Cycloalkanes - nws ... cycloalkanes: tau txais mis, tshuaj thiab lub zog

Cycloalkanes - yog hydrocarbons, uas nyob rau hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj ib tug raug kaw qauv. Cia peb xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tebchaw, lawv lub teb ntawm daim ntawv thov.

chav kawm ntawv nta

Yuav ua li cas yog cov cycloalkanes? Formula CnH2n chav kawm ntawv qhia ib tug tsis muaj hydrogen atoms. Qhov no qhov teeb meem no rau ob scenarios. Xwb, tus qauv yuav tsum muaj ib ob daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv lub molecule muaj xws li ib tug kaw qauv. Yuav ua li cas yog cov qauv ntawm cov cycloalkanes muaj? Formula lawv sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub thib ob cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog, lub nyob rau hauv lub molecule ntawm lub kaw qauv. Nws yog cov qauv ntawm cov tseem ntawm kev ua cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm hydrocarbons.

Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam sib txawv cycloalkane sau raws nkaus Ii muaj pes tsawg leeg C4H8? Yuav nrhiav tau cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no, nws yog tsim nyog los soj ntsuam qhov hom isomerism, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cycloalkanes. Lub ob isomers nrog lub zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg yuav muaj ib tug cyclic qauv: cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane. Xws li ib tug xaiv hu ua isomers ntawm lub sab saw.

Txij li thaum cyclo - qhov no interclass isomers ntawm unsaturated olefins yuav xav txog cov qauv ntawm tshuaj, uas yog tsim los ntawm ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus. ob lug yuav muaj nyob rau hauv cov nram no daim ntawv: butene-1 thiab butene-2. Teb rau ib lo lus nug txog ntau npaum li cas ntau cycloalkanes zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv lub npaj mis, nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog tsis tsuas cov cycloalkanes, tab sis kuj alkenes. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yuav tsum tau xa cov lus teb.

Yog li ntawd, cyclo - yog hydrocarbons, uas muaj tsawg kawg yog ob hom ntawm isomerism.

nomenclature nta

Cov npe ntawm tej cyclic hydrocarbon muaj pes tsawg leeg yog muab nyob rau hauv tag nrho raws li cov thoob ntiaj teb nomenclature. Rau bases siv ib tug carbon tooj nyob rau hauv lub kaw Circuit Court. Tom ntej no, xav txog lub atoms tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub sab saw. Piv txwv li, methylcyclopropane. Cycloalkanes - yog tebchaw nyob rau hauv uas cov pa roj carbon atoms yog SP3 hybrid lub xeev, piv rau nyeem hydrocarbons. Qhov no feature lub sij lub yooj yim txoj kev rau cov kev npaj thiab cov yam ntxwv thaj chaw ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv.

Options tau txais cycloalkanes

Yuav ua li cas kuv yuav tau cycloalkanes? Piv txwv ntawm yooj yim tshua qhia hais tias muaj ob peb xaiv rau lawv txoj kev kawm. Piv txwv li, cyclohexane yog ua los ntawm hydrogenation ntawm cov uas muaj ntxhiab benzene. Tebchaw nrog peb, plaub nplhaib carbon atoms yuav npaj los ntawm cleavage ntawm cov molecular halogen digalogenproizvodnyh alkanes. Tsis tas li ntawd cycloalkanes tau nyob rau hauv lub pyrolysis ntawm ntsev ntawm dicarboxylic organic acids. Cua sov tsis muaj cov huab cua ua rau yus mus rau tsim ntawm cyclopentane thiab cyclohexane.

tshuaj zog

Naphthenes tshuaj zog zoo xws li cov nyeem hydrocarbons. Rau lawv, lub peculiar tshuaj tiv thaiv uas halogens lub hom ntawm hloov chaw. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev naphthenes nkag mus rau hauv ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog nitric acid. Cycloalkanes resistant rau concentrated sulfuric acid. Nrog chlorosulfuric acid thiab oleum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no kuj tau: nws thiaj li tsim cov leej faj oxide (4).

Naphthenes muaj nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me ntawm 5 thiab 6 carbon atoms yog xam tau tias yog sib ruaj khov compound. Tab sis thaum raug rau ib tug bromide los yog txhuas chloride, nws yog lawv isomerization yog nrog los ntawm kev txwv los yog extension ntawm tus thawj lub voj voog.

isomerization

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub isomerization txheej txheem, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov roj twb pom ib tug ntau yam ntawm derivatives ntawm cyclopentane thiab cyclohexane, lwm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm naphthenes muaj zoo tsis tuaj kawm ntawv.

Cov txawv lwm nta ntawm ob mus xav txog lub peev xwm los tsim xws li ib tug conformation nyob rau hauv uas ib txhia carbon atoms yog qhia outwardly, thiab sab hauv lub voj. Tej kev sib txuas lus no yog hu ua intranulyarnymi, thiab cov neeg uas nyob hauv lub nplhaib, hu ua ekstranulyarnymi bonds.

Piv txwv li, rau cov nyiaj pab ntau tshaj cyclodecane paaj conformation assumed intranulyarnyh rau thiab kaum plaub ekstranulyarnyh hydrogen atoms. Qhov no implies disparity CH2 pawg, uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv ua daim ntawv cog lus lub zog, pab txoj kev tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub compound.

Rau hydrocarbons muaj 12 los yog ntau tshaj carbon atoms, yus conformational muaj. Txij li thaum nyob rau C-dawb do Rotatable, rau tej kev sib txuas yuav tsis tsum hav zoov ntawm trans thiab cis cov ntaub ntawv.

Tsiklany (naphthenes) yuav muaj ib tug tej yam ntuj tso roj rau hauv lub chav los ntawm 25 mus rau 75 feem pua. Lub quantitative cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub weighting feem. Cov roj fractions uas muaj lub siab kub taw tes, muaj ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntxhiab lug. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm naphthenes pom nyob rau hauv Emba thiab Baku roj.

Lub quantitative piv cov nuj nqis yog li 80 feem pua. Ib tug kev sib raug zoo ntawm tej yam kev crude roj thiab tis ntawm cyclo-fractions. Tsawg resistant xam tau tias yog thermodynamically monocyclic hydrocarbons uas muaj ib tug ntev sab alkyl saw. CnH2n faib ntawm hom lug yog ncaj qha txog cov kub siv nyob rau hauv lub distillation ntawm roj av.

Piv txwv li, lub monocyclic naphthenes tsis kuaj nyob rau ntau yam kub ntawm 300-350 degrees Celsius, thiab bicyclic tebchaw ploj ntawm tshaj kub qhia 400 degrees Celsius.

Cov yam ntxwv cyclopropane

C3H6 yog qhov nyuaj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm naphthenes. Qhov no gaseous tshuaj muaj negligible solubility nyob rau hauv cov dej. Ntawm cov loj tshuaj zog yam ntxwv ntawm cov organic compound cais tawm catalytic hydrogenation. Cov khoom ntawm no sis yog lub qhov kawg hydrocarbon hluav taws roj zeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cyclopropane, lwm yam zoo xws hydrocarbon, yog reacted nrog rau oxygen mus rau daim ntawv carbon dioxide, dej vapor, ib tug txaus tus nqi ntawm lub zog.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv

Yog hais tias peb los sib piv cov reflux kub ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv cycloalkanes nrog indicators, As rau alkanes muaj tib lub xov tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms, lawv yuav tsum tau me ntsis siab dua. Yog vim li cas yog lub cyclical qauv ntawm cov hoob kawm no. naphthenes ceev ntau tshaj qhov daim duab rau cov alkanes, tab sis me ntsis ua tsis tau zoo rau lub arena.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam sib txawv cycloalkanes sib haum mus rau ib tug formula, koj yuav tsum ua variations tsis tsuas isomers ntawm cyclic hom, tab sis kuj nrog lawv lub cev pob txha muaj kotorgo muaj ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm substituents nyob rau hauv lub molecule nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hydrocarbon radicals, ib tug yuav txo tau nyob rau hauv lub melting point ntawm lub cycloalkane.

Yog hais tias peb tsom xam lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm hydrocarbons, nws tseem tau mus ua zwj ceeb division tshuaj rau tebchaw nrog tsawg mus (peb los yog plaub), tus qauv (tsib, rau, xya), medium (los ntawm yim rau kaum ob), thiab loj mus (los ntawm kaum ob carbons).

Cov cheeb tsam ntawm siv

Wb tham txog dab tsi cov thawj siv cycloalkanes. Naphthenes yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Piv txwv li, cyclopropane yog ib tug narcotic tshuaj. Cyclopentane yog suav tias yog ib tug zoo hnyav, nws yog thov nyob rau hauv cov organic synthesis. Cyclohexane yog yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj synthesis tshua ntawm nylon, nylon (Polyamide fibers khaws), nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog thov mus tsim benzene. Nyeem alkanes thiab cycloalkanes muaj tsawg reactivity. Qhov tseeb yuav tau piav los ntawm tsawg polarity C-C daim ntawv cog lus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug tseem ceeb npaum li cas ntawm cycloalkanes siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam.

xaus

Mixtures ntawm ib tug neeg hydrocarbons thiab naphthenes yog siv los tsim lubricants. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm hydrocarbons tau ua kom qhov kev kawm ntawm diesel roj a. Piv txwv li, cycloalkanes additive tshuam tsub kom lub octane tooj, tsub kom viscosity, tsub kom lub combustion tshav kub ntawm lub engine. Uas yog vim li cas lub cycloalkanes tsis cais los ntawm ua kom zoo zoo uas siv roj av, thiab tawm ib feem ntawm qhov roj av feem.

Concentrates naphthenes yog siv raws li organic solvents. Cycloalkanes nrog nruab nrab molecular yuag siv nyob rau hauv ntau lawm ntawm cov khoom cua detergents. Txaus naphthenes thiab mus raws li cov roj, txij li thaum ib tug txiav txim nqi ntawm tshav kub thaum lub sij hawm lawv cov combustion.