Co: general yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau thiab alloys

Tus thawj cov ntaub ntawv uas, uas tau kawm los siv cov neeg rau lawv tus kheej xav tau kev pab - ib lub pob zeb. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, thaum tus neeg ua paub txog lub thaj chaw ntawm cov hlau, pob zeb tsiv deb rov qab. Cov tshuaj thiab lawv alloys tau ua qhov tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab khoom nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov neeg. Ntawm no, ua yam khoom hauv tsev, cov cuab yeej, ua thaj chaw. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib dab tsi yog ib tug hlau, general yam ntxwv, lub zog thiab daim ntaub ntawv uas tseemceeb heev li rau hnub no. Tom qab cia li sab nraum lub pob zeb Hnub Nyoog tau ua raws li los ntawm ib tug tag nrho galaxy ntawm hlau: tooj liab, bronze thiab hlau.

Co: general yam ntxwv

Yuav ua li cas koom siab ua ke tag nrho cov neeg ntawm cov yooj yim tshuaj? Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nws yog tus qauv ntawm cov lawv siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, hom tshuaj bonds thiab nta ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob qauv ntawm cov atom. Tom qab tag nrho, li no tus yam ntxwv lub cev thaj chaw uas underlie cov kev siv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm tus txiv neej.

Ua ntej, xav txog qhov co li tshuaj ntsiab ntawm lub periodic system. Nyob rau hauv nws lawv nyob heev dawb do, occupying 95 hlwb paub rau hnub tim 115. Muaj ntau ntau nta ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub zuag qhia tag nrho system:

• Daim Ntawv lub ntsiab pab pawg kuv thiab II pawg, raws li zoo raws li III, pib los ntawm txhuas.
• Tag nrho cov kev phiv pab pawg txhaj tsuas muaj tej co.
• Lawv nyob hauv qab no lub notional kab pheeb ces kaum ntawm boron rau astatine.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog ib qho yooj yim ua raws li, hais tias cov uas tsis yog-hlau yog sau nyob rau hauv rau sab xis ib feem ntawm lub cev, thiab tus so ntawm lub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv saib xyuas belongs rau peb hais.

Lawv tag nrho cov muaj ntau yam zoo ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob qauv ntawm cov atom:

• Qhov loj atomic voos kheej-kheej, uas lub kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub txheej electron thiab lub nucleus tsis muaj zog, yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus muab co, kuj ua kom txhob muaj cov neeg ua hauj.
• Ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheej ntawm lub zog.
• Nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg ntawm sab saum toj-down nws yog xim hlau zog ntsiab yog kho kom zoo, thiab lub sij hawm ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis, rau hauv sib piv, tsis muaj zog txaus. Yog li, feem ntau haib uas tsis yog-hlau - yog fluorine, thiab cov uas qaug zog - Fabkis.

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau thiab tsis-hlau qhia cov qauv nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv. Yog li, tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo ntawm cov thawj - steel, tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshav yog ob peb hom hais:

• ions;
• atoms;
• electrons.

Hauv lub sau tag nrho cov huab-hu ua electron cov roj, uas qhia txog tag nrho cov lub cev thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj. co nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus hom ntawm tib lub npe nrog rau lawv.

lub zog

Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tsis uas yog ua ke tag nrho cov hlau. General yam ntxwv ntawm lawv lub zog li nram qab no.

• Nws yog xim hlau ci. Nws yog tag nrho cov mej zeej ntawm lub pab pawg neeg ntawm tshuaj. Ib tug loj ib feem qhia lub teeb ntawm ib tug tib wavelength, yog li ntawd, emits ib tug mos mos dawb dawb thiab nyiaj xim. Tab sis ib co (kub, tej tooj, ntau alloys) ci daj tinge.
• Malleability thiab ductility. Qhov kev xaiv no kuj xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv cov hlau. General yam ntxwv rau ib tug muab kev zoo losis phem, txawm li cas los, yog tsis tseeb, raws li muaj yog cov mos heev, malleable thiab zas, thiab muaj nkig, machining. Qhov tseem malleable thiab zas - kub, nyiaj, tooj liab, txhuas thiab lwm tus neeg. Tsawg pliable - tin, hmoov txhuas, manganese thiab lwm tus neeg.
• Hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity. Nws cov neeg sawv cev muaj tag nrho, tsis muaj kev zam. Co yog conductors kuv zoo.
• Lub siab melting thiab kub cov ntsiab lus. Raws li qhov no feature lawv qhia nyob rau hauv refractory (kub saum toj no 1500 degrees) fusible - hauv qab no daim duab.
• Lub teeb thiab hnyav hlau nyob ntawm lawv ceev. Nws yog ib lub me me, lub me qhov atomic luj ntawm lub caij. Qhov yooj yim - yog lithium thiab hnyav - osmium.
• Hardness. Cov ntaub ntawv rau qhov ntsuas no, chrome, thaum qhov muag - Cs, nws melts nyob rau hauv koj txhais tes.

Cov tsis - qhov no yog ib tug general cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau, uas yog tag nrho hais tias lawv yog koom nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tsev neeg. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau to taub hais tias txhua txhua txoj cai muaj kev zam. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais tias cov ntsiab ntawm no zoo heev muaj ntau yam. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg kuj muaj lawv units mus rau txawv pab pawg, uas yuav tsum tau los sib tham li hauv qab no, thiab rau cov uas peb taw tes tawm tus yam ntxwv nta.

tshuaj zog

Ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm science ntawm Science News for KIDS, tag nrho cov co - yog txo. Ntxiv mus, muaj zog heev. Cov tsawg tus electrons nyob rau hauv tus txheej theem, qhov ntau dua atomic voos kheej-kheej, lub zog lub hlau ntawm lub teev parameter.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub co yuav hnov mob nrog:

• uas tsis yog-hlau;
• dej;
• acids;
• nrog alkalis (amphoteric hlau);
• oxides;
• hlau salts ntawm weaker.

Qhov no yog cia li ib tug txheej txheem cej luam ntawm lub tshuaj zog. Tom qab txhua pab pawg neeg ntawm cov ntsiab no mas tus neeg.

alkaline ntiaj teb co

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub alkaline-lub ntiaj teb co raws li nram no:

• Muaj externally ob electrons.
• Daim Ntawv ib tug thib ob pab pawg neeg ntawm lub ntsiab pab pawg ntawm cov periodic system, ib qho kev zam yog beryllium.
• Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob - qhov no yog ib cov khoom yeeb tshuaj, tsis yog tus txiav riam.
• Xim yooj yim hlau nyiaj gray, cov huab cua yog them nrog ib tug oxide zaj duab xis.
• Lawv siab reactivity yog nce los ntawm magnesium rau radium.
• Nyob rau hauv cov xwm thoob plaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog poov hlau. Nyob rau hauv lub nyuaj daim ntawv tsis tshwm sim vim siab, tiam sis tsim ib tug plurality ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg cov pob qij txha.
• Yog tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus lom. Calcium, magnesium - ib qho tseem ceeb ib txoj lw ntsiab ntawm lub cev ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj. Magnesium kuj yog ib tug ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag chlorophyll.

Yog li, lub alkaline ntiaj teb co - yog yam uas hais txog s-family, seeb siab reactivity thiab muaj zog kom txhob muaj kab mob thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb players nyob rau hauv lub lom dab nyob rau hauv lub cev.

alkali hlau

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov alkali hlau pib mus rau lawv cov npe. Nws lawv tau txais rau lawv muaj peev xwm yaj nyob rau hauv dej, txoj kev alkali - caustic hydroxides. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog dej yog heev turbulent, tej zaum nrog o. Nyob rau hauv lub dawb lub xeev nyob rau hauv cov xwm, cov tshuaj yuav tsis pom, txij li thaum lawv cov reactivity yog siab dhau heev lawm. Lawv hnov mob nrog huab cua, dej vapor, uas tsis yog-hlau, kua qaub, oxides thiab ntsev, i.e. zoo tag nrho.

Qhov no yog vim lawv siv hluav taws xob qauv. Nyob rau hauv lwm theem, ib tug electron hais tias lawv yog ib qho yooj yim mus muab tau. Qhov no yog qhov muaj zog kom txhob muaj neeg sawv cev, uas yog vim li cas kom tau lawv nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv nws coj ib tug heev lub sij hawm ntev. Qhov no yog thawj zaug ua los ntawm Gemfri Devi nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua los ntawm cov electrolysis ntawm sodium hydroxide. Tam sim no txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog muab rho tawm los ntawm cov qauv no.

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov alkali hlau yog tseem nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lawv ua li thawj pab pawg neeg ntawm lub ntsiab pab pawg neeg ntawm cov periodic system. Lawv yog cov tag nrho - ib qho tseem ceeb uas nthuav kom tau ib tug ntau ntawm cov nqi ntuj tshuaj siv los ntawm tus txiv neej.

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau d- thiab f-tsev neeg

Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li tag nrho cov neeg hais, uas yuav txawv cov degree ntawm oxidation. Qhov no txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob, cov hlau tau ua raws li ib tug oxidant, thiab ib tug txo neeg sawv cev. Tej yam zoo li zoo muaj peev xwm yuav hnov mob. Ntawm lawv, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm amphoteric tshuaj.

General npe rau tag nrho cov atoms - kev hloov ntsiab. Lawv tau txais nws rau cov uas sau zog tiag tiag yog, raws li nws twb nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, nruab nrab ntawm cov raug hlau s-tsev neeg thiab cov uas tsis yog-tsev neeg koog tsev kawm ntawv.

General yam ntxwv ntawm txoj kev hloov co yog to taub txhais zoo xws li cov zog. Lawv yog cov raws li nram no:

• ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm electrons nyob rau outermost theem;
• loj atomic voos kheej-kheej;
• ob peb degrees ntawm oxidation (+3 rau +7);
• valence electrons nyob rau hauv lub d- los yog f-sublayer;
• 4-6 ib tug loj lub sij hawm ntawm lub system.

Raws li tej yam yooj yim tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov hlau no pab pawg neeg yog heev ruaj, malleable thiab zas, yog li muaj zoo muaj nuj nqes.

Sab sub-pab pawg neeg ntawm cov periodic system

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau sab-pab pawg yog zoo tib yam li hais tias ntawm cov kev hloov. Qhov no yog vim li, vim hais tias, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog heev zoo tib yam. Cia li ib sab pab pawg ntawm lub cev yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm d- thiab f-tsev neeg, uas yog, cov kev hloov co. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav hais tias cov tswv yim - txhais.

Qhov tseem active thiab tseem ceeb uas sawv daws yuav - tus thawj series ntawm 10 cov neeg sawv cev los ntawm scandium rau zinc. Lawv tag nrho cov muaj zoo muaj qhov tseem ceeb, thiab muaj feem ntau siv los ntawm tus txiv neej, nyob rau hauv particular rau smelting.

alloys

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau thiab alloys tso cai rau peb kom peb to taub qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas nws yog tej zaum yuav siv cov tshuaj. Tej tebchaw nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo lawm undergone ib tug zoo transformation, vim hais tias cov qhib thiab tsim tshiab additives los txhim kho lawv zoo.

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub alloys rau hnub no yog:

• toog;
• duralumin;
• cam khwb cia hlau;
• steel;
• bronze;
• yeej;
• Nichrome, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Yuav ua li cas yog fusion? Qhov no hlau sib tov tau nyob rau hauv lub smelting cub tawg tas tshwj xeeb pab kiag li lawm. Qhov no yog ua nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau ib yam khoom superior rau lub thaj chaw ntawm ntshiab tshuaj, nws generators.

Kev sib piv ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm cov hlau thiab nonmetals

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov kev zog, qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov hlau thiab tsis-hlau yuav txawv ib qhov tseem ceeb heev point: rau lub tom kawg yuav tsis tau paub zoo sib xws, raws li lawv yog sib txawv heev nyob rau hauv cov khoom tshaaj los ntawm ob lub cev thiab tshuaj.

Yog li ntawd, los tsim xws li ib tug teb tsis tau rau uas tsis yog-hlau. Peb yuav tsuas xav txog nyias tus neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua pab pawg neeg thiab piav qhia txog lawv lub zog.