Biology. Systematic Group nyuaj

Txawv taxonomic pawg ntawm tej yam yooj yim (duab ntawm ib co kab mob uas hais nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm) ua ke ib leeg-celled tsiaj, teej tug mus rau cov pab pawg neeg ntawm eukaryotes. Los ntawm tag nrho lwm yam eukaryotes, lawv txawv nyob rau hauv hais tias lawv feem ntau muaj xws li tsuas muaj ib zaug xwb cell, txawm hais tias tej zaum yuav muaj ob peb. Li ntawd, cov cellular theem ntawm lub koom haum yog muaj lub siab tshaj plaws. Rau taxonomic pawg tsuas tsis muaj xws li tus kab mob no uas tsis tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau. Yuav luag tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev yog me me nyob rau hauv loj.

morphological thiab physiological yam ntxwv

Raws li lawv theem uas lawv yog cov sib txawv morphological thiab physiological ntau yam zoo. Piv txwv li, ib tug kuj yooj yim qauv amoeba (lawv tsis tau txawv organelles yuav txo tau, tsab ntawv tsa suab capture thiab lwm yam khoom noj khoom haus.). Thiab yog hais tias peb tham txog cov ciliates, lawv lub koom haum no kuj yog complex. Cov no muaj nto pellikulyarnye nyuaj qauv, thiab siv contractile fibrils, raws li zoo raws li organelles ntawm cov lus tsa suab, kev tiv thaiv, khoom noj khoom haus capture thiab t. D.). Tag nrho taxonomic pawg protozoa yog yus muaj los ntawm ib yam ntawm cov cellular ultrastructure, raws li zoo raws li cov hom phiaj kev organelles: lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria. Cov tub ntxhais ntawm lawv dvuhmembrannoy surrounded los ntawm ib tug plhaub, nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov pores. Nws muaj nucleoli, karyoplasm thiab chromosomes (feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv lub interphase nucleus lawv despiralizovany).

tooj ntawm hom

Rau hnub tim, lub loj taxonomic pawg kawm protozoa. Muaj txog 25-30 txhiab ntawm tsiaj. Thiab nws tsuas yog cov neeg uas tau nrhiav tau los ntawm kws tshawb fawb. Tus nab npawb ntawm lawm tab cia li yuav tsum tau ntau tshaj ib tug ob peb lub sij hawm, vim hais tias lawv tsis soj ntsuam vim kev teeb meem thiab lawv me me luaj li cas. Pua pua ntawm cov tshiab hom ntawm protozoa yog piav txhua txhua xyoo. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog muab faib ua tsib kawm: knidosporidii, ciliates, sporozoans, flagellates thiab sarkodovyh. Comparative yam ntxwv ntawm elementary systematic pawg tso cai rau xaiv lawv cov yam ntxwv nta. Nyob rau ntau yam ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Protozoa yog heev nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Lawv nyob ib tug tseem ceeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov saw, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub biosphere raws li ib tug tag nrho. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv (ciliates, radiolarians, flagellates) yog ib feem ntawm marine plankton. Sai txawj, lawv feem ntau mus txog ib tug loj tus naj npawb. Cov kab mob - ib tug tseem ceeb feem ntawm cov khoom noj ntawm marine zooplankton, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog copepods. Feem ntau qhov nyuaj (ciliates, foraminifera) yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub marine benthos, uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub intertidal tsam mus rau ib tug zoo heev tob. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm kab mob yog ib tug benthic dej tsis qab ntsev ib feem thiab plankton. Hom muaj pes tsawg leeg nyuaj nyob rau hauv cov dej tshiab, - zaub saprobity, i.e. dej muaj kuab paug los ntawm organic tshuaj. Khoom noj khoom haus uas muaj ntau ntses kab, xws li nuv ntses, yog ib co ntawm cov simplest, feem ntau ciliates.

cab hom

Qhov no systematic pab pawg neeg ntawm protozoa yog heev heev heev. Nkaus li ntawm ob chav kawm ntawm cab - knidosporidii thiab sporozoans. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb nrog cov protozoa yog neeg cab, coj mus muag thiab domestic tsiaj, cov ntses thiab noog. Rau lawv ua rau tib neeg cov kab mob xws li giardiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, malaria. Qhov loj tshaj plaws rau nyuj yog cov kab mob uas ua rau cov ntshav cab - trypanosomiasis, theileriosis piroplasmoses.

Qhov no systematic pab pawg neeg tsuas thov ib tug ntau ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab nqaij qaib (coccidiosis). Ntawm protozoal kab mob nyob rau hauv cov ntses ua liaj ua teb raug kev txom mas hluas coj mus muag ntses. Nyob rau hauv kev, Ichthyophthirius, cab ciliate (pictured saum toj no) yuav ua rau tus tuag ntawm Fry. Nyob rau hauv loj ib feem knidosporidii chav kawm ntawv muaj ntses cab thiab pab tau kab - silkworms thiab muv. Niaj hnub no, tsim txoj kev ntawm kev siv cov yooj yim, namely, microsporidia, rau combating kab tsuag. Pheej tau tau nyob rau hauv no cov kev taw qhia.

marine protozoa

Qhov no systematic pab pawg neeg nyuaj ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm sedimentary pob zeb. Qhov no siv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog radiolarians thiab foraminifera. Muaj ntau chalky deposits, limestones thiab lwm yam sedimentary pob zeb tsim nyob txawv geological lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub seabed reservoirs, cov los yog tag nrho tsim skeletons (siliceous los yog calcareous) fossil protozoa. Micropaleontological tsom xam yog li ntawd nqa tawm ntawm geological num, tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv cov roj tshawb kawm.

Siv kuaj xyaum

Nyob rau hauv laboratory xyaum lug siv ntau hom protozoa (ciliates, amoeba) rau biophysical kev tshawb fawb, kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic thiab cytological teeb meem. Txheej txheem kuaj mus kuaj yog zoo tsim. Protistology - yog science uas tseem ua hauj lwm nrog cov kev kawm txog cov nyuaj.

microanatomy

Nws yog ib tug qauv ntawm ib tug cell yog lub simplest, nyob feem nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm ib tug tsiaj, raws li zoo raws li nws cov physiological txhia. Nco ntsoov tias muaj ib txwm ib los yog ntau tshaj cores surrounded los ntawm ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim nyias nyias. Qhov no xaus tau tso cai zaum yuav ua rau tus comparative tsom xam ntawm systematic pawg protozoa. Nyob rau hauv lub nucleus yog chromosomes. Lawv obligatory muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho txhua hom kuj pab txheeb xyuas cov piv yam ntxwv ntawm taxa protozoa. Photo ciliates yog hais hauv qab no.

Nucleus ciliates feem ntau poob mus rau hauv ob hom: ib los yog ntau tshaj micronuclei me me thiab ib tug loj macronucleus. Hlwb los ntawm ib co ntawm cov nyuaj multi-core. Major taxonomic pawg yog yus muaj los ntawm qhov kuaj ntawm vacuoles protozoa. Qhov no qhov chaw yog cais los ntawm tus so ntawm lub cytoplasm membrane. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv cov nta thiab loj. Vacuoles muaj cov khoom mus zom cov zaub mov, thiab kuj yuav tsub zuj zuj thiab pov tseg ntawm cov khoom thiab kua cov khoom ntawm metabolism. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv yuav siv tau rau cov kev sib hais haum ntawm algae, uas muab cov tswv, uas yog qhov nyuaj kab mob photosynthesize organic. Lub vacuoles thiab cytoplasm ntawm ib co hom muaj xim granules. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv cov qauv faib plastids - intracellular tshwj xeeb lug uas muaj pigments txuam nrog qhov kev siv ntawm photosynthesis. Lawv tus xov tooj thiab zoo yog nyob ntawm seb hom, uas yog, mus rau lub kev faib kev. Nyob rau hauv tej yam yooj yim txheej membrane pov tseg ekstrusomy, "shooting" organelle. Qhov no, piv txwv li, mukotsisty secreting hnoos qeev thiab trichocysts, emitting nyias filament. Tej zaum lawv pab los tiv thaiv. Peb tsuas ua tau raws li flagella. Nyob ntawm seb lub hom lawv yuav ua tau los ntawm ib tug kom ntau. Qhov no xov zoo li locomotor organelles nrog ib tug complex system ntawm Internal longitudinal microtubules. Raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm kev ua hauj lwm thiab nws cov qauv, lawv txawv ho los ntawm lub flagella ntawm cov kab mob. Nyob rau hauv kev, lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm flagellates. Wb hais ob peb lo lus txog lawv nyias.

Flagellate flagella siv los tsim dej tsaws ntxhee thiab / los yog locomotion, yog li ntawd lawv tau zaub mov. Qhov no systematic nyuaj pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li ib tug plurality ntawm zoo li cab thiab dawb-nyob cov ntaub ntawv thiab symbionts ntawm cov tsiaj. Muaj ib-celled polienergidnye monoenergidnye thiab daim ntawv no, raws li zoo raws li multicellular thiab colonial. Rau flagellates nyob rau hauv kev muaj ib tug ib txwm mus osmotrofnomu kev noj haus thiab me me luaj li cas lub hlwb. Txawm hais tias muaj nyob rau hauv lawv fagotrofnye loj heev cov ntaub ntawv.

Cilia flagella li, tab sis yog luv luv thiab yeej ib txwm tsim ib tug lej ceg rau ib tug cell thiab koom ua hauj lwm. Lub faib qauv ntawm lub cilia rau ntawm qhov chaw - ib tug tseem ceeb kos npe rau ntawm kev faib muaj feem xyuam rau cov taxonomic pawg ntawm protozoa.

Tsis txhob kho lawv crustaceans, txawm li cas los, ib co neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov nyuaj them mineralized los yog organic teev los yog tus neeg zoo li ntawm zoo li, sib txawv nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev teeb tsa. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv yuav ua tau nyuaj intracellular cev pob txha, uas feem ntau yog ib tug complex lattice qauv.

khoom noj khoom haus

Nrog kev xav txog cov physiology, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no taxonomic pab pawg neeg yog tog twg los autotrophs (uas yog, lawv photosynthesize organic) los yog heterotrophs (nqus nws los ntawm qhov ib puag ncig) los yog mixotrophy (siv cov saum toj no ob txoj kev rau lub hwj chim). Heterotrophs yuav nqus tau nto hlwb solutes. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lawv hu ua osmotrofami. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv muaj peev xwm nqos zaub mov los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm mechanisms, thiab ces lawv hu ua fagotrofami. Khoom noj khoom haus fagotrofov tej zaum yuav muaj lwm yam kab mob. Nyob rau hauv kev, lawv yuav noj lwm yam protozoa. Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntes nws lawv rau siab ntso nrhiav prey.

qee

Los ntawm cov cell mus rau hauv lub sab nraud nruab nrab pauv khoom khoom muab tau los siv fusion vacuoles muaj lawv, nrog rau cov txheej membrane. Nws tej zaum tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib saab feem thereof (tsitoprokte, cell poroshitse). Contractile vacuoles koom pumped tawm lub dhau heev lawm dej thiab metabolic pov tseg yaj nyob rau hauv nws.

ua tsis taus pa

Characterization taxonomic pawg protozoa tej zaum yuav supplemented los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm respiration. Nws yuav tsum yog cov pa-dawb (co) thiab yuav tsum tau cov pa ib puag ncig uas yog aerobic. Pa rau lub obligate anaerobes yog teeb meem, thiab lawv tuag nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw nplua nuj nyob rau hauv lawv. Ib txhia tsiaj nyob rau hauv dej yeej, cov neeg pluag lawv, lawv ua pa ntawm symbiotic cov kab mob. Yog li tus nqi uas tus txheej txheem no tshwm sim yog ncaj qha proportional rau kub thiab nyob ntawm seb yam ntawm metabolizable substrate, i.e. cleavable molecules, raws li zoo raws li taxonomic pab pawg neeg.

tu tub tu kiv

Hauj lwm systematic pawg tsuas ua kom tiav tu tub tu kiv yam ntxwv. Lawv yuav muaj me tub asexually. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub cell yog muab faib mus rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm subsidiaries. Txawm li cas los, tej zaum lawv yuav nqa tawm no thiab kev sib deev, nrog rau kev koom tes los ntawm ob lub hlwb. Cov kev yog tej zaum alternated nyob ntawm dab tsi theem lub neej voj voog. Kab hlwb (xa mus rau raws li gametes) hauj lwm ua ke nyob rau hauv kev sib deev tu tub tu kiv los yog cov cai ib ntus kev twb kev txuas (conjugation) ob pa hlwb, uas leads mus rau ib pauv ntawm cov roj ntsha khoom therebetween. Yog hais tias cov phiajcim gametes externally yuav luag zoo tib yam, peb yuav sib tham txog isogamy. Yog hais tias ib tug ntawm lawv qhov luaj li cas yog loj npaum li cas, hais txog anisogamy.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, peb tsuas piav me ntsis txog kev siv systematic neeg ntawm cov nyuaj. Biology - cov kev kawm, kev kawm uas koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tshiab. Peb ob lub qhov muag yog tsis tau paub qhov txawv micro-kab, tab sis science pub rau peb saib lawv. Ua ntej peb yuav tshwm sim worlds. Piv txwv ntawm cov no yog cov ntau yam systematic pawg ntawm protozoa. Rhizomes, sporozoans, ciliates, flagellates thiab lwm yam kab mob yog heev nthuav nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects.