Raws li ib tug hluavtaws isoprene roj hmab

Muaj ntau yam txawv tej yam ntuj tso roj hmab, thiab ib tug ntawm cov tonnage yog suav tias yog isoprene roj hmab. Kev lag luam ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm hom ntawm cov khoom thiab txawv zog, thiab views ntawm lub catalysts uas tau raug thov - lithium, complex, thiab cov zoo li.

Yuav ua li cas yog roj hmab

Nws yog ib tug hluavtaws isoprene roj hmab, stereoregulyaren nws thiab tau txais nws los ntawm cov polymerization ntawm isoprene, muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib tug inert kuab nrog ib tug complex catalyst. Qhov no yog ua li cas, piv txwv li, caij duav saum npu-3. Polymerization ntawm isoprene nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau tas mus li, rau lub hom phiaj no muaj roj teeb uas plaub - rau polymerizers uas yog txias brine.

Lub monomer nyob rau hauv lub batch feeb meej mus rau kaum ob - kaum tsib ib xees, thaum lub sij hawm hloov dua siab tshiab npaum li cas yuav ua tau li high school raws li cuaj caum-tsib feem pua, thiab kav rau ob peb teev nyob rau hauv kub xws li los ntawm xoom mus rau kaum degrees Celsius. Yog hais tias tsim nyog los nrhiav tau lub siab isoprene roj hmab, yuav tsum coj dawb huv ntawm reagents siv nyob rau hauv lub polymerization, ib tug heev high degree.

Stabilization thiab Kom Qhuav

Yuav kom tiv thaiv cov polymer los ntawm oxidation, nws yog tsim nyog los tswj cov sib tov los ntawm txhais tau tias neozona phenylenediamine thiab uas yuav tsum tau nkag mus rau hauv lub polymer li ib tug aqueous tov los yog raug tshem tawm. Cais tawm isoprene roj hmab los ntawm cov polymer raws li ib tug ib qho kuam me me, lub polymer yuav tsum tau tov nrog chav thiab dej thiab ces qhia additives uas tiv thaiv tau cov agglomeration (clumping). Tom qab no nws yog tsim nyog los tsav tawm lub kuab. Tam sim no peb yuav tsum nqa tawm tshem tej paug dab noj sib cais los ntawm cov dej thiab kom qhuav nyob rau hauv ib tug hobbing tshuab thiab siv dryers. Qhov kawg ntawm tus txheej txheem kom tau isoprene roj hmab yuav suav hais tias raws li tiav.

Tam sim no peb muaj nws nyob rau automatic briquetting nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv siab. Hom caij duav saum npu-3 - hluavtaws isoprene roj hmab, uas yog ua nyob rau hauv blocks ntawm peb caug kilos txhua. Lub preform yog qhwv nyob rau hauv polyethylene zaj duab xis thiab muab tso rau hauv ib plaub-txheej hnab ntawv. Qhov no zaj duab xis yog heev zoo ua ib txhij nrog tus txheem, uas yog ib qho isoprene roj hmab, nws cov khoom nrog kiag nws kub tso cai polyethylene muag thiab sib tov nws nrog rau tej nyob rau hauv tus tov khoom.

qauv

Txhua roj hmab uas yog muag muaj, nws muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv thiab cim rau no hom khoom. Nyob rau hauv ib co rubbers zoo cov neeg kho tshuab zog, thaum lwm tus neeg - tshuaj kuj thiab roj barrier zog, peb tsis muaj kev ntshai ntawm kev hloov nyob rau hauv kub thiab thiaj li nyob. Thaj chaw ntawm tus neeg hluavtaws rubbers superior ntuj nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev thiab ntau lub sij hawm. Tsuas yog tus elasticity ntawm tej yam ntuj tso roj hmab tseem tsis tau surpassed, thiab nws yog ib lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws vaj tse rau tej khoom raws li aircraft los yog lub tsheb log tsheb.

Thaum lub sij hawm kev lag luam, lawv yeej ib txwm muaj ib tug enormous lim - thiab lub nro thiab compression, uas ua rau intermolecular kev sib txhuam, Thaum tshav kub kub thiab tsis zoo. Hais tias yog, ntau dua qhov lub elasticity ntawm cov roj hmab, lub durability ntawm cov khoom. Nws yog vim li no tej yam ntuj tso roj hmab twb tsis tau sawv ntawm cov khoom, thiab hais tias nws yog siv rau zus tau tej cov log tsheb thiab heavy-duty high-ceev aircraft thiab tsheb. Ntuj roj hmab - isoprene polymer, uas yog vim li cas xws li ib tug hauj lwm zoo zaum ua hauj lwm ua ib tug analogue ntawm lub ntuj isoprene roj hmab.

mis

Resources ntuj roj hmab ntau lawm yog heev tsawg. Qhov ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm roj hmab muaj lub mis C ₅ H _8, raws li nws muab tawm, nws yog kiag li zoo tib yam molecular mis ntawm isoprene uas yog ua los ntawm cua sov rau cov roj hmab, nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm nws cov decomposition. Cov kev sib tw yog los nrhiav tau txaus pheej yig txoj kev. Ib tug isoprene roj hmab tau los ntawm lub polymerization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab ntawm no nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom thiaj txhim tsa thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Polymerization tshwm sim vim hais tias: nCH ₂ = C (CH ₃₎ - CH = CH ₂ ----> (-CH ₂ - C (CH ₃₎ = CH - CH ₂₎ n.

Cov tseem pheej qauv no yog tseem tus txheej txheem ntawm catalytic dehydrogenation ntawm isopentane, uas yog tso tawm los ntawm ib tug roj av roj cua. Cov pib cov ntaub ntawv uas rau qhov kev npaj ntawm isoprene yuav pentane: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH _3, vim hais tias nrog cov cua kub thiab nrog catalysts nws kuj yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau isopentane. Muaj yog ib tug polymerization txoj kev nyob rau hauv uas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov isoprene roj hmab yog ua kom cov roj hmab yog tau, zoo heev nyob rau hauv cov qauv rau lub ntuj thiab, yog li ntawd, muaj ib yam zoo heev zog.

isoprene

Isoprene yog lub unsaturated hydrocarbon teej tug mus rau lub diene series. Nws yog ib tug nrov heev nthe tsis muaj kob kua. Ib tug heev txawv tsis hnov tsw. Isoprene roj hmab - monomer ntuj raws li tus so ntawm nws molecules nkag mus rau hauv ntau lwm yam tebchaw - isoprenoids, terpenoids thiab cov zoo li. Lub soluble organic solvents. Nrog ethanol, piv txwv li, tej zaum yuav mixed nyob rau hauv tej ratio. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov dej nws yaj tsis zoo.

Tab sis nkag ntaub ntawv tus yam ntxwv chav tsev ntawm isoprene roj hmab nyob rau hauv lub polymerization, vim uas tus tau isoprene roj hmab thiab gutta-percha. Isoprene kuj yuav nkag mus rau hauv txawv kev tshua nyob rau hauv lub copolymerization. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, nws yog indispensable, txij li thaum nws tshwm sim ntawm synthesis rubbers, kev kho mob preparations thiab txawm ib co odoriferous tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, zus tau tej cov hluavtaws isoprene roj hmab yog tsim rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, thiab yog kwv yees li nees nkaum plaub rau ib xees ntawm lub ntiaj teb no lawm.

zaj dabneeg

Keeb kwm isoprene twb tau nyob rau hauv 1860 godu pyrolysis ntawm tej yam ntuj tso roj hmab. pyrolysis - yog lub thermal (kub), cov expansion ntawm ntau inorganic thiab organic tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm cov pa deficiency. Tom qab ntawd nws yog invented teeb isoprene - hluav taws xob, nrog ib tug rhuab kauj, los ntawm kev uas thermally decomposed nyob rau hauv Turpentine roj laboratories.

Ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog II coj ib tug yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub isoprene rubbers, isoprene thiab yog li ntawd kawm tau mus ua rau ib tug muaj scale los ntawm pyrolysis limonene. Tseem, isoprene yog kim heev rau loj zus tau tej cov hluavtaws roj hmab. Qhov teeb meem no hloov thaum nws pom ib txoj kev uas ua nws los ntawm roj. Tom qab ntawd peb pib vam technology rau isoprene polymerization.

Lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev khwv nyiaj txiag

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev npaj cov ntau lawm ntawm ib yam khoom xws li isoprene roj hmab, - rau txoj kev xaiv ntawm qhov chaw, vim hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los xa cov feem ntawm qhov kev sib cais _ntawm C ₅ mus rau ib tug lo lus uas peb ntawm ob peb tuam txhab uas muag uas ua ntes. Qhov thib ob siab tshaj plaws tseem ceeb - kom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw pab them nqi ub cov seem hydrocarbon los ntawm C ₅ feem.

Los ntawm thaum ntxov nineties ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua, Western teb chaws Europe ua txog yim caum-tsib txhiab tons ntawm diene _5, ntawm uas plaub caug plaub txhiab tons twb dimerized cyclopentadiene thiab nees nkaum peb txhiab tons - isoprene. Tus so - txog kaum tsib txhiab tons - twb piperylenes. Kaum xyoo tom qab ntawd, lub ntiaj teb no ntim ntawm isoprene qhuav nce mus rau yim puas thiab tsib caug txhiab tons ib xyoos twg.

zog

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem tej yam kev mob, isoprene, raws li tau hais tias - nws yog ib tug nrov heev nthe, tsis muaj kob kua, nyob rau hauv cov dej yuav luag insoluble, tab sis tov nyob rau hauv tej piv nrog ethyl cawv, ib tug benchmark, benzene, acetone. Isoprene muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txoj kev azeotropic mixtures nrog ib tug ntau ntawm txawv organic solvents. Thaum xav cov ntaub ntawv spectroscopic kev tshawb fawb nws yog tshwm hais tias txawm nyob tsib caug degrees Celsius feem ntau ntawm isoprene molecules yuav siv sij hawm ruaj khov s-trans-conformation, tsuas kaum tsib feem pua ntawm cov molecules yog nyob rau hauv lub s-cis conformation. Ntawm cov xeev sib npaug zos rau lub zog sib txawv ntawm 6.3 kJ.

Cov tshuaj khoom no isoprene raws li ib tug raug conjugate diene uas nkag mus rau rau hauv hloov tshua, tsis tas li ntawd, chelation, cyclization telomerization. Active tshua nrog electrophiles thiab dienophiles.

daim ntawv thov

Lub ib thooj ntawm lub isoprene, uas yog ua thaum lub caij, yog siv nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm isoprene roj hmab, uas zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm tej yam ntuj tso roj hmab. Nws yog siv tshwj xeeb zoo rau zus tau tej cov log tsheb. Ntau cov khoom muaj nyob lwm polymerization isoprene - polyisoprene uas siv ho tsawg, vim nws muaj thaj chaw ntawm gutta-percha. Los ntawm nws yog ua los, piv txwv li, rwb thaiv tsev rau nyob ntawm tej thiab golf npas. Isoprene roj hmab yog siv rau ntau lawm ntawm txhua yam ntawm roj hmab khoom, qhov twg ua ke nrog ntawm tej yam ntuj tso thiab lwm yam khoom cua rubbers.

Piv txwv li, los txo cov stickiness ntxiv methylstyrene-butadiene rubbers, dua li zoo nkees endurance, yog tias ntau deformation. Nitrites no ntxiv rau cov ozone kuj thiab kuj los ua cua sov laus. Yog li, raws li ib tug txheej ntawm kev zog, isoprene rubbers txig manifest lawv tus kheej thaum uas siv cov conveyor koj cov menyuam, xuas los yog siab hoses, thaum lub txojkev chais machines, khau manufacturing, kev kho mob, thiab lwm yam khoom.

Environmental muaj mob muaj nkees

Isoprene yooj yim tawg thiab ignites. Nyob rau hauv high school ntau nyob rau hauv lub cev tej zaum yuav ua rau tuag tes tuag taw thiab kev tuag. Qhov no mas tshwm sim nyob rau atmospheric saturation, thiab yog li ntawd mus txog rau lub metabolism ntawm lub pa system thaum lub isoprene yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau epoxides thiab diols.

High concentration yog pom tias yuav tau plaub caug milligrams ib cubic Meter - yog cov tshuaj txwv. Me ntau ntawm isoprene nyob rau hauv cov huab cua yuav muaj nyob rau ib tug neeg ib tug narcotic nyhuv, ua voos ntawm lub qhov muag, tawv nqaij, ua pa ib ntsuj av tau thiab qog ua kua week.

txog biology

Niaj hnub nimno zaum tau pom tias isoprene vapors tso rau hauv lub chaw yuav luag tag nrho cov nroj tsuag. Lub ntiaj teb no ntim phytogenic isoprene soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv kwv yees li ^_(180-450). Hlis ntuj nqeg ¹⁰ grams ntawm cov pa roj carbon ib xyoo. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no ceev yog hais tias tus cua kub yog nyob ze rau peb caug degrees Celsius, thiab yog hais tias nws yog siab siv ntawm solar tawg thaum photosynthesis yog nyeem kiag li. Isoprene biosynthesis inhibited fosmidomycin thiab kev sib txuas ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm statins. Yog vim li cas cov nroj tsuag ua li no - yog tsis qoos taub. Tej zaum isoprene nws muab lawv ntxiv stability rau overheating. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tug tshaj dhau catcher txhais tau tias yuav tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv active oxygen hom, thiab ozone raug.

Tsis tas li ntawd, zaum tau tswv yim hais tias lub isoprene synthesis ua rau peb lossi siv NADPH thiab ATP molecules uas accumulating nroj tsuag thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis. Li no, kev rho tawm ntawm isoprene tiv thaiv photooxidative kev puas tsuaj thiab perevosstanovleniya yog ntev li illumination. Lub disadvantage nyob rau hauv no tiv thaiv mechanism yuav tsum muaj ib tug carbon, uas yog ua nrog rau tej teeb meem nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis, yog lub sij hawm rau qhov qee ntawm isoprene. Nyob rau cov nroj tsuag, zaum tsis tau nres thiab pom hais tias tus tib neeg lub cev yog tseem tau ua diene hydrocarbons, isoprene, thiab nrog lawv yog cov feem ntau ntau.