Lub essence ntawm cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj tshuaj (tshuaj)

Science News for KIDS - qhov kev kawm ntawm yam, lawv ntaus ntawv, lawv lub zog thiab transformations, peb tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tshua, nyob rau hauv uas lub hauv paus nteg los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Science News for KIDS. Tag nrho cov kev Science News for KIDS rests on 4 yuav tsum muaj kev cai, ntau yam uas tau qhib Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb. Tab sis nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav tsom ntsoov rau cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj tshuaj, uas yog ib feem ntawm qhov yooj yim cov kev cai ntawm Science News for KIDS.

Cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj ntawm qhov teeb meem yuav los sib tham nyob rau hauv kom meej. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov kev cai lij choj, nws cov essence thiab Cheebtsam yuav tsum tau piav.

Cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj tshuaj (tshuaj): cov lus

Pawg tshuaj yuav nkag mus kawm rau hauv ib lub tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog sib npaug zos rau cov loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas ua los ntawm nws.

Tab sis rov qab mus rau zaj dab neeg. Ntau tshaj 20 centuries dhau los Greek philosopher Demokrit assumed tias tag nrho cov teeb meem yog pom hais. веке химик английского происхождения Роберт Бойль выдвинул теорию: вся материя построена из мельчайших частиц вещества. Thiab xwb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVII chemist English keeb kwm Robert Boyle npaj lub hom phiaj: tag nrho cov teeb meem ua tau los ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws hais txog yam teeb meem. Boyle ua thwmsim nrog cov hlau, cua sov nws mus rau thaum tshav kub kub. Nws tiv kev txom nyem cov hlab ntsha ua ntej thiab tom qab cov cua kub, thiab pom tias qhov nyhav zog. Hlawv cov ntoo muab cov lus rov nyhuv - tiv kev txom nyem tsawg tshauv ntoo.

niaj hnub yav dhau

Cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj tshuaj (tshuaj) tso cai paub txog kev koom ua ke nyob rau hauv 1748 MV Lomonosov, thiab nyob rau hauv 1756 pom eksperimentnym txoj kev. Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij coj pov thawj. Yog hais tias thaum tshav kub kub kaw tsiav tshuaj tiv kev txom nyem tin tsiav tshuaj thiab cov cua kub, thiab ces tom qab, nws yuav cuab kev loj kev txuag txoj cai tshuaj (tshuaj). Cov hais qhia paub txog Lomonosov, zoo heev rau cov niaj hnub. Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij tau ua ib tug undeniable pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub atomic-molecular kev tshawb xav. Nws koom rau hauv txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj tshuaj (tshuaj) rau kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm lub zog. Tus tam sim no tej lus qhuab qhia tseem hais ntxiv rau hauv lub convictions. Tsuas yog peb caug xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1789, tus paub txog Lavoisier ntawm Fabkis paub tseeb hais tias cov Lomonosov kev tshawb xav. Tab sis hais tias yog ib tug xam. Cai lij choj, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua (pib), tom qab 10 xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm tus German tus paub txog G. Landolt.

piv txwv ntawm thwmsim

Xav txog tej yam uas yuav ua pov thawj raws li txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj tshuaj (tshuaj). piv txwv:

1. Lub nkoj qab thus twb muab tso liab phosphorus, npog nruj nreem stoppered thiab tiv kev txom nyem. Thaum tshav kub kub tshaj tsawg tshav kub. Cov tsim ntawm dawb pa luam yeeb (phosphorus oxide) hais tias muaj yog ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Reweighed thiab paub tseeb tias tus luj ntawm lub ntsha nrog lub tau yam khoom uas yog tsis tau hloov. Cov kab zauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: 4F + 3O2 = 2R2O3.
2. Siv ob hlab ntsha Landolt. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm lawv ua tib zoo thiaj li tsis mus sib tov, ncuav reagents ua nitrate thiab poov tshuaj iodide. Nyob rau hauv lwm txog ntsha muab poov tshuaj thiocyanate thiab ferric chloride. Twb kaw kom ntom. Lub yias yuav tsum balanced. Tov lub txheem ntawm txhua lub hwj. Nyob rau hauv ib daj precipitate twb tsim - ib tug ua iodide, thiocyanate tau nyob rau hauv lwm hlau tsaus xim liab. Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm tshiab tshuaj nplai tshuav nyiaj li cas.
3. Zazhzhom ib tug tswm ciab, thiab muab tso rau hauv ib lub taub ntim. Hermetically kaw lub thawv. Ntawm no yog cov teev rau hauv seem. Thaum ib lub taub ntim finish huab cua, lub tswm ciab tuag lawm, cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua kom tiav. Dos yog kuas, yog li tus luj ntawm lub reactants thiab tib luj ntawm lub tebchaw tsim.
4. Kos ib tug ntau kev kawm txawj thiab kev xav txog cov piv txwv ntawm cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj tshuaj (tshuaj). Formula calcium chloride - CaCl2, thiab sulfate acid - H2SO4. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj, ib tug dawb precipitate - calcium sulfate (CaSO4), thiab hydrochloric acid (HCl). Rau cov xyaum ua tej yam, peb yuav tsum tau lub scale thiab cov hlab Landolt. Heev ua tib zoo ncuav rau hauv ib tug txog ntsha ntawm calcium chloride thiab acid sulphate, tsis muaj nws lawv, nruj nreem stoppered. Peb luj nyob rau hauv lub tshuav nyiaj li cas. Ces sib tov lub reagents, thiab tsom kwm hais tias cov dawb precipitate (calcium sulfate). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias hais tias muaj yog ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Dua luj txog ntsha. Nyhav tseem nyob zoo li qub. Cov kab zauv rau no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav zoo li no: CaCl2 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + 2HCl.

ntsiab

Lub ntsiab aim ntawm qhov kev tshuaj tshua uas zom molecules nyob rau hauv tib yam thiab tom qab tshiab molecules ntawm lub substance. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus naj npawb ntawm atoms ntawm txhua yam khoom uas los sis thiab tom qab tseem unchanged. Thaum lub tsim ntawm tshiab tshuaj, lub zog yog tso tawm, thiab thaum twg lawv ua txhaum li nrog nws cov haum, tam sim no nquag ua hauj lwm, uas manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov haum los yog kev tso tawm ntawm tshav kub. Thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub molecule precursors - reagents phua rau hauv atoms uas yog ces tau los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Atoms lawv tus kheej nyob twj ywm unchanged.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav kav rau centuries, thiab muaj peev xwm tshwm sim sai heev. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm tshuaj cov khoom tsim nyog los paub tus nqi ntawm tshwm sim ntawm ib tug kev tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, haum los yog tso nws kis tau tus kub uas yog tsim nyog siab, npaum li cas ntawm reactants thiab catalysts. Catalysts - me me yuag tshuaj, tsis koom nrog nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tiam sis ho rau nws ceev.

Yuav ua li cas sau ntawv rau lub tshuaj kab zauv

Paub txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj tshuaj (tshuaj), nws yog ua tau kom to taub yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau cov tshuaj sib npaug.

1. Peb yuav tsum paub cov mis ntawm lub reactants nkag mus rau hauv ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab mis khoom tau nyob rau hauv nws tshwm sim.
2. Poob sau mis reagents, nruab nrab ntawm uas yog muab tso rau hauv lub "+" thiab txoj cai - cov mis lub resulting khoom uas tus kos npe rau "+" therebetween. Nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov reactants thiab lub resulting khoom yog muab tso rau kos npe rau "=" los yog cov xub.
3. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov atoms ntawm tag nrho cov Cheebtsam ntawm lub reactants yuav tsum sib npaug rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov khoom atoms. Yog li ntawd, lub coefficients yog xam, uas yog muab tso rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov qauv.
4. Tsis txhob txav mus rau lub qauv ntawm sab laug sab ntawm lub kab zauv rau sab xis los yog rearrange lawv.

Tus nqi ntawm cov kev cai lij choj

Cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj tshuaj (tshuaj) ua rau nws tau los tsim ib qho kev nthuav kev kawm raws li ib tug science. Nrhiav seb vim li cas.

• Great tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj nyob rau hauv tshuaj uas nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov tshuaj ua teb rau qhov kev lag luam. Xav tias koj xav tau ib tug 9 kg ntawm tooj liab sulfide. Peb paub tias tooj liab thiab leej faj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau ib tug luj ratio ntawm 2: 1. Raws li txoj kev cai no, cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tooj liab luj ntawm 1 kg thiab 2 kg ntawm cov leej faj yog tau tooj liab sulfide uas 3 kg. Raws li peb yuav tsum tau tooj liab sulfide luj ntawm 9 kg, piv txwv li 3 lub sij hawm ntau, thiab reagents xav tau 3 lub sij hawm ntau. Qhov ntawd yog 6 kg tooj liab thiab 3 kg ntawm sulfur.
• Opportunity mus ua qhov tseeb yog tshuaj kab zauv.

xaus

Tom qab nyeem ntawv no tsab xov xwm yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj lus nug txog lub essence ntawm cov kev cai lij choj ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm nws foundations, uas, incidentally, muab kev koom tes peb nto moo compatriot, tus paub txog MV Lomonosov. Uas rov qhia zoo npaum li cas yog lub hwj chim otchestvennoy science. Nws kuj los ua tseeb tseem ceeb ntawm lub foundations ntawm txoj kev cai no thiab nws cov ntsiab lus. Thiab cov neeg uas tsis paub yuav ua li cas sau ntawv tshuaj sib npaug hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tom qab nyeem ntawv hauv tsab xov xwm, yuav tau kawm los yog nco ntsoov yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau nws.