Nqaij npuas kib lub philosophy. niaj hnub philosophy ntawm Francis Bacon

Tus thawj txawj xav uas muaj cov kws muaj txuj kev txawj ntse ntawm lub hauv paus rau tej kev txawj ntse - Frensis Bekon. Nws, nrog rau René Descartes hais tias tej ntsiab cai rau niaj hnub lub sij hawm. Nqaij npuas kib lub philosophy muab sawv mus rau ib tug yuav tsum muaj tej kev qhuab qhia ntawm Western xav: kev txawj ntse - yog lub hwj chim. Nws yog nyob rau hauv science, nws pom ib tug haib cuab tam rau hnyav kev hloov. Tab sis leej twg yog no nto moo philosopher, yog lub essence ntawm nws tej lus qhuab qhia?

Childhood thiab tiav hluas

Qhov tus tsim ntawm niaj hnub philosophy Bacon yug nyob rau hauv nees nkaum-ob nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1561 nyob rau hauv London. Nws txiv yog ib tug senior official ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Elizabeth. Cov huab cua nyob rau hauv tsev, cov niam txiv 'kev kawm ntawv, undoubtedly pab cov hluas Francis. Thaum kaum ob nws raug xa mus Trinity College ntawm Cambridge University. Peb xyoos tom qab nws raug xa mus Paris raws li ib feem ntawm cov muaj koob muaj npe lub hom phiaj, tab sis tus tub hluas sai rov qab vim hais tias ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm nws tus txiv. Hauv As Kiv teb, nws koom nyob rau hauv jurisprudence, thiab heev ntse. Txawm li cas los, nws suav hais tias nws muaj kev vam meej raws li txoj cai kev ua ub no tsuas yog raws li ib tug springboard mus rau nom tswv thiab pej xeem cov hauj lwm. Undoubtedly, tag nrho cov ntxiv philosophy ntawm Francis Bacon tej qhov kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Twb tau nyob rau 1584 nws twb xub raug xaiv mus rau lub tsev ntawm Commons. Thaum lub tsev hais plaub ntawm James Stewart lub ntej muaj ib tug sai sawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais politician. King tsis yws hlo li rau nws ntau ibyam, khoom plig thiab siab txaus.

hauj lwm

Nqaij npuas kib lub philosophy yog zoo kev cob cog rua nrog lub reign ntawm King James Thawj. Nyob rau hauv 1614 tus huab tais yaj lub parliament siab thiab cov kev tswj ua tau ib lub zuj zus. Txawm li cas los, qhov yuav tsum tau ntawm advisors, Yakhauj tau ncig nws tus kheej nrog Sir Francis. Twb los ntawm 1621, Nqaij npuas kib teem tseg Tswv High Chancellery, Baron Verulam, Viscount Saint Albanian, keeper ntawm cov muaj koob muaj npe foob, thiab ib tug saib xyuas mej zeej ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua privy Council. Thaum tus huab tais yog tseem tsim nyog los rov sib sau ua ke rau hauv lub Parliament, MPS tsis zam txim rau xws elevations feem ntau yav tas los tus kws lij choj, thiab nws twb raug xa mus rau hauv cov nyiaj laus. Nws tuag eminent philosopher thiab politician cuaj Plaub Hlis Ntuj 1626.

compositions

Thaum lub sij hawm hauv lub xyoo ntawm kev pab cuam ntawm lub tsev hais plaub puab empirical philosophy ntawm Francis Bacon hloov zuj zuj ua tsaug rau nws tus paj laum nyob rau hauv science, kev cai lij choj, morality, kev ntseeg, thiab ethics. Nws sau qhuas nws sau raws li ib tug zoo kawg txawj xav thiab qhov tseeb tsim ntawm tag nrho cov philosophy ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv 1597 nws luam tawm thawj daim ntawv muaj cai "Yaam puab paub thiab kev qhia", uas yog ces ob zaug lawm thiab reprinted ntau lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv 1605 kuv pom qhov kev tso tawm ntawm kev sau ntawv "Nyob rau qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev vam meej ntawm kev txawj ntse, saum ntuj los thiab tib neeg." Tom qab nws tawm mus tsev los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Frensis Bekon, quotes uas yuav pom nyob rau hauv ntau niaj hnub ua hauj lwm nyob philosophy, absorbed nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev puas hlwb kev tshawb fawb. Nyob rau hauv 1629 nws tau luam tawm "Tshiab Organon", thiab nyob rau hauv 1623 - "Nyob rau txoj hauj lwm zoo thiab li ntawm science." Lub philosophy ntawm Bacon, thiab tezisno luv luv teev nyob rau hauv allegorical daim ntawv muaj kev to taub ntawm lub masses, yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub utopian tshiab "New Atlantis." Lwm yam zoo tej hauj lwm: "Nyob rau hauv Ceeb tsheej", "Nyob rau lub hauv paus thiab yog vim li cas", "Keeb kwm ntawm huab tais Henry lub thib kaum xya," "Keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev tuag thiab lub neej."

Lub ntsiab thesis

Tag nrho cov kev thiab koom kev xav uas niaj hnub lub sij hawm xav tau tus philosophy ntawm Bacon. Saib lub ntsab lug tag nrho ntawm nws loj yog nyuaj heev, tiam sis peb muaj peev xwm hais tias cov hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm no cov sau yog ua rau ib tug zoo dua kev sib txuas lus ntawm lub siab thiab lub hlwb txog tej yam uas. Nws yog lub hlwb - lub siab tshaj plaws kev ntsuas ntawm tus nqi. Lub philosophy ntawm tus tshiab era thiab cov Enlightenment, tsim los ntawm Bacon, muab kev haum rau cov kev kho ntawm fruitless thiab vague tswv yim, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub sciences. Li no qhov yuav tsum tau rau "ib tug tshiab saib saib xyuas tau tej thiab siv restoration ntawm Arts and Sciences thiab tag nrho ntawm cov tib neeg txawj ntse."

science glance

Frensis Bekon, uas nws quotes tau siv yuav luag tag nrho cov eminent philosophers ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm, ntseeg hais tias science txij thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub ancient Greeks yog heev me ntsis kev kawm nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab thiab kawm ntawm qhov. Cov neeg tau ua tsawg txhawj txog tus thawj cov ntsiab cai thiab cov tswv yim. Yog li, lub philosophy ntawm Bacon hu cov me nyuam them sai sai mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm science thiab ua rau nws los txhim kho lawv lub neej. Nws txwv lub prejudices txog science, mus nrhiav kev paub rau cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev soj ntsuam ntawm. Nws pib nrog nws ceev hloov ntawm European kab lis kev cai, nws yog vim hais tias ntawm nws kev xav loj hlob ntau qhov chaw ntawm niaj hnub philosophy. Science cov chav kawm ntawm tej yam txawv nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm tus neeg ntawm cov teb chaws Europe yog ua ib tug prestigious thiab tseem ceeb cheeb tsam ntawm kev paub. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, muaj ntau yam philosophers, kws tshawb fawb thiab txawj xav yog "nyob rau hauv lub footsteps" ntawm Bacon. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm scholasticism, uas yog kiag li sib nrauj los ntawm cov kev coj thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm qhov, los lub science uas yog zoo txuas nrog philosophy thiab yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev sim kawm thiab yaam puab paub.

tsim ntawm lub tswv yim

Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Great restoration ntawm Sciences" Nqaij npuas kib twb zoo xav tawm thiab ncauj lus kom ntxaws txoj kev npaj rau kev hloov tag nrho system ntawm kev kawm ntawv: nws txais, pom zoo los ntawm cov kev cai thiab cov cai, thiab cov zoo li. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj ntawm cov politicians thiab philosophers, uas teem rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntsuas yuav muab kev pab rau kev kawm ntawv thiab kws. Nqaij npuas kib kuj tau hais qhov yuav tsum tau los mus kho qhia cov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv universities. Txawm tam sim no, tau paub cov kev xav ntawm Bacon, yuav xav tsis thoob rau hauv lub qhov tob ntawm nws kev pom raws li ib tug statesman, tus paub txog thiab txawj xav: cov kev pab cuam ntawm lub "Great restoration ntawm Sciences" yog cov mus rau lub hnub tam sim no. Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam yuav ua li cas revolutionary nws yog nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua. Nws yog "lub xyoo pua ntawm cov poj zaum thiab scientific discoveries," Sir Francis los ntawm lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua nyob rau hauv ces. Qhov ntawd yog lub tswvyim ntawm Bacon los ua tus forerunner ntawm cov niaj hnub disciplines xws li Sociology, economics ntawm science thiab kev kawm ntawm cov science. Lub ntsiab tshab ntawm no philosopher nyob rau hauv txoj kev xyaum thiab kev tshawb xav ntawm science yog hais tias nws pom qhov yuav tsum tau mus coj kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv lub methodological thiab philosophical hauv paus. Francis Bacon lub philosophy yog teem rau lub synthesis ntawm tag nrho cov sciences rau hauv ib qhov system.

ntau yam ntawm science

Sir Francis sau hais tias cov feem ntau kom zoo faib ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse - qhov no faib mus rau hauv peb lub ntuj muaj peev xwm ntawm cov kuab plig. Keeb kwm nyob rau hauv no daim duab raws li ib tug cim xeeb, philosophy - nws yog lub hlwb, thiab cov paj huam yog lub tswv yim. Keeb kwm yog muab faib ua pej xeem thiab cov tej yam ntuj tso. Paj Huam yog muab faib ua Parabolic, txoj thiab epic. Qhov tseem sib tham nyob rau hauv kom meej kev faib ntawm philosophy, uas yog muab faib mus rau hauv ib tug ntau subspecies thiab hom. Nqaij npuas kib kuj cais nws los ntawm qhov "Vajtswv tshoov theology," uas nws muab tsuas cov theologians thiab cov theologians. Philosophy yog muab faib ua tej yam ntuj tso thiab transcendent. Tus thawj thaiv muaj xws li qhov ntawm lub ce: physics thiab metaphysics, mechanics, lej. Nws yog lawv uas tshwm sim tawm lub caj qaum ntawm lub phenomenon, raws li cov philosophy ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm. Nqaij npuas kib scale thiab dav thiab xav tias hais txog tus neeg. Nws yog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov tswv yim hais txog lub cev (qhov no muaj xws li tshuaj, ua kis las, kos duab, suab paj nruag, tshuaj pleev ib ce), thiab cov lus qhuab qhia hais txog tus ntsuj plig, uas muaj ntau lub tswj. Nws muaj xws li cov ntsiab lus xws li ethics, logic (memorizing kev tshawb xav, foundations, txiav txim) thiab lub "civic science" (uas muaj xws li cov kev qhia ntawm ua lag ua luam kev sib raug zoo, lub xeev ntawm lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib). Sau kom tiav kev faib Bacon tsis tawm tsis kom sai sai rau ib yam ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm teb ntawm kev txawj ntse thaum.

"Tshiab Organon"

Lub philosophy ntawm Bacon, thiab tezisno luv luv teev tseg saum toj no, blooming nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Tus Tshiab Organon". Nws pib nrog ib tug xav mus xav rau lub fact tias ib tug neeg - txhais lus los ntawm qhov thiab tus tub qhe, to taub thiab ua, to taub qhov kev xav nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim los yog puas. Lub philosophy ntawm Bacon thiab Descartes, nws tiag tiag contemporary, yog ib tug tshiab milestone nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb xav, raws li nws implies qhov hloov tshiab ntawm science, kom tshem tawm ntawm cuav notions thiab "ghosts", uas, raws li cov xav, tsaug embraced tib neeg lub siab thiab ntxiv dag zog rau nws. Nyob rau hauv lub "Tshiab Organon" teev tus saib hais tias cov laus medieval tsev teev ntuj thiab cov kev kawm txoj kev xav yog nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus teeb meem, thiab qhov no zoo ntawm kev txawj ntse (raws li tau zoo raws li cov kev tshawb fawb txoj kev) yog neeg txhaum. Nqaij npuas kib lub philosophy sawv nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias txoj kev ntawm kev txawj ntse yog ib yam nyuaj heev, raws li cov kev txawj ntse ntawm qhov, zoo li ib tug tshawb nyob rau hauv uas koj yuav tsum mus ua hauj lwm rau koj txoj kev, thiab txoj kev uas yog varied thiab feem ntau yog yuam kev. Thiab cov neeg uas feem ntau ua rau yus cov neeg mus rau cov paths lawv tus kheej feem ntau yuam kev los ntawm lawv thiab nce tus naj npawb ntawm stray thiab ua loj leeb. Uas yog vim li cas muaj ib tug mob yuav tsum tau scrutinize lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nkag mus rau hauv tshiab scientific kev paub thiab kev. Philosophy Bacon thiab Descartes, thiab ces tsim kom muaj Spinoza lub tsev ib lub tsev thiab kev kawm methodologies. Tus thawj ua hauj lwm ntawm no yog purify lub siab, nws tso tawm thiab kev npaj rau kev muaj tswv yim ua hauj lwm.

"Ghosts" - yog dab tsi?

Nqaij npuas kib lub philosophy hais txog kev ntxuav ntawm lub siab hais tias nws tuaj mus rau qhov tseeb, uas yog rau las peb: raug lead lom generated los ntawm tib neeg lub siab, tej tswv yim thiab cov pov thawj. Raws li, qhov hluav taws xob yog los ntawm plaub thiab "dab". Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Qhov no cuam tshuam uas es muaj tseeb, yeej muaj tseeb nco qab:

1) Cov "ghosts" zoo, uas muaj ib lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv tib neeg qhov, nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm cov neeg, "lub pab pawg neeg";

2) "ghosts" qhov tsua, i.e. delusions neeg los yog cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm "lub qhov tsua" tus neeg los yog tej pawg (i.e., "me me ntiaj teb no");

3) Cov "ghosts" ntawm lub lag luam, uas qia los ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg;

4) Cov "ghosts" ntawm lub ua yeeb yam, yog infused rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm perverse cai thiab dogmas.

Tag nrho cov ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg thiab disproved cov kev kovyeej ntawm yog vim li cas lawm prejudice. Nws yog txoj kev thiab kev kawm muaj nuj nqi yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm no hom ntawm cuam.

"Ghosts" zoo

Nqaij npuas kib lub philosophy koom tes hais tias cov cuam xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub siab uas yog inclined mus rau tus cwj pwm ntau dua uniformity thiab kev txiav txim ntawm yam tshaj li muaj peev xwm ua tau muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Lub siab nyhav artificially kho cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab cov ntsiab lus kom haum lawv cov kev ntseeg. Tus txiv neej muab nyob rau hauv thiab muaj lus sib cav hais tias yog feem ntau xav dazzling. Limited paub txog thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog lub ntiaj teb no ntawm qhov txhia ntawm yog vim li cas - qhov teeb meem ntawm lub philosophy ntawm tus tshiab era tias kuj zoo kawg thiab thinkers thiab sim kom daws tau nrog nws sau.

"Ghosts" qhov tsua

Tshwm sim los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg: ib co neeg zoo li ib tug science, lwm leej lwm tus yog cov nquag mus philosophizing thiab reasoning, lwm leej lwm tus hwm lub ancient paub. Cov kev txawv no, uas tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug neeg tus yam ntxwv, zoo heev huab cov kev txawj ntse thiab distort.

"Ghosts" kev ua lag luam

Qhov no yog ib yam khoom ntawm misuse ntawm cov npe thiab lo lus. Raws li Bacon, li no xeeb nta niaj hnub philosophy, uas tswj combating sophistic omissions, hais lus sparring thiab noob. Lub npe thiab cov npe yuav raug muab rau cov uas tsis-existent yam, thiab nyob rau lub sij hawm no los ua ib tug kev tshawb xav, tsis muaj tseeb thiab npliag. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm cov ntawv tseeb nws yuav tiag tiag, thiab qhov no yog paralyzing kom to taub tej yam. Ntau complex "ghosts" loj hlob tawm ntawm lub tsis lees paub thiab phem abstractions, uas tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub scientific thiab cov tswv yim pab.

"Ghosts" Theatre

Lawv tsis txeem nyiag nyob rau hauv lub siab, thiab yog kis tau los ntawm cov perverse cai thiab theories ntawm cov zajlus thiab ntaus nqi los ntawm lwm tus neeg. Nqaij npuas kib lub philosophy dlhos lub "ghosts" ntawm lub ua yeeb yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov erroneous tswvyim thiab kev xav (empiricism, sophistry thiab superstitions). Rau kev xyaum thiab kev kawm, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub fanatical thiab dogmatic ua raws li pragmatic empiricism los yog metaphysical speculation, muaj ib txwm tsis zoo txim.

Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm txoj kev: tus thawj yuav tsum tau

Frensis Bekon hais txog rau cov neeg uas nws lub hlwb yog enveloped nyob rau hauv ib tug cwj pwm thiab ntxim los ntawm nws, yog leej twg tsis pom qhov yuav tsum tau rau cov dismemberment ntawm ib tug holistic daim duab ntawm lub qhov thiab txoj kev ntawm tej yam uas nyob rau hauv lub contemplation ntawm lub npe ntawm ib tug thiab tag nrho. Nws yog los ntawm "fragmentation", "sib cais", "rho tawm" muab qhov xwm ntawm tus dab thiab lub cev yuav tsim kom muaj nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub ntug ncaj ncees.

Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm txoj kev: lub thib ob yuav tsum tau

Qhov no pawg lus qhia txog cov specifics ntawm "dismemberment". Nqaij npuas kib ntseeg hais tias cov kev faib - nws tsis yog ib lub hom phiaj tab sis ib tug txhais tau tias los ntawm uas lub feem ntau yooj yim thiab yooj yim Cheebtsam yuav tsum tau qhia. Cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm no yuav tsum tau hais kom meej thiab yooj yim lub cev, raws li yog hais tias lawv "qhib rau lawv qhov nyob rau hauv lub dog dig chav kawm ntawm nws."

Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm txoj kev: lub thib peb yuav tsum tau

Nrhiav yooj yim xwm, ib tug yooj yim thaum pib, raws li tau piav Frensis Bekon, nws tsis txhais hais tias nws yog ib tug qhob khoom lub cev, hais los yog tshwm sim. Aims thiab cov hom phiaj ntawm science yog ntau npaum li cas nyuab: nws yog tsim nyog los rov saib qhov, nrhiav nws daim ntawv no, mus nrhiav qhov chaw ntawm generating xwm. Peb yuav tau tham txog cov lus qhib ntawm xws li ib tug kev cai lij choj, uas yuav ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua si thiab kev paub.

Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm txoj kev: lub plaub yuav tsum tau

Nqaij npuas kib lub philosophy hais tias thawj ntawm tag nrho cov koj xav tau los npaj "kev sim thiab tej yam ntuj tso" keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yog tsim nyog los sau thiab qhia lub ntsiab hauv yog vim li cas qhov xwm heev hais tias. Nco qab, uas sab laug mus rau nws tus kheej, thiab yog rooj noj. Thiab nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no yog tsim nyog los xaiv lub methodological cai thiab tej ntsiab cai uas yuav muaj peev xwm ua ib tug empirical txoj kev tshawb no los ua ib tug yeej muaj tseeb kev nkag siab ntawm qhov.

Social thiab cov tswv yim tswv yim

Nyob rau hauv tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv detract los ntawm txoj hauj lwm zoo ntawm Sir Francis Bacon raws li ib tug politician thiab statesman. Lub Scope ntawm nws kev sib raug zoo kev ua si yog enormous, uas yuav ua tau lub txwm ntawm ntau philosophers ntawm lub thib kaum xya thiab xyoo centuries nyob rau hauv ces. Nws txaus li lub mechanics thiab txhua yam inventions, uas, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog tsis piv nrog rau sab ntsuj plig yam thiab ntau qualitatively cuam tshuam tib neeg tej xwm txheej. Raws li qhov wealth uas yuav pej xeem tus nqi, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub zoo tagnrho kawm asceticism. Kev thiab raug tuition ntawm haiv neeg unconditionally pom zoo Bacon, raws li zoo raws li cov kev loj hlob. Nws muaj ib tug cwj pwm zoo rau cov niaj hnub lub xeev thiab lub economic system, uas kuj yuav cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam tom ntej philosophers ntawm lub sij hawm. Frensis Bekon confidently txhawb lub expansion ntawm teb chaws Asmesliskas, muab ncauj lus kom ntxaws tswv yim rau tsis mob thiab "ncaj ncees" colonization. Raws li ib tug tib neeg koom tes nyob rau hauv British nom ua tswv, nws hais lus heev ntawm cov kev ua ub uas muaj thiab trading tuam txhab uas muag. Cwm pwm yooj yim ncaj ncees businessman, enterprising ua lag luam ua Bacon tus pab koj tu siab. Nws muab ib tug ntau ntawm cov tswv yim rau cov feem ntau siab zoo thiab najnpawb txoj kev thiab txhais tau tias ntawm koj tus kheej kev kawm ntxiv. Antidote rau loj riots thiab cuam tshuam, raws li zoo raws li cov neeg txom nyem, Nqaij npuas kib pom saj zawg zog txoj cai, lub me me pej xeem mloog kom pej xeem xav tau kev pab thiab ua rau kom qhov wealth ntawm tus pejxeem. Cov hom kev kawm nws xav - ib tug se hloov, cov lus qhib tshiab cov lag luam tawm tseem khiav, kev txhim kho ntawm crafts thiab ua liaj ua teb, incentives rau manufactures.