los ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov qub nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov starting cov ntaub ntawv. Yog hais tias lub atoms, thiab cov uas twb muaj lawm mus nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog muab (e.g., lub evaporation ntawm molecular tebchaw), cov dab txheeb txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ntev Science News for KIDS thiab Molecular Physics. Nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas lub atoms yog tsim los lawm, nws yog ib txoj kev kawm ntawm cov kev kawm ntawm nuclear los yog atomic physics. Txawm li cas los, tus ciam ntawm cov tshuaj thiab lub cev phenomena qhov muag plooj. Tom qab lub division ntawm science rau hauv nyias muaj nyias kev zwj ceeb, whereas qhov indivisible. Yog li ntawd, chemists heev pab tau kev txawj ntse ntawm physics.

Basic ntsiab ntawm Science News for KIDS peb tau luv luv teev. Tam sim no peb muab rau koj ntau yuav tau xav txog lawv.

Nyeem ntxiv txog atoms

Atoms thiab molecules - yog ib yam dab tsi uas muaj coob tus neeg associate Science News for KIDS. Basic ntsiab, cov yuav tsum tau kom meej meej tseg. Qhov tseeb hais tias atoms nyob, ob txhiab xyoo dhau los, nws yog ib tug mob stroke cov ntse heev kwv yees. Ces, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, zaum twb sim cov ntaub ntawv (tsis tau indirect). Peb yuav tau tham txog ntau yam kev sib raug zoo Avogadro muaj pes tsawg leeg constancy cai (hauv qab no peb saib nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim ntawm Science News for KIDS). Atom ntxiv txog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, thaum twb muaj ib tug ntau ntawm ncaj qha kev sim cov pov thawj. Lawv tau raws li nyob rau hauv spectroscopy, rau qhov raug tawg ri niab X-rays, alpha hais, neutrons, electrons, etc. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov hais yog hais txog 1 E = 1 ° ^-10 m Nyhav ntawm - .. Kwv yees li 10 ^-27 - 10 ^-25 kg. Nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm tus hais yog zoo them cov tub ntxhais uas nyob electrons tsiv mus nyob rau qhov tsis zoo xwb. Ntsiav loj yog hais txog 10 mus rau ¹⁵ m. Nws hloov tawm hais tias txiav txim seb tus loj ntawm lub electron plhaub ntawm lub atom, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws hnyav yog yuav luag nkaus feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Lwm txhais yuav tsum tau ua tswvcuab, xaiv cov tswv yim ntawm Science News for KIDS. Tshuaj caij - ib hom ntawm atoms, them nyiaj ntawm cov keeb uas yog zoo tib yam.

Nws feem ntau tshwm sim txiav txim atom raws li ib tug feeb particle tshuaj sib indivisible. Yuav ua li cas to taub lub "tshuaj"? Raws li peb tau sau tseg, lub division ntawm phenomena nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj probation. Tab sis ntawm cov hoob kawm lub hav zoov ntawm atoms. Yog li ntawd, los mus txiav txim qhov zoo Science News for KIDS los ntawm lawv, thiab tsis vice versa, lub atoms ntawm Science News for KIDS.

Tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus

Qhov no yog kom tus atoms yog nyob ua ke. Nws tsis pub lawv ya sib nrug nyob rau hauv tus ntawm thermal tsab ntawv tsa suab. Ntawm no yog cov ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm bonds - yog internuclear deb li cas thiab muaj zog. Qhov no kuj yog qhov yooj yim lub tswv yim ntawm Science News for KIDS. Lub daim ntawv cog ntev yog txiav txim experimentally nrog ib tug txaus siab cov neeg. Zog - kuj, tab sis tsis yeej ib txwm. Piv txwv li, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau objectively txiav txim seb nws yog nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv ib tug complex molecule. Txawm li cas los, lub zog ntawm atomization ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yuav tsum tau mus ua txhaum tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm mus yog yeej ib txwm txiav txim siab. Paub qhov ntev ntawm lub kev twb kev txuas, koj muaj peev xwm txiav txim uas atoms yog kev cob cog rua (lawv muaj ib tug luv luv deb), thiab yog dab tsi - tsis muaj (ntev deb).

Cov kev sib koom tes naj npawb thiab ua kom sib haum

Basic ntsiab ntawm analytical Science News for KIDS xws li cov ntsiab lus uas ob. Dab tsi ua lawv txhais li cas? Wb fim nws.

Cov kev sib koom tes tooj yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov uas nyob ze cov neeg nyob ze ntawm tej atom. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov xov tooj ntawm cov neeg uas nrog nws yog hais txog sib. Kom sib haum yog ib tug kev sib nrig sib txoj hauj lwm, hom thiab tus xov tooj ntawm cov neeg nyob ze. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov tswvyim no yog ntau nqis. Piv txwv li, lub sib haum tooj ntawm nitrogen molecules cov yam ntxwv ntawm ammonia thiab nitric acid, tib yam - 3. Txawm li cas los, lawv muaj ntau ua kom sib haum - yog uas tsis yog-planar thiab tiaj tus. Nws yog txiav txim txawm yog yus qhov xwm ntawm kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov duab kos, whereas lub oxidation lub xeev thiab valence ntawm - cov notion ntawm zwj ceeb, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nce mus twv seb tus ua kom sib haum thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Kev txiav txim ntawm molecule

Peb twb kov on no lub tswvyim, xav tias lub tswv yim thiab tej kev cai ntawm Science News for KIDS luv luv. Tam sim no nyob rau nws nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv heev kev txiav txim ntawm lub molecule li qis nruab nrab tshuaj hais, uas nws muaj nws tshuaj zog, thiab muaj peev xwm nyob ntawm nws tus kheej. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias qhov no txhais yog tam sim no tawm ntawm hnub. Firstly, lub fact tias tag nrho cov physicists thiab chemists xa mus rau ib tug qauv, tshuaj yeeb dej caw zog tseem tsis tau dim. Dej dissociates, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau yam tsawg 2 molecules. Lub degree ntawm dissociation ntawm cov dej - yog 10 ^-7. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, tus txheej txheem no yuav raug rau tsuas yog ib qho molecule ntawm 10 lab. Yog hais tias koj muaj ib tug hluas molecule, los yog muaj txawm tias ib tug puas, koj yuav tsis tau ib lub tswv yim ntawm nws dissociation. Lub fact tias cov thermal los ntawm tshuaj feem ntau muaj xws li cov kev sib zog ntawm molecules. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav tsis muaj nyob rau ib tug ntawm lawv. Thiab tshuaj thiab lub cev thaj chaw ntawm molecular tshuaj yuav tsum tau txiav txim los ntawm ib tug loj pawg ntawm molecules. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj cov neeg uas yog tau muaj nyob rau ntawm lawv tus kheej, "qhov tsawg tshaj plaws" particle indefinitely zoo thiab sib txawv heev los ntawm cov pa molecules. Cov qauv yog yeej tseem zoo ib pab pawg neeg ntawm atoms yog tsis electrically them. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yuav ua tau ib tug atom, piv txwv li, Tsis muaj. Qhov no pab pawg neeg yuav tsum tau mus koom nyob rau hauv lub diffusion, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lwm yam thermal tsab ntawv tsa suab, kuj ua ib chav tsev.

Raws li koj tau pom, yog tsis yog li ntawd yooj yim tswv yim ntawm Science News for KIDS. Cov qauv - yog ib yam dab tsi uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo suav hais tias. Nws muaj nws tus kheej lub zog, thiab molecular ceeb thawj. Hais txog qhov kev tom kawg peb tam sim no tham txog.

molecular loj

Yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim lub molecular ceeb thawj ntawm lub kev? Ib txoj kev - raws li nyob rau hauv Avogadro txoj cai, tus kwv tij ceev ntawm chav. Lub tshaj plaws yog txoj kev yog loj spectrometry. Electron khob qhov rooj tawm ntawm lub molecule. Cov uas ua ion yog thawj dispersed nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob field thiab ces deflected los ntawm nws magnetic txoj kev. Charge rau loj piv yog txiav txim los ntawm lub qhov ntau ntawm cov sib txawv. Tseem muaj txoj kev raws li rau cov khoom uas muaj cov ntsiab. Txawm li cas los molecule nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov mob yuav tsum tau yuav nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab - nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv vacuo mus rau ib tug roj. Yog hais tias lawv tsis txav, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau objectively xam lawv cov luj. Thiab lawv heev hav zoov nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau ntes.

Nta ntawm uas tsis yog-molecular tshuaj

Tham txog lawv hais tias lawv tseem muaj li ntawm atoms, tsis molecules. Txawm li cas los, tib yam yog muaj tseeb nrog hwm rau noble gases. Cov atoms txav dawb do, yog li zoo xav tias lawv monohydric molecules. Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog tsis tseem ceeb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tsis yog-molecular tshuaj, muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov atoms, uas yog txuas ua ke. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias division ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub molecular thiab uas tsis yog-molecular tsis txaus. Lub division ntawm cov kev twb kev txuas ntxiv muaj nuj nqis. Xav txog, piv txwv li, qhov txawv nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm graphite thiab pob zeb diamond. Ob leeg ntawm lawv yog cov pa roj carbon, tab sis tus thawj - mos mos, thiab lub thib ob - ib tug khoom. Yuav ua li cas lawv txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam? Qhov txawv yog cia li nyob rau hauv lawv cov connectivity. Yog hais tias peb xav txog cov qauv ntawm graphite, peb yuav pom tias kev sib raug zoo muaj nyob xwb nyob rau hauv ob qhov ntev. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub thib peb tseem ceeb heev interatomic mus, yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug muaj zog daim ntawv cog lus. Graphite yog ib qho yooj yim mus npleem thiab phua raws cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.

connectivity qauv

Txwv tsis pub, nws yog hu ua ib tug spatial dimension. Nws nruab nrab yog cov xov tooj ntawm cov qhov ntev ntawm qhov chaw, yus nyob rau hauv hais tias cov tas mus li (yuav luag infinite) lub cev pob txha system (muaj zog mus). Lub qhov tseem ceeb uas nws yuav siv sij hawm, - 0, 1, 2 thiab 3. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsim nyog los paub qhov txawv cov peb-dimensionally kev cob cog rua, laminates, thiab kob saw (molecular) qauv.

Txoj cai ntawm meej proportions

Peb twb kawm lawm lub tswv yim ntawm Science News for KIDS. Cov ntaub ntawv uas twb luv luv xam tau tias yog los ntawm peb. Tam sim no qhia txog cov kev cai lij choj uas siv rau nws. Feem ntau nws yog formulated raws li nram no: tej tib tivthaiv (i.e., huv si), tsis hais txog ntawm lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv uas nws twb tau, muaj cov tib zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg. Tab sis dab tsi lub tswvyim ntawm "dawb huv substance"? Wb fim nws.

Ob txhiab xyoo dhau los, thaum cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsis tau ncaj txoj kev mus kawm ntawv thaum muaj tsis txawm yooj yim tshuaj tswv yim thiab tej kev cai ntawm Science News for KIDS, paub rau peb, nws tau txiav txim descriptively. Piv txwv li, cov dej - yog ib tug ua kua uas yuav muab lub hauv paus ntawm seas thiab cov niam dej. Nws twb tsis muaj tsis hnov tsw, xim, saj. Nws muaj xws li ib tug melting thiab freezing point, los ntawm nws yog xim xiav tooj liab sulfate. Ntsev dej yog vim hais tias nws yog tsis huv. Txawm li cas los, ntsev yuav tau muab cais los ntawm distillation. Zoo li no, yuav piav txog txoj kev txiav txim qhov yooj yim tshuaj tswv yim thiab tej kev cai ntawm Science News for KIDS.

Rau zaum thaum lub sij hawm nws yog tsis pom tseeb hais tias cov kua uas yog tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev (los ntawm burning hydrogen sulfate lub cev qhuav dej, seawater distillation), muaj cov tib pes tsawg leeg. Great foundations nyob rau hauv science yog qhov pov thawj ntawm no qhov tseeb. Nws los ua tseeb hais tias tus piv ntawm cov pa thiab hydrogen yuav hloov tsis tau ntseeg nkaws. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub ntsiab muaj atoms - indivisible feem. Yog li sib txuas ntawm cov mis tau npaj, thiab kuj substantiated zaum sawv cev ntawm molecules.

Niaj hnub no tej yam khoom uas ntsees los implicitly txiav txim feem ntau neeg pab leg ntaubntawv es melting, saj los yog xim. Dej - H ₂ O. Yog hais tias muaj lwm molecules, nws yuav tsis tau huv si. Thiaj li, dawb huv molecular tshuaj yog ib tug uas yog tsim los ntawm cov tsuas yog ib hom ntawm molecules.

Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nrog electrolytes? Tom qab tag nrho, lawv muaj xws li ions yog tam sim no, tsis tsuas molecules. Peb yuav tsum tau ntau nruj txhais. Ntshiab molecular tshuaj yog ib tug uas yog tsim los ntawm cov molecules ntawm ib hom, thiab tejzaum nws kuj reversible khoom ntawm lawv sai hloov dua siab tshiab (isomerization cov tsev koom nyiaj, dissociation). Lo lus "ceev" nyob rau hauv qhov ntsiab lus teb txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv cov khoom no, peb yuav tsis tau tshem ntawm, lawv tam sim ntawd rov tshwm sim. Lo lus "reversible" qhia hais tias tus hloov dua siab tshiab yog tsis coj mus rau qhov kawg. Yog hais tias paub, ces nws yuav zoo dua yog hais tias nws tsis ruaj tsis khov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws tsis yog ib tug dawb huv substance.

Cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj ntawm qhov teeb meem

Qhov no txoj cai muaj txij ancient sij hawm tau paub nyob rau hauv metaphorical daim ntawv. Nws hais tias qhov teeb meem yuav tsis tau tsim thiab rhuav tshem tsis tau. Tom qab ntawd tuaj nws ntau formulation. Raws li rau qhov no, tus luj (thiab lub caij xyoo pua 17th - ceeb thawj) yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw.

Cov kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv lub li ib txwm daim ntawv twb qhib nyob rau hauv 1748 Lomonosov. Nyob rau hauv 1789, nws ntxiv Lavoisier, ib tug Fabkis txoj tus paub txog. Kawm nws formulation yog raws li nram no: qhov loj ntawm lub tshuaj nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog sib npaug zos rau cov loj ntawm tshuaj uas ua tau los ntawm nws.

Avogadro txoj cai, kev cai lij choj ntawm volumetric kev sib raug zoo gases

Qhov kawg muaj ib tug twb formulated nyob rau hauv 1808 los ntawm JL Gay-Lussac, Fabkis tus paub txog. Tam sim no txoj kev cai no yog hu ua tus kev cai lij choj ntawm Gay-Lussac. Raws li nws, lub volume ntawm reactive gases yog rau ib leeg raws li zoo raws li qhov ntim ntawm lub resulting gaseous khoom raws li ib tug tag nrho me me xov tooj.

Txawv, uas pom Gay-Lussac, piav txog cov kev cai lij choj, uas yog qhib ib tug me ntsis rau yav tom ntej, nyob rau hauv 1811, Amedeo Avogadro, ib tug Italian tus paub txog. Nws hais tias nyob rau hauv sib npaug zos tej yam kev mob (siab thiab kub) nyob rau hauv lub gases muaj tib lub volume, tib tooj ntawm molecules tam sim no.

Ob qho tseem ceeb yuav tshwm raws li los ntawm cov kev cai lij choj ntawm Avogadro. Tus thawj cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nyob rau hauv tib yam tej yam kev mob, ib tug tias ntawm tej roj occupies sib npaug zos volume. Xaav tog twg los nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob (uas yog cov kub 0 ° C thiab 101,325 kPa) yog 22,4 liters. Qhov thib ob txim ntawm txoj kev cai no raws li nram no: lub ceeb thawj piv ntawm cov gases muaj tus nqi qub nyob rau hauv sib npaug zos tej yam kev mob, sib npaug zos rau cov piv ntawm lawv hniav puas loj.

Muaj lwm txoj cai, uas yeej yuav tsum tau hais. Peb yuav qhia rau koj txog nws luv luv.

Periodic kev cai lij choj thiab cov lus

D. I. Mendeleev, raws li nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov ntsiab thiab lub atomic thiab molecular zaum uas pheej nrhiav tau txoj kev cai no. Qhov kev tshwm sim coj qhov chaw peb hlis ntuj 1, 1869 Periodic Law yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Nws yuav tau teev raws li nram no: thaj chaw ntawm cov ntsiab tsim ntawm complex thiab yooj yim tshuaj thiab muaj ib tug periodic dependence rau cov nqi ntawm cov nuclei ntawm atoms.

Periodic rooj, uas yog tsim los ntawm Mendeleev, muaj xya sij hawm thiab yim pab pawg. Pawg hu ua nws cov ntsug txhua. Hais nyob rau hauv txhua ntawm lawv muaj zoo sib xws lub cev thiab tshuaj zog. Cov pab pawg neeg, nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab faib mus rau hauv sub-pawg (lub ntsiab thiab sab).

Cov kab rov tav kab nyob rau hauv cov lus no xa mus rau lub sij hawm. Hais tias yog nyob rau hauv lawv, txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis lawv tsis muaj nyob rau hauv ntau - lub fact tias lawv tseeb electrons nyob rau tib lub zog. Nyob rau hauv thawj lub sij hawm tsuas yog ob tug hais. H yog hydrogen thiab Helium Nws. Lub yim hais yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv lub plaub ntawm lawv twb 18. Mendeleev xws lub sij hawm no raws li cov thawj loj. Nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib thiab 18 hais, nws cov qauv yog zoo li tus thib plaub. Raws li ib feem ntawm lub thib rau - 32 ntsiab. Lub xya yog tsis tau tiav. Qhov no lub sij hawm pib nrog cov Fabkis (Fr). Peb yuav xav tias nws yuav muaj 32 hais, raws li tau zoo raws li sixth. Txawm li cas los, kom deb li deb tsuas 24 pom.

txoj cai otketa

Raws li txoj cai otketa tag nrho cov ntsiab yuav kom tau ib tug electron los yog poob rau nws nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muaj ib tug 8-electron configuration ntawm cov noble roj uas nyob ze rau lawv. Lub ionization zog - yog tus nqi ntawm lub zog yuav tsum tau cais lub electron los ntawm cov atom. Otketa txoj cai hais tias thaum tsiv ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis rau ntawm lub periodic rooj koj xav tau ntau zog rau tshem tawm ib tug electron. Yog li ntawd, yam khoom uas nyob rau sab laug sab, nrhiav kev pab kom xyuas kom meej tias plam ib tug electron. On qhov tsis tooj, cov neeg nyob rau sab xis, xav mus yuav nws.

Cov Kev Cai thiab cov tswv yim ntawm Science News for KIDS, peb luv luv teev. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no tsuas yog lus qhia dav dav. Nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los tham txog xws li ib tug loj heev science rau kev nthuav dav. Basic ntsiab thiab cov kev cai ntawm Science News for KIDS raws li tau piav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm - yog ib tug starting taw tes rau ntxiv txoj kev tshawb no. Tom qab tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv no science muaj ntau ntau seem. Muaj yog, piv txwv li, organic thiab inorganic Science News for KIDS. Basic ntsiab ntawm txhua kem ntawm no science yuav kawm rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Tab sis cov neeg tau piav saum toj no, xa mus rau general teeb meem. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav hais tias cov no yog cov tswv yim ntawm cov organic Science News for KIDS, raws li zoo raws li inorganic.