Quantum processor: qhov kev piav qhia, lub ntsiab cai ntawm lub lag luam

Quantum xam, yam tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav, hais ib ob peb decades. Niaj hnub nimno hom ntawm cov tshuab uas siv uas tsis yog-classical mechanics rau tuav uas untold nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tau ua ib tug loj txhob. Raws li cov developers, lawv siv yog tej zaum cov feem ntau sophisticated technology puas tsim. Quantum processors khiav lag luam ntawm ntau ntau cov teeb meem, uas noob neej tau paub xwb 100 xyoo dhau los. Lub peev xwm ntawm xws suav yog nco. Siv bizarre quantum zog yuav kom cov lus teb, thiaj li muaj ntau yam uas tam sim no classical computers them tsis taus yuav tsum tau daws. Thiab tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm Science News for KIDS thiab cov ntaub ntawv science. Phab ntsa Street yog tseem uas qhia kev txaus siab.

Qiv nyiaj tau nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej

CME Group tau nyiaj ua lag luam hauv lub Vancouver lub tuam txhab 1QB ntaub ntawv yees Inc., muaj software rau Quantum hom processors. Raws li tub ua lag luam, cov suav yog yuav muaj tus loj tshaj tej yam rau cov kev lag luam, uas ua hauj lwm nrog loj nyiaj ntawm cov rhiab cov ntaub ntawv rau lub sij hawm. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm tej cov neeg muas zaub yog nyiaj txiag hauv tsev. Goldman Sachs nyiaj ua lag luam nyob rau hauv D-Wave Systems, thiab lub tuam txhab Nyob rau hauv-Q-Tel nyiaj los ntawm lub CIA. Tus thawj manufactures tshuab uas ua dab tsi yog hu ua ib tug "quantum annealing", piv txwv li. E. txiav txim siab qhov uas tsis muaj-theem optimization teeb meem siv ib quantum processor. Intel yog tseem koom nyob rau hauv investing nyob rau hauv no technology, txawm hais tias nws txiav txim siab qhov kev siv ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ua lag ua luam.

Yog vim li cas ua tau nws?

Yog vim li cas hais tias quantum xam yog li ntawd exciting, lus dag nyob rau hauv lawv cov zoo meej ua ke nrog tshuab kev kawm. Tam sim no, nws yog lub ntsiab daim ntawv thov rau tej suav. Tej no yog ib lub txim ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug quantum computer - siv ib tug cev ntaus ntawv mus nrhiav kev daws teeb meem. Tej zaum lub tswvyim piav los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm qhov kev ua si noog npau taws. Yuav kom simulate tus sis ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus thiab colliding khoom CPU ntsiav tshuaj siv zauv sib npaug. Quantum Processors muab qhov no mus kom ze rau nws lub taub hau. Lawv "muab pov" ib tug ob peb noog, thiab saib dab tsi tshwm sim. Thaum microchip sau ua hauj lwm: nws yog ib tug noog, lawv muab pov li cas rau pom trajectory? Ces mus soj ntsuam tag nrho cov tau kev daws teeb meem, los yog tsawg kawg ib tug heev loj ua ke ntawm lawv, thiab cov lus teb yog muab. Nyob rau hauv ib quantum computer teeb meem solved tsis yog ib tug mathematician, cov kev cai ntawm physics kev ua hauj lwm xwb.

Yuav ua li cas yog nws ua hauj lwm?

Cov yooj yim lub tsev blocks ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb - lub quantum-mechanical. Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me, yog vim li cas rau cov uas lawv raug tsim thiab nyob ruaj khov - tus sis ntawm cov electron orbitals. Tag nrho quantum-mechanical suav yog muaj nyob rau hauv txhua ntawm lawv. Lawv tus xov tooj hlob exponentially nce tus naj npawb ntawm simulated electrons. Piv txwv li, 50 electrons nyob ua ib ke nyob rau hauv ob 50-degree ntawm kev xaiv. Qhov no phenomenally loj tooj, ces nws yuav tsis xam hnub no. Kev twb kev txuas ntaub ntawv kev tshawb xav physics yuav taw tes rau txoj kev uas yuav daws tej teeb meem. 50 kubitovnomu computer yuav ua li cas nws.

Kaj ntug ntawm ib tug tshiab era

Raws li Landon Downs, tus thawj tswj hwm thiab co-tus tsim ntawm 1QBit, quantum processor - nws yog tej zaum yuav siv lub hwj huam ua ntawm lub subatomic ntiaj teb no, nws yog ib qhov tseem ceeb heev kom tau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab los yog cov creation ntawm tshiab tshuaj. Muaj yog ib tug ua haujlwm los ntawm cov paradigm ntawm foundations mus rau ib tug tshiab era ntawm tsim. Piv txwv li, quantum xam yuav siv tau los cov qauv catalysts uas tso cai rau mus rau extract carbon thiab nitrogen los ntawm cov cua, thiab yog li pab tau kom ntiaj teb no ua kom sov.

Thaum lub forefront ntawm kev kawm

lub zej lub zos ntawm developers ntawm no technology yog tsis tshua muaj siab heev thiab tibneeg hu tauj coob ua si. Teams nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv start-ups, corporations, universities thiab tsoom fwv no-piv yog lub tsev ib haiv neeg lub tsheb, uas siv ntau txoj kev los txhim kho cov lus. Tsim qubit superconducting qubits thiab chips rau lub ntes ions, uas muab kev koom tes soj ntsuam los ntawm cov University of Maryland thiab lub teb chaws lub koom haum ntawm Standards thiab Technology. Microsoft kev topological mus kom ze hu ua chaw nres tsheb Q, lub hom phiaj uas yog mus thov uas tsis yog-abelian anion uas nws hav zoov twb tsis tau conclusively pov thawj.

Xyoo tam txhob

Thiab qhov no yog tsuas yog thaum pib. Qhov kawg ntawm Tej zaum 2017 lub xov tooj ntawm quantum-hom processors yog uniquely ua ib yam dab tsi ceev los sis zoo dua ib tug classical computer, yog pes tsawg. Qhov kev tshwm sim yuav muab lub "quantum superiority", tab sis kom deb li deb nws tsis tau tshwm sim. Thaum nws yog yuav hais tias qhov no yuav tshwm sim raws li thaum ntxov raws li xyoo no. Feem ntau cov insiders hais tias Google yog qhov tseeb nyiam ntawm cov pab pawg neeg, coj los ntawm cov xibfwb ntawm Physics, University of California ntawm Santa Barbara, John Martin. Nws lub hom phiaj - mus cuag superior xam nrog kev pab los ntawm 49-qubit processor. Los ntawm kawg ntawm Tej zaum 2017 pab neeg ntse soj ntsuam kuaj cov 22-qubit nti li ib nrab kauj ruam ntawm lub dismantling ntawm classical supercomputer.

Yuav ua li cas nws tag nrho cov pib?

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv quantum mechanics rau cov lus qhia ua rau decades. Ib tug ntawm cov txheej xwm tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1981, thaum IBM thiab MIT ua ke tau tsa ib lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv computational physics. Lub npe nrov physicist Richard Feynman npaj los tsim kom tau ib tug quantum computer. Raws li nws, rau qhov simulation yuav tsum coj kom zoo dua ntawm cov txhais tau tias ntawm quantum mechanics. Thiab nws yog ib tug zoo kawg sib tw, vim hais tias nws tsis zoo li ntawd, ib qho yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv quantum processor khiav hauj lwm hauv paus ntsiab lus yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm coj txawv txawv thaj chaw ntawm atoms - superposition thiab entanglement. Lub particle yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ob lub xeev nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, thaum ntsuas nws yuav yuav cia li ib tug ntawm lawv. Thiab nws yog tsis yooj yim sua twv seb nyob rau hauv uas, tsuas yog los ntawm cov foundations hauv cov kev tshawb xav ntawm ntau yam. Cov nyhuv no yog lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug xav xyaum ua tej Schrödinger lub miv, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub thawv ib txhij tuag thiab tseem ciaj sia ntev li ntev raws cov observer yog tsis nka mus peep. Tsis muaj dab tsi ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub nyob rau hauv no txoj kev. Txawm li cas los, hais txog 1 million ntawm thwmsim ua txij li thaum pib ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua, qhia tias muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob ua ib ke. Thiab cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog khom lub tsheb tawm yuav ua li cas siv cov tswvyim no.

Quantum processor: txoj hauj lwm cov lus piav qhia

Classic khoom tej zaum yuav muaj tus nqi 0 los yog 1, nws yog tau mus muab cov xov tooj, kos duab thiab thiaj li nyob. N. Qubit kuj yuav 0 yog hais tias lawv tsis tau ib txoj kab los ntawm "logic rooj vag" (d. THIAB, LOS SIS, TSIS, etc.), 1 los yog ob qho tib si. Yog hais tias, hais tias, 2 qubit entangled, nws ua rau lawv txig correlated. ntaus quantum processor yuav siv logic rooj vag. T. N. Hadamard rooj vag, piv txwv li, txo nws hwj lub qubit nyob rau hauv ib tug superposition lub xeev uas muaj zoo meej. Yog hais tias superposition thiab entanglement ua ke nrog cleverly positioned quantum rooj vag, uas pib mus nthuav lub peev xwm ntawm sub-atomic suav. 2 tso cai rau cov kev tshawb ntawm cov qubit 4 lub xeev: 00, 01, 10 thiab 11. Lub lag luam hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov quantum processor xws li hais tias tua ntawm logic hauj lwm ua rau nws tau mus ua hauj lwm nrog tag nrho cov txaus qhia rau ib zaug. Thiab tus naj npawb ntawm muaj lub xeev yog 2 mus rau lub hwj chim ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm qubits. Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj ua ib tug 50-qubit universal quantum computer, nws yog raws tau mus xyuas tag nrho cov 1.125 quadrillion ob peb ua ke ib txhij.

Kudity

Quantum processor nyob rau hauv Russia pom ib tug me ntsis txawv. Zaum ntawm MIPT thiab Lavxias teb sab quantum chaw tsim "kudity" sawv cev ob peb "virtual" qubits nrog rau ntau yam "zog" ntau ntau.

amplitude

ntaus quantum processor muaj lub zoo dua uas quantum mechanics yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub amplitudes. Muaj tseeb amplitudes yog zoo sib xws, tab sis lawv kuj yuav tsis zoo, thiab cov lej nyuaj. Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj xav kom xam qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshwm sim, koj yuav tau ntxiv tag nrho cov hom ntawm amplitude ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev xaiv. Lub tswv yim ntawm quantum xam yog sim los mus teeb lub cuam qauv li tias ib co ntawm cov kev tsis ncaj ncees lawm cov lus teb muaj ib tug zoo amplitude, thiab ib co - ib tug tsis zoo, ces lawv yuav rho txhua lwm yam. Ib tug txoj kev ua rau lub cov lus teb yuav muaj amplitudes uas yog nyob rau hauv theem nrog txhua lwm yam. Qhov ua kom yuam yog hais tias koj yuav tsum npaj txhua yam, tsis paub txog nyob rau hauv ua ntej dab tsi cov lus teb muaj tseeb. Yog li ntawd exponential quantum lub xeev nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog lub peev xwm ntawm cuam ntawm lub zoo thiab tsis zoo amplitudes yog ib qho zoo dua ntawm no hom ntawm le caag.

Shor lub algorithm

Muaj ntau ntau yam uas lub computer yog daws tsis tau. Xws li encryption. Qhov teeb meem yog hais tias nws tsis yog li ntawd ib qho yooj yim mus nrhiav tau cov prime yam tseem ceeb ntawm ib tug 200-lej. Txawm yog hais tias tus laptop yog khiav nrog zoo heev software, tej zaum koj yuav tau tos rau xyoo yuav nrhiav tau cov lus teb. Yog li ntawd, lwm milestone nyob rau hauv quantum xam tau los ua ib tug algorithm luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1994 los ntawm Peter Ntug dej, yog tam sim no ib tug xib fwb ntawm kev kawm txog zauv ntawm MIT. Nws txoj kev yog mus nrhiav cov yam tseem ceeb ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb los ntawm kev siv ib tug quantum computer, uas tsis tau muaj tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub algorithm ua lub lag luam, uas qhia rau hauv lub cheeb tsam nrog kev lus teb. Cov nram qab no xyoo, Ntug dej sab ib txoj kev quantum yuam kev kho. Ces, muaj coob tus tau pom tau hais tias nws yog - ib tug lwm txoj txoj kev muab xam, uas nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub yuav ua tau ntau haib. Ces ua raws li ib tug surge ntawm kev txaus siab los ntawm physicists los tsim qubits thiab logic rooj vag nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Thiab tam sim no, ob xyoo lawm yav tom ntej, tib neeg yog nyob rau lub verge ntawm kev tsim ib full-fledged quantum computer.