Lysosomes - lub cell yog "medics"

Txhua nyob cell muaj ib tug txheej ntawm lug uas muab nws lub sij hawm los mus qhia tag nrho cov khoom ntawm ib tug nyob kab mob. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua kom zoo, lub cell yuav tsum tau txaus as-ham mus ua txhaum down thiab tso lawv lub zog, uas yog ces cia mus nyob rau lub neej kev pab txhawb nqa dab.

Nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm txoj kev yog zog tswj lysosomes hlwb uas otshnurovyvayutsya cov npoo flattened dictyosomes tso tsheb hlau luam (Golgi).

Yuav ua li cas yog cov lysosomes

Lysosomes - yog odnomembrannye plab hlaub kheej kheej txoj kab uas hla ntawm los ntawm 0.2 mus rau 2 microns, uas yog nrog rau hauv lub complex ntawm hydrolytic enzymes. Lawv yog cov tau muab siab npuab tej yam ntuj tso polymer los yog tshuaj yeeb dej caw complex qauv, lub caij nplooj zeeg mus rau hauv lub cell raws li ib tug as substrate los yog ib tug txawv teb chaws neeg sawv cev:

• cov nqaijrog thiab polypeptides;
• polysaccharides (starch, dextrin, glycogen);
• nucleic acids;
• lipids.

Qhov no ua hauj lwm zoo yuav muab hais txog 40 ntau hom enzymes muaj nyob rau hauv lysosomes matrix thiab nyob rau sab hauv sab ntawm daim nyias nyias nyob rau hauv adherent lub xeev.

Science News for KIDS lysosomes

Membrane lwm tus lub lysosome, tiv thaiv organelles thiab lwm yam cellular Cheebtsam ntawm lub digesting enzyme complex. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub npuas tag nrho cov enzymes yog protein hauv paus pib, vim li cas lawv tsis phua los ntawm proteases?

Qhov tseeb yog tias tsis pub dhau lub lysosome enzymes yog glycosylated lub xeev. Qhov no carbohydrate "plhaub" ua rau lawv tsis zoo coj los mus proteolytic enzymes.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab nyob rau hauv lub lysosomes yog weakly acid (pH 4.5-5), nyob rau hauv sib piv rau luag nruab nrab hyaloplasm. Nws tsim paaj tej yam kev mob rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm enzymes thiab ntiav H ⁺ -ATPase, uas twj protons hauv organelles.

Hloov siab los ntseeg lysosome

Morphologically nyob rau hauv lub cell yog ob lub ntsiab hom lysosomes - thawj thiab.

Primary lysosomes - yog me me npuas, los yog tus-edged, sib cais los ntawm lub tank Golgi complex. Lawv muaj ib tug txheej ntawm hydrolytic enzymes nyob rau yav tas los tsim week granular (roughened) EPR. Ua ntej haum ntawm as substrate lysosomes yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis nquag daim ntawv.

Yog xav tau pib nyob rau hauv lub lysosome enzymes yuav tsum tau txais cov khoom noj seem los yog kua. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev:

1. Los ntawm autophagy, qhov twg cov khoom noj seem yog absorbed los ntawm cov lysosome los ntawm ib ncig cytoplasm. Lub membrane organelles invaginates lub taw tes rau ntawm kev sib cuag nrog lub particle thiab ntaub ntawv ib tug endocytic vesicle thiab ces otshnurovyvaetsya hauv lysosomes.
2. Los ntawm geterofagii thaum lysosome merges nrog endocytic hlwv, ib zaug nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell vim haum ntawm cov khib nyiab los yog kua los ntawm sab nraum.

Secondary lysosomes - qhov no hlwv uas muaj cov enzymes thiab substrate rau digestion. Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm hydrolytic ua si qhia thiab ua raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov haum ntawm cov thawj substrate lysosome.

Cov uas muaj nuj nqi los txo lysosomal zom cov zaub mov (cleavage) ntawm cov khoom hais thiab organic solutes, cov txheej txheem yooj yog muab los ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm ob lysosomes:

• hauj lwm ua ke nrog thawj lysosomes, uas coj ib tug tshiab batch ntawm enzymes;
• coalesce nrog tshiab cov khoom noj seem los yog endocytotic hlwv tswj tas mus li txheej txheem cleavage;
• hauj lwm ua ke nrog rau lwm cov theem nrab lysosomes, txoj kev ua ib tug loj qauv muaj peev xwm ntawm absorbing lwm cell organelles;
• nqus pinocytic hlwv tsim rau hauv multivesicular lub cev.

Tus qauv ntawm lysosomes thaum tsis fundamentally hloov. Feem ntau nws tsuas loj hlob nyob rau hauv loj.

Lwm yam kev lysosomes

Tej zaum splitting ntes tau nyob rau hauv lub lysosome tshuaj yog tsis txog rau thaum xaus. Undigested hais tsis muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub organelle thiab noog nyob rau hauv nws. Tom qab cov mov ntawm hydrolytic enzymes yog depleted, compacted thiab siv cov ntsiab lus, cov qauv ntawm cov lysosome yuav ntau, fawm kib. Tej zaum lawv kuj yuav tso xim tshuaj. Lysosome hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug residual lub cev.

Tom qab plab hlaub residual nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub cell los yog tshem tawm therefrom los ntawm exocytosis.

Nyob rau hauv protists hlwb yuav pom autophagosomes. Los ntawm lawv qhov, lawv yuav mus rau lub thib ob lysosomes. Hauv cov organelles muaj nyob seem ntawm loj Cheebtsam ntawm lub cell thiab cytoplasmic lug. Lawv tsim los ntawm cell kev puas tsuaj, kev laus thiab cellular organelles yog rau ub Cheebtsam ntawm lub cell, tso lub monomers.

Lysosome muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv lub cell

Lysosomes feem ntau muab tsim nyog cell siv cov ntaub ntawv uas depolimerizuya tshuaj daig nyob rau ntawd.

Lub neej puas ntawm carbohydrates yog ib qho tseem ceeb link nyob rau hauv lub zog metabolism hauv hlwb los ntawm muab ib tug substrate rau hloov dua siab tshiab nyob rau hauv lub mitochondria.

Lysosomes - nws kuj yog ib tug tiv thaiv link nyob rau hauv lub cev:

1. Tom qab lub phagocytosis ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm leucocytes, lysosomes ncuav nws txheem rau hauv cov kab noj hniav ntawm cov phagocytic vesicle, thiab ua kom muaj teeb meem microorganisms.
2. Tso proteolytic enzymes nyob rau hauv kev puas ntsoog - programmed cell tuag.
3. Pov tseg ntawm puas thiab "zus laus" cell organelles.

Nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog cell loj hlob, lysosomes koom nyob rau hauv lub recycling ntawm ntau yam lug muab update kab mob.