Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Chemistry. Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Chemistry

Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS twb tau muab txij li thaum 1901. Nws thawj khiav yog Yakhauj van't Hoff. Qhov no paub txog tau txais tus nqi zog rau cov kev cai ntawm osmotic siab thiab tshuaj muaj zog, qhib lawv. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tag nrho cov winners yuav tsis tau hais rau nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm. Peb yuav tham txog lub npe nrov tshaj, raws li zoo raws li cov neeg uas twb tau muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ob peb xyoos.

Ernest Rutherford

Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo chemists yog Ernest Rutherford. Nobel nqi zog nws tau txais nyob rau hauv 1908 rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub disintegration ntsiab radioactive tshuaj. Xyoo ntawm lub neej ntawm tus paub txog - 1871-1937. Qhov no yog ib qho lus Askiv chemist thiab physicist, yug nyob rau hauv New Zealand. Vim nws zoo thaum lub sij hawm kawm Nelson College, nws tau txais ib daim scholarship uas tso cai rau nws mus taug kev mus rau Christchurch, New Zealand City, nyob qhov twg lub Canterbury College. Nyob rau hauv 1894, Rutherford ua BSc. Tom qab ib co sij hawm, tus paub txog tau txais ib daim scholarship nyob rau hauv Cambridge University uas yog nyob rau hauv ces thiab tsiv mus rau lub teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv 1898, Rutherford pib mus nqa tawm ib qho tseem ceeb thwmsim uas tej uranium tawg. Tom qab ib co sij hawm, lawv yog ob tug ntawm nws hom nyob sab: alpha rays thiab beta rays. Tus thawj txeem xwb ib tug me me deb li cas, thiab lub thib ob - mus rau ib tug ntau dua. Tom qab ib pliag, Rutherford pom tias thorium emits ib tug tshwj xeeb tej gaseous khoom. Nws hu ua no tshwm sim rau hauv lub "emanation" (emission).

Tshiab kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias actinium thiab radium emanation kuj ua. Rutherford raws li discoveries los ntawm nws tuaj rau ib qho tseem ceeb cov lus xaus. Nws pom hais tias alpha thiab beta rays emit tag nrho cov neeg hais. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv radioactivity qub tom qab ib tug tej lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Raws li cov kev tshawb pom nws twb tau mus ua ib qho tseem ceeb assumption. Tag nrho cov paub science tej hais ib yam li xaus lus tus paub txog, ib feem ntawm ib tug tsev neeg ntawm atoms, thiab cov thawj ntawm radioactivity yuav npaum li cas raws li lub hauv paus ntawm lawv cais.

Mariya Kyuri (Curie)

Thawj tug pojniam uas twb muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, los ua Mariya Kyuri. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev kawm cov kev tshwm sim coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1911. Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS twb muab rau nws rau lub foundations ntawm polonium thiab radium rho tawm ntawm radium thiab kawm txog cov kev sib txuas thiab qhov xwm ntawm tus kawg keeb. Maria tau yug los nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, tej lub sij hawm tom qab tsiv mus rau Fabkis. Xyoo ntawm nws lub neej - 1867-1934. Curie los ua tus khiav ntawm cov Nobel nqi zog, tsis yog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv physics (1903, koom tes ua ke nrog Pierre Curie thiab Anri Bekkerelem).

Marii Kyuri tau mus fim qhov tseeb hais tias cov poj niam nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm twb yuav luag kaw kev nyob rau hauv science. Thaum lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Warsaw tsis coj lawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub Curie tsev neeg yog neeg pluag. Txawm li cas los, Mary thiaj li tau txais kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Paris.

Major tau Marii Kyuri

Anri Bekkerel sab nyob rau hauv 1896 uas uranium tebchaw emit tawg uas yog tau mus txeem lub siab heev. Tawg Becquerel, tsis zoo li qhib V. Roentgen nyob rau hauv 1895 xyoo, muaj ib tug tshwm sim ntawm excitation los ntawm ib co lwm qhov chaw. Nws yog ib tug nrog uranium cov cuab yeej. Mary xav nyob rau hauv no phenomenon. Thaum pib ntawm 1898 nws tau pib kawm nws. Cov soj ntsuam sim los mus txiav txim seb puas muaj lwm yam tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm rau emit cov rays. Nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1898, Pierre thiab Mariya Kyuri sab ob tug tshiab ntsiab. Lawv hu ua radium thiab polonium (tom qab Marie teb ntawm Poland). Qhov no yog ua raws li los ntawm chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev rho tawm thiab kawm txog lawv lub zog. Nyob rau hauv 1910, ua ke nrog André Marie Debirnom pom tias nws yog xim hlau radium nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv. Yog li ntawd nws tau ua tiav 12 xyoo dhau los pib ib tug series ntawm kev soj ntsuam.

Laynus Karl Poling

Tus txiv neej no yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj chemists. Nobel nqi zog nws tau txais nyob rau hauv 1954 rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm qhov xwm ntawm cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus, raws li tau zoo raws li nws daim ntawv thov los mus txiav txim cov qauv ntawm cov tebchaw.

Pauling lub neej xyoo - 1901-1994. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, Oregon (Portland). Raws li ib tug soj ntsuam Pauling tau ntev kawm X-ray crystallography. Nws xav yuav ua li cas lub rays kis tau los ntawm tus siv lead ua, thiab muaj yog ib tug yam ntxwv txawv. Nyob rau qhov no daim duab nws yuav txiav txim seb lub atomic qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Siv tus qauv no, zaum no kawm qhov xwm ntawm tus bonds nyob rau hauv benzene thiab lwm yam uas muaj ntxhiab tebchaw.

Nyob rau hauv 1928 godu Pauling tsim hybridization kev tshawb xav (resonance) tshuaj tsevneeg uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntxhiab tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv 1934, ib tus paub txog muab nws lub xim rau cov biochemistry, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog protein biochemistry. Ua ke nrog Alexander Mirsky nws tsim cov kev tshawb xav ntawm kev ua thiab cov protein. Ua ke nrog Ch Corwell no paub txog kawm los ntawm cov pa saturation (oxygenation) nyob rau hauv magnetic thaj chaw ntawm cov protein ntau hemoglobin. Nyob rau hauv 1942, tus kws tshawb fawb twb tau mus hloov cov tshuaj qauv ntawm globulin (cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv cov ntshav). Nyob rau hauv 1951 godu Pauling nrog R. Corey luam tawm ua hauj lwm mob siab rau mus rau lub molecular qauv ntawm proteins. Nws yog ib lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm, uas ntawd kub ntev li 14 xyoo. Siv X-ray crystallography kawm cov proteins nyob rau hauv cov nqaij, plaub hau, plaub hau, rau tes thiab lwm yam ntaub so ntswg, tus zaum ua ib qho tseem ceeb foundations. Lawv nrhiav tau hais tias cov protein chains ntawm amino acids cov mus rau hauv ib tug kauv. Nws yog ib tug zoo ua ntej nyob rau hauv biochemistry.

S. Hinshelwood thiab Semenov

Tej zaum koj yuav xav paub seb puas muaj yog ib tug Lavxias teb sab Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Chemistry. Txawm tias ib co ntawm peb compatriots tau nominated rau tus nqi zog no, tsuas yog Semenov tau txais nws. Ua ke nrog Hinshelwood nws twb muab tsub lub nqi zog rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub mechanism ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv 1956.

Hinshelwood - British paub txog (lub neej xyoo - 1897-1967). Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm nws tau txuam nrog qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov saw tshua. Nws soj ntsuam ib tug homogeneous tshuaj ntsuam, raws li zoo raws li lub mechanism ntawm tshua ntawm no hom.

Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1896-1986) - Lavxias teb sab chemist thiab physicist Ameslikas los ntawm lub nroog ntawm Saratov. Tus thawj scientific teeb meem uas nyiam nws, yog ionized gases. Tus kws tshawb fawb, tseem ua lub tsev kawm ntawv tus menyuam kawm ntawv, sau thawj tsab xov xwm txog cov collisions ntawm molecules thiab electrons. Tom qab ib tug thaum nws pib mus kawm ntawv ntau heev cov txheej txheem ntawm recombination thiab dissociation. Ntxiv mus, nws los ua xav nyob rau hauv kev sib nrauj ntawm molecular hws thiab adsorption ntawm vapor tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug khoom nto. Kev tshawb fawb nqa tawm lawv tau mus nrhiav tau cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus nto kub uas tus hws yog nqa tawm, thiab cov kev ceev ntawm chav. Nyob rau hauv 1934, tus paub txog tau luam tawm ib daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas pom hais tias ib tug ntau yam kev tshua, xws li polymerization, mus los ntawm ib tug mechanism los yog branched saw tshua.

Robert Burns Woodward

Tag nrho cov winners ntawm cov Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS tau ua ib tug zoo pab rau science, tab sis R. Woodward sawv tawm ntawm lawv. Nws tau yog ib qho tseem ceeb niaj hnub no. Qhov no paub txog twb muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv 1965. Nws tau txais nws rau nws pab nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov organic synthesis. Xyoo ntawm lub neej Robert - 1917-1979. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, nyob rau hauv lub US nroog ntawm Boston, nyob rau hauv Massachusetts.

Tus thawj tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm Science News for KIDS Woodward cog lus thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog, thaum nws yog tus "Polaroid Corporation" lub tuam txhab kws pab tswv yim. Vim hais tias ntawm tsov rog nws yog tsis txaus quinine. Qhov no anti-malarial tshuaj uas twb tseem siv nyob rau hauv lens siv thiab ua. Woodward thiab W. Doering, nws colleague, muaj nkag muaj nyob rau ntaub thiab txheem cov khoom twb tom qab 14 lub hlis ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nqa tawm lub synthesis ntawm quinine.

Tom qab 3 lub xyoo, ua ke nrog Schramm, qhov no tus paub txog tau tsim ib tug protein analogue los ntawm koom nyob rau hauv ib txoj saw uas muaj cov amino acid units. Lub polypeptides tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm no, muaj tau siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob thiab hluavtaws yas. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nrog rau lawv cov kev pab, nws pib mus rau yuav kawm protein metabolism. Woodward nyob rau hauv 1951 pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm steriods kho. Ntawm cov tebchaw tau twb lanosterol, chlorophyll, reserpine, lysergic acid, vitamin B12, colchicine, prostaglandin F2a. Tom qab, muaj ntau lub tebchaw npaj los ntawm nws thiab cov mej zeej ntawm lub koom haum "Ciba Corporation", uas nws tus thawj coj nws yog, pib yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam. Nefalosporin C yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas sawv daws yuav. Ib tug tshuaj tua kab mob xws li penicillin, uas yog siv tau tawm tsam tus kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob.

Peb daim ntawv teev cov npe ntawm zaum, twb muab nws nyob rau hauv lub 21st caug xyoo, lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS yuav tsum tau complemented, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob xyoo caum.

A. Suzuki, Negishi E., R. Heck

Cov soj ntsuam ntawm twb muab tsub rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev tshiab ntawm interconnecting cov pa roj carbon atoms los tsim kom tau txoj molecules. Lawv twb muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Chemistry nyob rau hauv 2010. Heck, thiab Negishi - Americans, thiab Akira Suzuki - ib tug pej xeem ntawm teb chaws Nyiv Pooj. Lawv aim yog lub creation ntawm complex organic molecules. Nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv peb kawm tau hais tias cov organic tebchaw yog muaj li ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms uas tsim lub cev pob txha ntawm lub molecule. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm zaum teeb meem yog hais tias cov pa roj carbon atoms yog yooj yim mus ua ke nrog rau lwm cov atoms. Catalyst account, ua los ntawm cov palladium, muaj kev tswj kom daws tau qhov teeb meem no. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub catalyst carbon atoms steel nrog txhua lwm yam mus rau tsim txoj organic lug. Cov dab no yog kawm thiab Nobel Chemistry nqi zog lub xyoo no. Yuav luag ib txhij, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nqa tawm, npe hu ua nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb.

R. Lefkowitz, M. Karplus, B. Kobilka

Lefkowitz (pictured saum toj no), Kobilka thiab Karplus - uas yog leej twg yeej lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Chemistry nyob rau hauv 2012. Qhov puav pheej mus rau peb zaum rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ua ke G-protein coupled receptors. Robert Lefkowitz - ib tug US pej xeem uas tau yug los Plaub Hlis Ntuj 15, 1943 Lub ntsiab yog ib feem ntawm nws cov kev tshawb fawb ua hauj lwm yog devoted bioreceptors thiab txia lawv Pib ntsais koj teeb. Lefkowitz haumxeeb nta piav nyob rau hauv kom meej, tus qauv thiab sib lawv liag ntawm β-adrenergic receptors thiab hom 2 ntxawg cov nqaijrog: β-arrestin thiab GRK-kinase. Qhov no paub txog nyob rau hauv 1980 thiab lug txhawb cov miv nqa tawm cloning ntawm lub noob lub luag hauj lwm rau lub lag luam ntawm β-adrenergic receptor.

B. Kobilka - los ntawm lub tebchaws United States. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm me Falls (Minnesota). Tom qab kawm tiav nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub saib xyuas ntawm ib tug soj ntsuam Lefkowitz.

Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS 2012 twb muab tsub rau M. Karplus. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv Vienna nyob rau hauv 1930. Karplus tuaj los ntawm ib tug Jewish tsev neeg, uas yuav tsum tau tsiv mus nyob rau lub US khiav kev tsim txom los ntawm cov Nazis. Lub ntsiab cheeb tsam ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov paub txog los ua ib tug nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, quantum Science News for KIDS thiab kinetics ntawm tshuaj dab.

M. Karplus, M. Levitt, A. Uorshel

Cia peb tam sim no tig mus rau lub laureates ntawm cov 2013 nqi zog. Zaum Karplus (pictured hauv qab no), Uorshel Levitt thiab tau txais nws qab tus qauv ntawm complex tshuaj tshuab.

M. Levitt yug nyob rau hauv South Africa nyob rau hauv 1947. Thaum nws muaj 16 xyoo, Michael tsev neeg tsiv mus rau lub UK. Nyob rau hauv London, nws cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv 1967 nyob rau ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv College thiab ces ntxiv nws kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Cambridge. Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau Kuaj ntawm Molecular Biology ntawm lub University muaj feem xyuam rau cov creation ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov peb-dimensional lug ntawm tRNA. Michael yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm txoj kev ntawm computer modeling thiab kawm txawv lug ntawm protein molecules (feem ntau cov nqaijrog).

Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS 2013 muab rau Ari kuj Uorshelu. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv Palestine nyob rau hauv 1940. Nyob rau hauv 1958-62 gg. nws tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub nyob qib tus tauj ncov loj nyob rau hauv lub IDF, thiab ces pib kawm nyob rau lub nroog Yeluxalees lub koom haum. Nyob rau hauv 1970-72 gg. nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Weizmann lub koom haum associate xib fwb, thiab nyob rau hauv 1991 nws los ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm biology thiab Science News for KIDS nyob rau hauv yav qab teb California. Uorshell xam tau tias yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm computational enzymology - seem ntawm biology. Nws tau kawm cov qauv thiab cov catalytic mechanisms ntawm kev txiav txim, thiab cov qauv ntawm cov enzyme molecule.

Kjell S., E. thiab W. Eric Betzig Merner

Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS 2014 twb muab tsub Merner, Eric Betzig thiab helle. Cov zaum tau tsim txoj kev tshiab ntawm microscopy tshaj lub peevxwm paub rau peb ib lub teeb tshuab kuaj kab mob. Lawv tau tso cai rau peb xav txog qhov uas cov molecules hauv lub hlwb uas muaj sia nyob. Piv txwv li, los ntawm cov kev nws yog tau mus soj ntsuam cov cwj pwm ntawm cov proteins lub luag hauj lwm rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Parkinson tus kab mob thiab tsis nco qab. Tam sim no, cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yog nce siv nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm thiab cov tshuaj.

Kjell yug nyob rau hauv 1962 nyob rau hauv Romania. Nws yog ib tug neeg pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees hnub no. Erik Bettsig yug nyob rau hauv 1960 nyob rau hauv Michigan. Uilyam Merner yug nyob rau hauv 1953 nyob rau hauv California.

Ntuj raug txim txij li thaum lub Kwvyees li xyoo 1990 ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub sted-microscopy rau txawj emission nyuaj siab. Tus thawj laser twb zoo siab heev nyob rau hauv nws kom txog thaum lub teeb fluorescent, kuaj tau los ntawm lub receiver. Lwm laser yog siv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txhim kho cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub ntaus ntawv. Merner thiab Eric Betzig, helle lug txhawb cov miv, qoj ntawm nws tus kheej lawv tus kheej kev soj ntsuam, muab cov me nyuam yaus rau lwm hom ntawm microscopy. Peb yuav tau tham txog lub ib leeg-molecule microscopy.

T. Lindahl, P. Modric thiab Aziz Sanjar

Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS 2015 twb muab tsub rau lub Swede Lindahl, American Modric thiab Turk Sanjar. Zaum tau muab faib tus nqi zog ntawm lawv tus kheej, nws tus kheej piav thiab piav qhia txog cov mechanisms uas hlwb "repairing" DNA thiab tiv thaiv ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau hauv lub caj ntaub ntawv. Hais tias yog dab tsi nws tau muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Chemistry nyob rau hauv 2015.

Qhov scientific lub zej lub zos nyob rau hauv lub mus txog 1960, twb convinced hais tias cov molecules yog cov tsis tshua check thiab lub neej tseem zoo unchanged. Nqa tawm nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau Karolinska lub koom haum, ib tug biochemist Lindahl (yug nyob rau hauv 1938) tau qhia hais tias cov ntau yam tsis xws luag noog nyob rau hauv lub DNA. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias yuav tsum yog tej yam ntuj tso mechanisms uas cov "kho" lub DNA molecules. Lindahl nyob rau hauv 1974 nyob ib qho enzyme uas eliminates puas cytosine ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv 1980-90s kawm, uas tau tsiv los ntawm lub sij hawm lub UK tsom yuav ua li cas lub glycosylases. Qhov no tshwj xeeb cov pab pawg neeg ntawm enzymes nqa tawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv thawj kauj ruam ntawm DNA kho. Kev tau me nyuam nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj tus txheej txheem (thiaj li hu ua "excision kho").

Tsim nyog ntawm cov xim, thiab lwm yam Laureates nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS 2015 Nobel nqi zog. Aziz Sanjar yug nyob rau hauv 1946 nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv. Nws tau txais nws kho mob degree nyob rau hauv Istanbul, ces ua hauj lwm rau ob peb lub xyoo uas nyob deb nroog cov kws kho mob. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1973, Aziz ua xav nyob rau hauv biochemistry. Tus kws tshawb fawb xav tsis thoob hais tias tus kab mob tom qab tau txais ib koob tshuaj ultraviolet hluav taws xob, cov rau lawv, sai sai rov qab los lawv lub zog, yog tias nqa tawm lub irradiation nyob rau hauv cov kob xiav ntau yam ntawm qhov pom ntau yam. Twb tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj Texas Sanjar qhia thiab cloned ib lub noob ntawm lub enzyme, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov tshem tawm ntawm lub resulting puas tsuaj los ntawm ultraviolet (photolyase). Qhov no foundations nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1970, tsis ua paj ntau nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws ntawm America, thiab tus paub txog mus rau Yale. Nws yog no hais tias nws tau piav ib tug thib ob system "kho" lub hlwb tom qab lawv tau raug ultraviolet lub teeb.

Pol Modrich (yug 1946) yug nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States (New Mexico). Nws pom ib tug los ntawm txoj kev uas tus txheej txheem ntawm cell division kho kom raug tshwm nyob rau hauv lub DNA nyob rau hauv lub fission cov txheej txheem.

Yog li ntawd, peb twb paub tias leej twg yeej lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Chemistry nyob rau hauv 2015. Peb yuav tsuas twv uas yuav sam xeeb nrog cov puav pheej nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no, nyob rau hauv 2016. Hopefully, nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze yav tom ntej rau cais tawm thiab Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb, yuav muaj tshiab Nobel Chemistry nqi zog ntawm Guj kuj.