Rau hauv xov xwm, qhov zoo tshaj plaws khoom plig, khoom noj khoom haus rau thought ... Cov phau ntawv - yog dab tsi no?

Txhua yam ntawm peb paub dab tsi ib phau ntawv. Ib tug me me tab sis kim heev tshaj plaws rau lub plawv, qhib ib tug tshiab lub ntiaj teb no. Tshwj xeeb kev hlub muaj tseeb connoisseurs ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, cov phau ntawv lovers uas muaj peev xwm tsis nyob ib hnub twg tsis muaj kev nyeem ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj yog ib tug tag nrho kev faib ntawv tej hauj lwm. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov nta, tab sis feem ntau muaj ib zaug xwb cov lus - tsab ntawv ceeb toom qhia rau cov nyeem ntawv. Peb yuav ua tiag teb lo lus nug: "Cov phau ntawv - yog dab tsi no?".

ntaub ntawv hloov lwm lub tsev

Lub keeb kwm ntawm phau ntawv mus deb rov qab mus rau yav dhau los xyoo pua. Nws yog tsuas tam sim no peb yuav siv los pom nws nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo nkauj cover nrog nyuaj cover, uas tso cai rau kom qhov zoo rau lub xyoo yuav tuaj. Ua ib feem ntawm cov creation ntawm phau ntawv raws li ib tug yeeb yam duab rau cov buyer yuav tsis tau them tsawg xim tshaj cov ntsiab lus.

Tab sis rov ntsia tom qab, peb yuav hais tias nyob rau hauv tej yam yooj yim to taub ntawm phau ntawv - nws yog cov kis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ib cov lus hais rau lwm tus neeg. Li no - lub siab xav ntawm cov tswv yim qub neeg mus rau cov hloov mas yuav kis tau paub rau yav tom ntej tiam. Ces lawv yuav tsum ua muaj tsis muaj txoj kev. Cuaj kaum, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ancient civilizations pom ib txoj kev tawm.

Dab tsi yog qhov ua ntej?

Yog hais tias peb tig mus rau lo lus-tsim, nrog rau cov Proto-Slavic lus "phau ntawv" - yog daim ntau quav tso, stapled los xij, uas tej phau ntawv hloov. ntaub ntawv teev system tau ua ib feem ntawm knigorazvitiya. Yuav kom cia nws, peb pog koob yawg koob yees txoj kev ntawm tswv yim qhia. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv los ua av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj, thiab tom qab lub chav kawm mus hlau los xij tawv.

Daim Hlau twb ruaj khov cia nruab nrab. Av nplaum thiab ciab, lawv yog Attendance nrog lub pros thiab cons ntawm kev siv lawv. Yog li, nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, lub phaj yuav tsum tau hlawv xauv cov ntawv nyeem uas yog tsis raug hloov. Thaum uas siv cov ciab inscription yuav ploj. Nyob rau hauv ancient Rome siv planks, fastened mus rau txhua lwm yam. Xa mus rau li lub Code, lawv tsim lub neej tshiab nimno tsab ntawm phau ntawv.

Kev loj hlob ntawm phau ntawv tawm tswv

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt siv lub papyrus, uas yog suav hais tias yog progenitor ntawm paub rau peb hnub no daim ntawv. Nws los xij twb koom nyob rau hauv tej phau ntawv - thawj hom ntawm cov phau ntawv, uas, ua ke nrog daim tawv, cov lug siv. Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog raug faib tes sau ntaub ntawv (phau tau txhais). Lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb kev cob qhia, thiab rau cov neeg uas muaj ib tug zoo nkauj thiab nyeem tau, yog invented los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub sau. Cov printing inks siv thiab reed tabtom. Tom qab ntawd xim, tso cai rau mus rau xim tus ntawv sau tau lawm hos.

Woodcuts (nyob rau hauv niaj hnub cim, qhov no template rau ntau yam kev siv) ua ntej nyob rau hauv lub XIV caug xyoo. Ntoo txiav tawm ib tug matrix, uas yog dipped rau hauv number case thiab sau rau ntawm ib ob peb daim ntawv luam. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, xws li ib tug txheej txheem ua rau nws yooj yim mus luam tau.

phau ntawv ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv

Cov tsos ntawm cov laus Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv nrog rau lub creation ntawm statehood nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub IX xyoo pua. Nyob rau hauv lub pre-Christian lub sij hawm ntawm kev sau ntawv twb muaj. By lub sij hawm no muaj xws li cov creation ntawm Glagolitic cov tsiaj ntawv, uas coj mus rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, feeb xa mus rau raws li lub Cyrillic niam ntawv. Cov me nyuam los tu ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv twb cim nrog qhov pib ntawm ib phau ntawv kab lis kev cai. Ib qho ntawm thawj phau ntawv sau tej hauj lwm yog "Qhuab qhia ua lus nyob rau hauv txoj cai lij choj thiab hlub," sau los ntawm Metropolitan Hilarion nyob rau hauv lub XI caug xyoo. Tom qab ntawd muaj "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" thiab "Kev qhia" Vladimir Monomakh. Raws li los ntawm "Cov Lay ntawm Igor", "cov taleas ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm ryazan".

Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no xyoo pua Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv nce dav rau pej xeem tseem ceeb. Lub teeb tawm classics: Pushkina (suav hais tias yog leej txiv ntawm progenitor ntaub ntawv), University, Tolstoho, Turgeneva thiab ntau lwm eminent sau ntawv. Gold, Silver hnub nyoog hloov lawv txoj cai rau cov niaj hnub muaj hnub nyoog - nws yog cim los ntawm ib tug unprecedented nce nyob rau hauv publishing thiab lub advent ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov sau phau ntawv ntawm qhia sib txawv.

Kev mloog yuav tsum tau them rau Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Soviet era. Nws twb cim los ntawm ib tug yooj yim lub sij hawm rau lub teb chaws. Muaj ntau sau ntawv tau raug yuam mus rau hauv exile, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug general nkag siab yog tsis vim ib tug tsis muaj kev lees paub classics tej hauj lwm. Tshaj ib xyoo pua tau pom nws qhov chaw paj huam, lub ntsiab ua tsov ua rog thiab kiv puag ncig, keeb kwm tseeb, satire, science ntawv tseeb, ua txoj kev taw qhia, lyrics, khawv koob realism, camp, nyob deb nroog thiab nroog tseeb. Kev kawm tau tsis paub los yog me ntsis-paub ua ntej lawm yam ntawm detective thriller, romantic, post-modernism, realism, conceptualism, symbolism, neo-realism. Tsis yog txhua txhua niaj hnub nyeem ntawv to taub cov ntsiab lus, tab sis lawv tsis nyob ua ib ke raws li ib qho kev ywj ib hom ntawv nyeem.

Sau phau ntawv ntawm tej hauj lwm

Nyob rau keeb kwm ntev ntawm phau ntawv nyeem ntawv pej xeem los ua ntsib nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv. Sau phau ntawv phau ntawv no tsis cwm pwm sijhawm. Tiam sis, lawv twb "natives ntawm lub masses", feem ntau sau ntawv hais txog dab tsi lawv pom ib ncig ntawm lawv. Muaj cov neeg uas sawv cev rau cov pej xeem nrog tswv yim tshiab uas yog tsis tam sim ntawd pom paub. Rau cov neeg feem ntau yam fantasy hom ntawv nyeem thiab nws cov brightest cov neeg sawv cev: Vladimir Obruchev, Alexander Belyayev, Grigory Adamov, Vasily Aksenov, Kir Bulychev, Ivan Efremov Anatoly Dnieper. Cov xib teg ntawm txoj cai muaj Strugatsky cov kwv tij, yog ib tug classic ntawm Soviet science ntawv tseeb.

Nyob rau hauv hnub no lub ntiaj teb no, nyeem ib phau ntawv yog tseem tseem ceeb. Raws li ib feem ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo ntawm Literature kev pab cuam yuav tuav ib tug series ntawm cov kev ua ub tswj ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov phau ntawv. Muaj ntau cov tsev qiv ntawv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yuav tsum festivals, promotions thiab kev sib tw. Txhua phau ntawv lover yuav nrhiav tau ib yam dab tsi tshiab thiab exciting.

Niaj hnub nimno phau ntawv tawm tswv yim, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub txwm phau ntawv xaiv xws li hluav taws xob thiab suab phau ntawv. Tus thawj yog tsim los tau nyeem nyob rau ib cov nruab nrab. Feem ntau lawv yog cov CD thiab DVD CD-ROMs, DVD players, ntsiav tshuaj. Ob txhais feature lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws yuav tsum mloog, vim hais tias nws muaj ib lub suab txias.

phau ntawv hnub no

Nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no lub xeev ntawm cov phau ntawv tau undergone kev hloov ntau. Seem tseem ceeb views ntawm luam khoom, nws yog muab faib ua periodicals, phau ntawv sau thiab albums, paub rau peb phau ntawv tawm tswv ua nrog rau daim ntawv thov ntawm handwritten los yog nyob rau hauv daim qauv, graphic illustrations, mos mos thiab nyuaj npog. Tab sis feem ntau nws mus ntseeg tau hais tias phau ntawv - nws yog ib tug scientific los yog txawj tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug bound ib tsab yuav tsum tau luam.