TsimScience

Yuav ua li cas yog valence electrons?

Physics thiab Science News for KIDS xib fwb nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv yog zoo dua lub npe hu hais tias nws yog yooj yim npaum li mus piav qhia txog tej lub ntsiab lus los ntawm resorting rau analogies los yog siv cov approximate piv txwv, piav qhia txog lub "ntiv tes". Txawm tias qhov kev piav qhia muab tsis tau tag nrho raws li cov txheej txheem qauv, txawm li cas los, qhov no mus kom ze yog yielding tau. Qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv atomic physics.

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj yog tus yooj yim los mus piav qhia, yog tias koj siv lub hom phiaj ntawm atomic qauv, npaj nyob rau hauv 1911 los ntawm cov lus Askiv physicist E. Rutherford. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nws qauv yog muaj tseeb xwb nyob rau hauv ib feem, uas yog txaus rau qhov kev nkag ntawm lub dab noj qhov chaw. Niaj hnub no peb yuav tham txog dab tsi yog qhov valence electrons thiab dab tsi yog lawv kev sib raug zoo nrog lub zog ntawm cov khoom raug kawm. Tiam sis ua ntej, cia peb nco ntsoov lub planetary qauv ntawm atomic qauv.

Rutherford txiav txim hais tias tus atom yog tsis indivisible particle, raws li yav tas los xav tias, tab sis muaj ib tug nyuaj cov tub ntxhais nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab electrons yam nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Cov hluav taws xob them nyiaj ntawm nuclei zoo (+) thiab cov electrons nyob rau hauv lem, tsis zoo (-). Yim xyoo tom qab ntawv ntawm nws kev tshawb xav ntawm atomic qauv, Rutherford muaj peev xwm mus siv ib tug tshwj xeeb, thaum lub sij hawm, cov kev - hloov nitrogen rau hauv cov pa. Lub xyaum ua tej yam muaj nyob rau hauv "bombed" los ntawm alpha hais nitrogen atoms. Tom qab kev sib tsoo tsim oxygen atom thiab "ntxiv" particle muaj zoo xwb, tom qab hu ua proton.

Ziag nrhiav tiav lawm daim ntawv cov tub ntxhais no muaj xws li protons, siv magnetic rog tuav electrons rau orbits. Txij li thaum lub atom yog electrically nruab nrab, thiab cov proton thiab electron yog twv, lawv tag nrho cov nyiaj sib npaug zos. . Nyob rau hauv 1932, physicist J. Chadwick pom tias nyob rau hauv lub nucleus dhau li ntawm tus protons yog hais uas tsis muaj them nyiaj - neutrons. Nws yog lawv uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau qhov loj. Nyob rau hauv lub electron zog, tej zaum nws yuav tsum tau nyob ntawm txawv deb ntawm lub nucleus. Valence electrons - cov no yog tsis zoo them hais tias:

  • Lawv nyob rau siab kawg deb ntawm lub nucleus, nyob rau hauv txheej orbits;
  • yuav nrog neighboring atoms.

Nyob rau hauv lub sis yog tsim nyog los nkag siab txog lub sij hawm rau tawm hauv lawv atomic orbit los yog hloov cov trajectory ntawm cov lus tsa suab.

Txiav txim los ntawm cov valence electrons yog heev yooj yim - nyob rau periodic rooj. Rau qhov yooj yim hais (tsuas yog tej pab pawg, txij li thaum muaj kev zam) kev mob yog muaj tseeb: lub siab tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm valence electrons sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub pab pawg neeg tooj nyob rau hauv uas lub caij yog analyzed. Atom muaj ib tug loj theoretical tooj ntawm xws li hais, tsis kam xa lawv mus rau lwm atoms, txawm li cas los ib tug oxidizer (yuav siv sij hawm cov uas ploj lawm). Conversely, rau ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus pab pawg neeg nkag valence electrons yuav muab lub caij, nkag mus rau hauv kev koom tes. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb yuav tham txog kom txhob muaj neeg saib xyuas los yog atom pub.

Valence electrons yog ncaj qha nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm lub atom. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los ntawm cov sab nraum mus muab ntxiv zog (hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib qho zoo siab heev lub xeev), cov valence orbits ntawm tus hais yuav muaj ntau.

Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub valence ntaub ntawv tso cai rau lawv los mus siv nyob rau hauv kev kwv yees txog no. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj lom qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev siv ntawm electrolytes xws hais tias yog muaj peev xwm muab thiab tau txais electrons. Nruab nrab cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav puas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus xav txog tej yam hais tias yog tag nrho cov txheej electron plhaub ntawm lub atom sau, ces lub caij yog sib nruab nrab thiab tsis hnov mob nrog rau lwm cov atoms (los yog tus sis quab yuam yog li ntawd negligible hais tias nws yuav tsis saib tsis xyuas). Ib tug piv txwv ntawm no - inert gases.

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