Me nyuam rho tawm: Txhais, Ua. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua me nyuam rho tawm: piv txwv

Thaum panmiktichnyh kab mob (kev sib deev me nyuam) yam - ib tug txheej ntawm cov kab mob no yog zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho ntau yam ntawm tej yeeb yam uas yuav dawb do hybridize tsim fertile offspring. Lub tswvyim ntawm rwb thaiv tsev yog siv nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm microevolution, los yog, raws li nws yog hu ua, - speciation. Me nyuam rho tawm pib cov txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm tshiab hom thiab finishes nws. Tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua yam ntaub ntawv ntawm no phenomenon yuav ua rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab zoo, raws li tsis yog txhua rwb thaiv tsev ua rau qhov kawg dissociation deev coob.

Cais mechanisms nyob rau hauv evolution

Cov tib neeg nyob rau hauv ib hom muaj ntau pawg - coob. Nws yog cov pejxeem li ib chav tsev ntawm microevolution pab raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas rau cov tsim ntawm tshiab hom, cov los ntawm cov hlob. Tsis pub dhau hom ntawm coob ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom exchanged thaum lub sij hawm tu tub tu kiv txheej txheem. Yuav ua li cas yog hu ua tus me nyuam muaj peev xwm ntawm lub cev. Thaum twg, txawm yog vim li cas, qhov no pauv ntawm coob nyob rau hauv ib hom yog tsuas yog siv los yeej ua kiag hais tias ib tug me nyuam rho tawm. Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm no evolutionary mechanism yog los xyuas kom meej tias cov neeg uas sib txawv coob tsis tau tsim offspring. Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab zoo - ib cov saw ntawm ntau hom ntawm kev ua me nyuam rho tawm, hloov los yog overlapping, ua lub division ntawm cov pejxeem irreversible.

Me nyuam rho tawm: kev faib

Muaj ntau ntau lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub sib faib ntawm tsiaj coob cais. Ntau yam kev yog npaum li cas raws li qhov yooj yim feature impart ib co tsis meej pem qhov teeb meem. Cia peb raws li ib lub hauv paus uas ua me nyuam rho tawm raws li ib tug mus tas txwv panmixia (free hla) - qhov no yog qhov dhau theem, qhov kawg speciation. Proponents ntawm no saib ntawm lub rho tawm ntawm hom-tau paub tias yuav evolutionary biologists FG Dobzhansky (1900-1975 gg.) Thiab E. Mayr (1904-2005 gg.). Mechanisms ntawm kev ua me nyuam rho tawm nyob rau hauv no mus kom ze yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv peb pab neeg:

• spatial sib cais (thaj);
• tej rwb thaiv tsev (tiv thaiv mechanisms);
• kom me nyuam mechanism muaj dokopulyatsioinnye (tsim zygotes) thiab poslekopulyatsionnye (pairing tshwm sim, tab sis lub qe yog fertilized los yog tsis, los yog tuag, los yog muaj menyuam tsis taus hybrids) obstacles.

Thaum twg mechanism tiav panmixia txwv: tag nrho los yog ib nrab. Luv luv, nyob rau hauv txhua pab pawg neeg yuav xav txog ntaub ntawv ntawm cov me nyuam rho tawm. Piv txwv illustrating lawv yuav pab kom to taub lub essence ntawm no los yog tias daim ntawv no.

Spatial rho tawm ntawm coob mechanisms

rho tawm mechanism uas txuam nrog rau ntau yam struts hloov (tshwm sim ntawm teeb meem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ridges los yog dej) los yog los ntawm hauv nyob rau hauv loj qhov chaw ntawm lub daim ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua txhaum cai ntawm noob flow ntawm lub cais coob tshwm sim me nyuam rho tawm. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu piv txwv ntawm no phenomenon rau tshiab hom tsiaj yuav muab suav hais tias kob creepers Galapagos, uas ua ib tug ntawm cov piv txwv rau Darwin "Keeb kwm of Species los ntawm Txhais tau tias kev Ntuj Xaiv." Los yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov kob xiav magpie, ib tug pej xeem hais tias nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, thiab lwm yam - nyob rau hauv Spain.

Environmental rho tawm mechanisms

Cov ua me nyuam rho tawm ntawm no hom yog txuam nrog rau qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv coob ntawm yug me nyuam rau tej yam kev mob ntawm ib hom nyob symmetrically, uas yog nyob rau hauv tib cheeb tsam. Piv txwv li, yuav nteg qe los yog flowering lub caij tsis coincide. Nyob rau hauv California ntug dej hiav txwv symmetrically muaj ob hom ntawm cov ntoo thuv ntoo: ib hom ntawm pollen da dej nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj, thiab lwm - nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis. Khaub ecological rho tawm tau los ua lawv tu tub tu kiv. QAUV me nyuam rho tawm, tiam sis nws tshwm sim vim qhov sib txawv nog databases qhia peb hom Antarctic cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj uas tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug phylogenetic txwv zeej txwv koob. Foob Veddelya noj xwb ntses, hiav txwv tsov txaij - penguins thiab cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, thiab Ross foob - cephalopods.

Dokopulyatsionnye ntaub ntawv ntawm cov me nyuam rho tawm

Neeg kho tshuab rho tawm - tsis muaj tshwm sim ntawm pairing tshwm sim los ntawm qhov sib txawv qauv ntawm cov kev ua me nyuam kabmob los yog copulative. Piv txwv li, sib txawv ntawm cov sage muaj ntau lub paj zoo thiab yog pollinated los ntawm lwm yam muv. Cov tib correlation ntawm orchids thiab hummingbirds. Interspecies pos yoov Drosophila ua rau raug mob los yog kev tuag ntawm ib tug khub.

Ethological rho tawm - tsis pairing vim sib txawv nyob rau hauv kev sib deev tus cwj pwm (nyob rau hauv courtship, hu nkauj, seev cev, luminescence los yog pheromones sib txawv). Piv txwv li, zoo txog hom fireflies ntawm pab poj niam mating txawv flashing (uas ua zaus thiab ntev). Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj tej zaum yuav tau hais nyob rau hauv qhov ntsiab lus teb, lub hom-kev zaj nkauj ntawm sparrows thiab qav. Thiab nyob rau lub mating rituals ntawm cov noog paub txhua yam.

Gametic rho tawm - tsis muaj kev sis raug zoo ntawm gametes los yog gamete tuag. Lub hav zoov ntawm no hom ntawm rwb thaiv tsev yog muaj pov thawj experimentally. Piv txwv li, ob hom ntawm hiav txwv urchins nrog lwm fertilization hla American geneticists thiab Denis Brachet. Qe yog fertilized tab sis lub embryo tuag nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm gastrulation.

Poslekopulyatsionnye ntaub ntawv ntawm cov me nyuam rho tawm

Qhov no yog hais txog qhov uas tsis yog-nqi ntawm ib tug fertilized qe thiab kev tuag ntawm ib tug embryo nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm ontogeny. Los yog txoj kev tuag ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab (los yog tib neeg) mus cuag kev sib deev kom loj hlob. Heev ze rau lub tswvyim ntawm gametic rho tawm.

Lub sterility ntawm hybrid cov tsiaj

Feem ntau ntawm cov tsiaj dim interspecific hybrids yog muaj menyuam tsis taus, xws li tsis muaj peev xwm yuav tsim offspring. Qhov kos tej zaum yuav semisterile hybrids. Lub mechanism ntawm no phenomenon yog heev, raws li nyob rau hauv lub noob, chromosome los yog cytological yog vim li cas. Ntawm no yog cov piv txwv xwb uas interspecific hybrids, uas yog lub npe hu mus rau tag nrho.

Hybrid ntawm ib tug nees luav thiab ib tug maum - zag. Nws yog loj dua ib tug nees luav thiab me dua ib tug nees, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj cov tsiaj yooj yim. Hybrids zoo txog subspecies dev thiab hma (volkosob, poluvolk) tau tsim ib tug flair thiab endurance dua pa aub. Muaj ntau thoob dej yug ntses ntses - hybrid ntaub ntawv (muaj yeeb yuj Aulonocara). Lawv yog cov zoo nkauj, loj tshaj niam txiv cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis thaum koj yuav tau yuav tsum qhia kom meej rau keeb kwm ntawm cov ntses, txwv tsis pub koj yuav tsis txhob tos offspring. Sawv daws yeej paub hais tias cov noob ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag (txiv lws suav, dib), cim nrog ib tug F-1, - ib tug hybrid daim ntawv. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj sab laug rau noob.