Pob Zeb: lub hom pob zeb. Pob zeb keeb kwm. Hom ntawm pob zeb

Rau ntau centuries, lub tsev loj cov ntaub ntawv uas yog ib lub pob zeb tsim. Hom ntawm pob zeb tus neeg xaiv raws li lawv cov yam ntxwv, lub zog, muaj zog, ceev, Amortization thiab thiaj li nyob. D. Vim manually ua lub pob zeb yog tsis yog li ntawd yooj yim, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm los ntawm nws tsa tsuas yog tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, xws li palaces, defensive vaj tse, kev coj noj coj monuments. Nws yog los ntawm cov tej yam ntuj tso cov ntaub ntawv, ua lub legendary Iyiv pyramids, lub Great phab ntsa ntawm Tuam Tshoj, Aztec pyramid, lub Taj Mahal thiab lwm yam nto moo vaj tse, uas yog rau cov kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

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Ntau yam lub pob zeb yog tsis random txuam nrog cov zaub mov, thiab lawv tsim nyog koom haum. Kev txiav txim ntawm pob zeb yuav sau ua ke raws li nram no: nws yog ib tug lawm zom zaws mineral aggregates nrog ib tug qhov qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm twb siv los ntawm Lavxias teb chemist thiab mineralogist V. M. Severginym nyob rau hauv 1798. Nyob ntawm seb lub zog, zoo nkauj, ceev, porosity, txias kuj thiab lwm yam ntxwv, txoj kev siv cov minerals yog cov sib txawv. Yeej pob zeb siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ua hauj lwm.

Ib suam ntawm pob zeb

Nyob rau cov qauv ntawm cov lawv tsim, tag nrho cov zaub mov yuav muab faib ua peb pawg loj. Zaum qhov txawv sedimentary, igneous thiab metamorphic pob zeb, nyob rau hauv ib chav kawm ntawv attribute hom mantle. Qhov no tsim nyog koom haum ntawm ntau yam tshuaj thiab lwm yam minerals tawm hais tias ua li ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm cov kaub puab.

Rau ntau centuries, volcanic eruptions ua compressed thiab sau, cov magma cools thiab solidifies. Yog li igneous pob zeb overlying rau sab saum toj ntawm lub mantle thiab nyob rau hauv lub kiav txhab nyob rau ntau lub depths.

Tawg tsam sib txawv ntawm cov keeb kwm mus ua ib lub sediment hom. Kws txawj los ntawm kev tsom xam, txiav txim hom ntawm ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv tau qha, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lawv cov keeb kwm, hom neeg sawv cev, thauj lawv, thiab li ntawm. D.

Metamorphic pob zeb yuav tshwm sim thaum hloov igneous thiab sedimentary hom nyob rau hauv lub thickness ntawm cov kaub puab. Cov pob zeb muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb tshuaj nyob tus yeees, tab sis nws yog los ntawm leej niam leej txiv ntxhia los ntawm uas lawv tau tsim. Tag nrho metamorphic dab feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub bowels ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab.

Muaj thiab mantle pob zeb uas twb Ameslikas magmatic keeb kwm, tab sis, ces underwent tseem ceeb kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub mantle.

Igneous pob zeb

Soj ntsuam qhov txawv ob lub ntsiab hom magmatism effusive thiab sab. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm solidification ntawm magma, raws li zoo raws li qhov xwm ntawm nws lub zog. Dhau li no ob, muaj cov hlab ntsha thiab hypabyssal magmatic pob zeb, uas yog intermediate hom. Lawv muab dikes thiab cov leeg, txoj kev ua nyob rau hauv cov kab nrib pleb ntawm lwm yam pob zeb thaum lub sij hawm solidification ntawm magma.

Sab los yog plutonic pob zeb yauv ib tug ntev txoj kev ntawm kev kawm ntawv, uas yuav kav rau ntau tshaj ib xyoo txhiab. Tej zaum lawv yuav muaj muaju ntawm loj loj, raws li cov magma cools down heev maj mam nyob rau hauv lub sib sib zog nqus dej. Txawm tias thaum chiv thawj plutonic pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub heev depths ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab, nrog nws cov weathering thiab khaws lawv feem ntau hloov mus rau hauv toj siab. Ib tug piv txwv yog lub Mount Shpitskoppe nyob rau hauv Namibia. Lub ntsiab zaub mov ntawm no hom yog granite, labradorite, syenite, gabbro.

Igneous pob zeb ntawm effusive (volcanic) hom yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm kev tawg ntawm lub roob hluav taws, uas yog thaum lub magma los mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Lawv tsis tsim loj muaju vim sai txias. Ib tug piv txwv ntawm no hom ntawm cov pob zeb thiab basalt yog rhyolite. Ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm feem ntau ua ntau yam sculptures thiab monuments.

sedimentary minerals

Clastic, organogenic thiab chemogenic - cov no yog cov ntsiab hom sedimentary pob zeb. Lawv sib txawv nyob ntawm seb lub hom ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Detrital hom tsim los ntawm cementing thiab caking ntawm ib tug neeg tawg tsam sib txawv ntawm cov pob zeb. Ib tug piv txwv ntawm tej zaub mov yuav pab raws li sandstones thiab conglomerates. Nyob rau hauv Barcelona, muaj ib tug array ntawm Montserrat, ntawm no nws yog ib tug conglomerate, vim hais tias nws muaj sib raug zoo MAAs limestone boulders.

Chemogenic pob zeb hom yog tsim los ntawm mineral hais ntawm lub cais precipitate nyob rau hauv cov dej. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov mineral muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub pob zeb yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw faib. Feem ntau yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub txaj ntawm limestone. Piv txwv li, Australia muaj ib cov suab puam pinnacles tsim xwb vim hais tias ntawm no ib yam tsiaj. Organogenic hom ntau npaum li cas zoo li thee, vim hais tias nws, dhau lawm, yog tsim vim caking ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cog nyob. Tag nrho cov sediments yus puas, porosity thiab solubility nyob rau hauv cov dej.

metamorphic minerals

Cov chav kawm ntawm pob zeb yog feem ntau heev arbitrary. Los ntawm hom ntawm metamorphic minerals tej zaum yuav muaj rau ob leeg sedimentary thiab magmatic keeb kwm. Lawv muaj cov zaubmov ntawm kev siv ntawm cov kev ntawm transformation. Yog hais tias nws yog tsawg tsawg, ces metamorphism los mus txiav txim rau niam thiab txiv pob zeb, tab sis nrog ib tug high degree ua xws li tsis yooj yim sua. Tej zaub mov hloov lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev ntxhib los mos. Vim li no, metamorphic pob zeb raug muab faib ua schistose thiab neslantsevatye, thiab nyob ntawm seb tus mob ntawm tsim muab faib ua peb pawg: regional, hydrothermal thiab hu metamorphism.

Tej zaum nws tshwm sim hais tias enormous boulders pob zeb raug rau sab nraum, piv txwv li, qis los yog siab kub, siab. Ib tug prime piv txwv yuav pab raws li gneiss. Cov no yog cov minerals yuav suav hais tias regional. Hydrothermal metamorphism muaj tshwm sim nrog lub thermal springs. Minerals yog hu nrog ib tug nplua nuj ions kub kua, kub ntiav ntiav los ntawm fissures, nrog ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas alters nyob tus yeees ntawm pob zeb. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, quartzite, feem ntau tsim los ntawm cov limestone. Muaj kuj yog hu metamorphism. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub pob zeb ua sib thiab kub sawv sab magmatic loj.

Pob Zeb cov yam ntxwv

Muaj ntau ntau thaj chaw ntawm minerals, thiab lawv tseem ceeb heev rau cov zaubmov. Yog hais tias lawv yog siv raws li ib tug txojkev khoom, nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw, mloog yog twv rau lawv zoo nkauj tsis txaus siab. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, lub pob zeb yog qho tseem ceeb heev hniav, steals nws duab, xim. Cov kev ceev ntawm lub Performance index nyob rau ntau npaum li cas nyhav ib lub pob zeb. Hom ntawm pob zeb yog lub teeb thiab hnyav. Thaum xub thawj ib tug ntom - 2200 kg / m ^3, thiab lub thib ob - ntau tshaj 2,200 kg / m ^3. Yog hais tias lub pob zeb yog xaiv rau qhov kev siv ntawm tej vaj tse, no koj yuav tsum xav txog tus luj ntawm nws yog dab tsi denser, tus tsim yuav tig nyuaj. Qhov no parameter nyob rau nyob tus yeees ntawm cov pob zeb porosity.

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thaj chaw ntawm lub pob zeb (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias peb tham txog kev tsim kho) yog ib lub zog. Nws muaj feem xyuam rau cov durability ntawm cov khoom. Lub muaj zog lub mineral, tus ntev nws yuav khaws nws cov thawj tsos. Nyob rau hauv no kev twb kev txuas, tag nrho cov pob zeb raug muab faib ua peb pawg: tsawg, medium lub zog thiab check. Nws tag nrho cov nyob rau nyob tus yeees ntawm cov pob zeb, uas yog lub hardness ntawm minerals. Los ntawm check pob zeb muaj xws li gabbros, granite, quartzite, rau nruab nrab - limestone, marble, travertine, muaj tsawg zog tuffs, xoob limestone.

Ntau hom pob zeb muaj zaubmov porosity. Los ntawm no yam ntxwv nyob acid thiab ntsev kuj, dej haum ntawm pob zeb. Porosity tshwj xeeb mloog yuav tsum tau them nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim hais tias muaj tej breeds xaiv raws li cladding. Qhov no xam lub sij lub durability ntawm cov khoom, nws polishability, durability, decorativeness, thermal conductivity, machinability thiab cov zoo li. D. Qhov ntau lub porosity, tsawg tus luj ntawm lub pob zeb, nws yog zoo dua daws, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kom txhob muaj nws volume, lub dag lub zog, polishability deteriorates.

dej haum tus nqi tsiaj kuj tseem ceeb heev. Nyob rau nws nyob rau hauv lub te, acid thiab ntsev kuj ntawm cov khoom. Dej daig nyob rau hauv lub pores thaum lub sij hawm khov nce nyob rau hauv volume tsim ib tug siab, vim hais tias cov neeg uas nws thiaj li tej kab nrib pleb. Cov tib yam tshwm sim nrog ntsev dlaws uas txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm muaju uas tsim ntxiv siab. Yog hais tias mineral porosity yog tsawg tsawg, ces nws tej kab nrib pleb, nyob rau hauv tej zaum nws yuav txawm phua. Lub ntxeem tau pob zeb siab yog faib tusyees, thiab tsis muaj tej kab nrib pleb tsis tshwm sim.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov pob zeb yog lom zem ntau los ntawm lawv cov acid kuj. Acids yuav txia thiab txawm ua kom puas ib co minerals. Yog li ntawd, thaum xaiv ib lub pob zeb rau qhov kev siv ntawm tej vaj tse yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account uas qhov tseeb. Piv txwv li, hydrochloric acid poses ib tug loj kev hem thawj rau lub marble, dolomite, travertine. Tab sis limestone thiab granite yog yus muaj los ntawm yav tom ntej kuj yuav acids, yog li ntawd, twb dim mus txog rau thaum hnub no thiaj li muaj ntau iconic designs ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

hloov dua siab tshiab dab

Lossis loj boulders, majestic roob muab lub tswv yim ntawm mighty giants, li uas lub sij hawm tsis muaj hwj chim thiab ib tug ntau yam nyob sab nraum. Lawv zoo li yuav tau cov thawj tsos tiam dhau ib tiam thiab millennia, tab sis nws tsis yog li ntawd. Thaum lub sij hawm, yauv tej teeb meem loj cov kev hloov pob zeb. Ib suam ntawm pob zeb los mus txiav txim yuav ua li cas ntev cov zaub mov khaws lawv cov thawj tsos, hais tias nws muaj feem xyuam rau lawv cov feem ntau cuam tshuam.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg pob zeb txawv nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Lub transformation ntawm pob zeb tej zaum yuav natural los yog txiv neej-ua. Tus mob ntawm lub pob zeb yog cuam tshuam los ntawm yam tseem ceeb xws li yaj los yog cov dej hauv av, los nag, cua, lub hnub, siab thiab tsis muaj peevxwm. Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov pob zeb los ntawm lub ntuj txoj kev qeeb heev, tab sis nws yuav tsis tau nres. Cua thiab los nag ntxuav tawm thiab weathered li lub qaum khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab underground ua hauj lwm. Maj mam, lawv yuav hloov tsis tau tsuas yog cov zoo lawm tab sis kuj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov zaub mov.

Anthropogenic dab muaj feem xyuam rau tib neeg kev ua ub no. Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov pob zeb yuav nqa tawm siv tus txheej txheem. Piv txwv li, ntau tshaj li ib zaug siv crews tau clearing lub chaw uas zoo heev rau qhov kev siv ntawm tej vaj tse, rau tu ntawm lub roob yog hom twg. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov kev ua no raug rhuav tshem tej yam ntuj tso toj roob hauv pes, muaj ib tug tsis zoo feem on nws. Puas pob zeb muab ib tug keej, vim hais tias ntawm no lub cev qhuav dej tshwm sim, collapses. Ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm ntau sai sai hloov cov tsos ntawm cov mineral deposits, es tej yam ntuj tso yam.

Yog li, txhua yam Highlands nws thiaj li hloov lawv cov tsos. Cov kev ceev ntawm lawv pom yog lom zem ntau nyob rau sab nraud tej yam kev mob, tus yug muaj pes tsawg leeg, lub dag lub zog, degree thiab ntev ntawm raug. Nyob rau hauv lub hloov siab los ntseeg kuj influences lub tsaam thawj qhov chaw, qhov chaw uas lub pob zeb uas muaj nyob rau.

Lub voj voog ntawm pob zeb

Lub geological kev ntawm igneous, sedimentary, thiab metamorphic minerals yog fastened nyob rau lwm lub voj voog. Nws pib nrog lub fact tias lub magma yog poured maj cools thiab solidifies, li no txoj kev ua ib tug igneous pob zeb. Hom ntawm pob zeb hloov sai li sai tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb saum npoo av. Cua, dej, kub extremes tsim sedimentary hom minerals. Crushed pob zeb, weathered, kis los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw, siv ceev xwmphem nyob rau hauv sedimentary basins. Nws yog muaj hais tias thooj ntawm cov pob zeb mus ua kom tiav lawv cov kev, ua compressed thiab muab mus rau hauv sedimentary hom minerals. Thaum lub sij hawm, lub roob yog immersed rau ib tug ntau dua tob, raug tectonic dab. Tag nrho cov no ua rau yus mus rau tsim ntawm metamorphic pob zeb. Thaum kub thiab siab, muaj zog mineral qhuav, ua ib tug magma. Thaum lub sij hawm, nws solidifies tsim igneous pob zeb, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov pob zeb tsim pib anew.

Petrology thiab petrography

Thaum ob lub micro- thiab macro-level yog minerals. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thawj txoj kev tshawb no tsuas yog me me hais txog ntawm tej pob zeb, lawv pob tshab thiab translucent pom txiav. Qhov no ua rau nws tau tsim kom muaj tus yam ntxwv thiab thaj chaw ntawm minerals. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob cov ntaub ntawv, zaum no xav tias tag nrho cov pob zeb ua ke, vim hais tias lawv tsim ib tug caij ntawm lub kiav txhab. Soj ntsuam ntawm muaj peev xwm txiav txim seb lub keeb kwm, nta thiab approximate hnub ntawm lawv tsim.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub pob zeb kawm ob disciplines: Petrology thiab petrography. Tus thawj science kawm cov tshuaj thiab mineralogical muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub pob zeb, lub tej yam kev mob ntawm lawv tshwm sim, kev ntxhib los mos thiab cov qauv. Petrology kuj txiav txim seb tus geological formations hais tias ua li lub ib thooj ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Petrography yog koom nyob rau hauv lub cais thiab piav qhia ntawm ntau yam breeds, nws yog ntau yuav piav txog science. Nws kawm tus neeg kuaj ntawm lub pob zeb, lawv cov qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg. Petrographers ua hauj lwm nrog pob tshab thiab translucent slices nyob rau hauv lub tshuab kuaj kab mob tshuaj xyuas cov khoom ntawm lawv lub Cheebtsam. Tsis tas li ntawd, zaum yuav ua hauj lwm nrog kuaj ntawm cov pob zeb ntawm impressive qhov ntev.

Qhia ob peb theem ntawm cov zaub mov kev tshawb fawb. Thaum xub thawj, cov zaum muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv compiling geological maps, ces tuav lub teb, petrographic thiab geochemical ntawv tshawb fawb. Lawv tag nrho cov Nkij los txuam rau txhua lwm yam thiab tso cai rau koj kom tau ib tug ua tiav daim duab. Teb cov kev tshawb fawb cia peb los mus txiav txim lub yam ntxwv nta, txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov zaub mov, los tsim lub approximate lub sij hawm ncej ntawm lawv tshwm sim. Petrographic tej hauj lwm txiav txim seb cov pob zeb nyob Ameslikas, yog dab tsi feem pua ntawm cov minerals nyob rau ntawd.

Science yog ntau petrology. Qhov yuav tsum tau rau tshwj xeeb thiab ntau nyob rau hauv-tob kev tshawb fawb yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm ib tug loj heev khw ntawm kev txawj ntse. Los ntawm lub pob zeb ntau hom ntawm cov zaub mov, uas sib tau sedimentary, igneous thiab metamorphic hom. Thiab txhua ntawm lawv yog ib tug kawm ntawm kev ceg ntawm hais tias kev kawm. Yog li, cov kev kawm ntawm sedimentary minerals xav nyob rau hauv kev ntxhib los mos thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ntsev, limestone, sandstone, conglomerate thiab lwm yam pob zeb ntawm sedimentary keeb kwm. Igneous petrology regards minerals crystallized los ntawm molten magma. Science cov kev tshawb fawb metamorphic marble, schist, gneiss thiab lwm yam pob zeb tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub transformation.

Ntawm lwm yam, tus zaum kuj muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv geochemical kev tshawb fawb. Lawv muab ib tug txheej txheem cej luam ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub pob zeb, nws muaj hnub nyoog, qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm, mineral theem, kub thiab siab uas nws tau tsim.

Cov feem ntau pob zeb

Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, muaj ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas tso ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov zaub mov. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg no tau pom ib tug ua daim ntawv thov. Ib txhia breeds yog ntau nyob rau hauv coob, ib txhia tsawg. Cia tus tham txog lub pob zeb, feem ntau siv los ntawm tus txiv neej.

Granites

Tej zaum qhov no yog feem ntau pob zeb li ntawm quartz, Feldspar, mica. Granite tau granular siv lead ua qauv yog muab faib ua peb pawg: me me, nruab nrab, thiab ntxhib. Pob zeb muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov xim, cov rarest yog xam tau tias yog xiav-ntsuab, lub teeb grey thiab burgundy. Granite lends nws tus kheej txig polished, ib co ntawm nws ntau ntau yam yog thaum tshav kub kub kho. Qhov no yog ua li cas rau tsim ntxiv hniav los. Ua hauj lwm thaj chaw ntawm granite thiab txhua yam ntsuas yog kwv yees li heev, yog li lub pob zeb uas yog siv rau cladding facades ntawm vaj tse, quays, qhov kev siv ntawm qab daus lug. Lub pob zeb siv rau lub creation ntawm sculptures.

sandstone

Lwm nrov pob zeb. Hom ntawm pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub tsim txoj kev. Sandstones yog sedimentary hom, vim hais tias nws muaj consolidated xuab zeb. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj pob zeb nyob rau hauv ntau xim: ntsuab, daj, grey, liab, xim av. Rau cov hniav hom phiaj feem ntau siv zoo-grained xim av, liab thiab ntsuab sandstone. Yeej, lawv mus rau hauv ob sab phlu ntawm vaj tse.

marble

Belongs rau ib granular crystalline pob zeb, nws tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kis tau tus dolomite thiab limestone kub thiab siab. Lub marble muaj high hniav zog, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus ua hauj lwm. Piv txwv li, minimizes sib tsoo sharpness thiab brightness, polishing, on qhov tsis tooj, thiab txhawb nqa cov duab, nti brightens rau tom qab. Pob zeb yog ib tug dawb lias, grey thiab dawb.

slate

Pob zeb twb tsim vim hnyav compaction ntawm av nplaum, recrystallized nyob rau hauv muaj zog siab mog. Batts yuav phua rau hauv heev nyias phaj, muaj reddish nyob rau hauv cov xim thiab gray-xim av, tsaus ntuj nti grey, dub luam. Qhov no zoo nkauj thiab check cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yuav tsum tau tej kev ua, yog siv rau sab hauv thiab sab nrauv coatings.

semiprecious pob zeb

Tej pob zeb raws li malachite, onyx, lapis lazuli, opal thiab jade, yog muaj nuj nqis ntau tshaj lwm leej lwm tus, vim hais tias lawv tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Cov pob zeb no rau qhov siv thiab ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub, hniav daim, me me ntsiab ntawm lub sab hauv.