Kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai phenomenon thiab pedagogical txheej txheem

Saib kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug sociocultural phenomenon yuav ua tau ntawm tus saib hais tias tus txheej txheem no tau raug generated thiab faib ncaj qha mus rau cov pej xeem. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog tujtaws kev cob cog rua nrog lub neej ntawm cov neeg, lawv cov kev txawj ntse thiab muaj peev xwm, uas ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub mob ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob.

Ntsiab tsim thiab pedagogical txheej txheem

Raws li nws hais nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev ua hauj lwm, kev kawm ntawv - ib txoj kev kawm thiab kev kawm ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li tau me nyuam kawm ntawv socio-keeb kwm kev. Ntawm no koj yuav tau ntxiv ib assimilation ntawm tej yam kev txawj ntse. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hais tias kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai phenomenon tshwm raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub tuam txhab uas tsim thiab tswj los ntawm nws. Cov kev cai lij choj kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, lub sij hawm no txawm yog raws li ib tug complex phenomenon uas muaj xws li tsis tau tsuas yog cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev kawm, tab sis kuj yuav qhia ib tug tshiab tiam.

Uas yog vim li cas peb yuav confidently hais tias pedagogy - qhov kev kawm ntawm kev kawm ntawv nta. Nws npog ib tug ntau ntawm cov kev tsim nyob rau hauv lub tib neeg tus sijhawm thiab ntsaub paub. Tus heev tswvyim ntawm kev kawm yog heev yooj yim - nws yuav tuaj raws li ib tug tseem ceeb thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov xib fwb thiab nws cov tub kawm.

Kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo muaj nuj nqis

Rau lub tsim ntawm ib tug tib neeg yuav tsum muaj tej yam kev cai, tej ntsiab cai thiab uas yuav tsum tau. Nyob rau hauv raws li lawv thiab tsim ib haiv neeg niaj qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv raws li hloov mus hloov los nyob rau hauv lub surrounding ib puag ncig - technical, natural, keeb kwm. Kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai phenomenon thiab pedagogical txheej txheem yog pom tias yuav ua tau ib tug tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tham. Nws yog aimed ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus tsim nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej pheej ncaj ncees qualities, nrog rau nws cov physiological tsim. Hu no phenomenon yog tsa rau hauv lub xeev, yog li mus hais lus, tus zoo tagnrho pej xeem, raws li tag nrho cov niaj hnub tus nqi txawv.

Nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas lub teb chaws txoj kev kawm ntawv system yog zoo tsim, thiab yog txiav txim los ntawm cov theem ntawm coherence ntawm nws haiv neeg. Thiab vice versa - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov nom tswv system, lub economic thiab kev nom kev tswv qhov teeb meem no muaj ib tug ncaj qha feem nyob rau daim duab ntawm lub humanist zoo tagnrho, uas nrhiav kev pab rau rov tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv.

Tus nqi dees ntawm txoj kev kawm

Raws li twb tau hais, tus tsim ntawm cai kev cai, uas nyob rau hauv lem maj mam tsim thiab raws li tej zaum yuav nyob ntawm seb thaum ib tug ntau yam ntawm lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm kev thiab economic kev kawm tsim rau-hnub thiab feem ntau zoo tam sim no kawm txheej txheem. Nws, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws ua tau nws tus kheej raws li lub tsim ntawm ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai tshwm sim. Tus nqi tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm ntawv yog tseem fundamentally kawm tej kev kawm.

Yog hais tias koj delve rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no qhov teeb meem, koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm dees mus tsim kho lub pedagogical txheej txheem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws yuav txaus siab los ntawm tus kab lis kev cai ntawm ib tug tib neeg nyob rau ib lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tag nrho cov nqi tseem ceeb yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv ob peb pawg. Tsib ntawm lawv:

• Qhov tseem ceeb tswj kev pom zoo.
• Communicative nqi.
• Creative qhov tseem ceeb.
• Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws tus kheej-realization.
• Pragmatic qhov tseem ceeb.

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua pab pawg neeg sib tham hauv qab no.

Qhov tseem ceeb tswj kev pom zoo

Nws yog tsis muaj daim card uas nyob rau hauv txhua txhua haiv neeg, tus xib fwb yog ib tug prestigious thiab mas hwm profession. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tham txog nws cov kev cai tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug ib puag ncig. Cov xib fwb ntawm cov ib puag ncig raws li ib tug "nws" cov neeg neeg, uas plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub ideological zej zog. Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm qhov tseem ceeb - ib tug ntawm ib tug ua ke ntau tseem ceeb raws multidimensionality kev kawm ntawv raws li kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai tshwm sim.

tham tus nqi

Hais lus cov lus ntawm science, cov kev sib txuas lus yuav suav hais tias raws li tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau nqaim kev txiav txim zoo, qhov no pauv tej yam lus qhia, xws li lub siab lub ntsws sis ntawm cov neeg. Kev sib txuas lus xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv txhua tus neeg raws li ib tug xav, thiaj li tsis muaj nws, yuav tsis feem ntau yuav tsis muaj tug tswv cuab ntawm lub koom txoos.

Communicative nqi ntawm kev kawm ntawv yog ncaj qha txog yav dhau los cov pab pawg neeg. Social txaus sab ntawm cov kev qhia hauj lwm ua rau lub fact tias tus neeg pom tau tias tag nrho cov link united haiv neeg, yog muaj peev xwm mus lossi sib txuas lus nrog lwm tus neeg nyob ib tug tsis tu ncua thiab nthuav lawv cov kev sib voj voog.

muaj tswv yim tseem ceeb

Nyob rau hauv hnub no lub ntiaj teb no ua hauj lwm tau ua ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov kev loj hlob ntawm txhua tus neeg raws li ib tug kws nyob rau hauv lawv lub teb thiab xwb raws li cov neeg. Kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai phenomenon thiab nws tam sim no raws li txoj cai yog raws li nyob rau hauv qhov yuav tsum tau rau ib tug muaj tswv yim mus kom ze rau txhua yam ntawm kev ua si, tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv cov kev cob qhia cov txheej txheem. Qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm, cov kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum tau saib rau ib tug neeg mus kom ze rau txhua yam ntawm lawv. Txhua tus menyuam - ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib tug neeg, li ntawd, koj muaj peev xwm siv tsis tau ib txoj kev qhia rau tag nrho cov me nyuam. Ib tug neeg mus kom ze rau cov xib fwb kev cob qhia ho pab txoj kev cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm tus txheej txheem. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj kev koom txoj kev tus kheej zoo ntawm txhua tus menyuam kawm ntawv, uas yog, lub haum yog tsis nyob rau dab tsi mus kawm ntawv zej zog rau ib lub qauv thiab tsim ib tug ntawv thiab multi-ncau zej zog.

Qhov tseem ceeb uas muab rau nws tus kheej

Raws li rau tej yam ntawm no hom ntawm tus nqi rau cov xib fwb ua ub no, lawv xav pom nws kev raws li kev ncaj ncees thiab sab ntsuj plig rau lawv tus kheej txoj kev loj hlob. Tus kws qhia ntawv tsis tau tsuas yog kawm txog cov qauv qhia cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis kuj zoo rau ib tug tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no. Nyob rau hauv qhov ntsiab lus teb, kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai phenomenon qhia heev lug.

Ib qho tseem ceeb nam ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm qhov tseem ceeb - kev mob siab ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv nyob rau hauv lub lag luam. Tus kws qhia ntawv xav nyob hauv txoj kev kawm ntawv tus txheej txheem, qhov ntau nws nws tus kheej siv ob qho tib si competent thiab tso competent neeg.

pragmatic qhov tseem ceeb

Raws li ib qho piv txwv, yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv teb chaws system ntawm kev kawm ntawv. Txawv teb chaws, cov kev qhia hauj lwm tsis yog tsuas yog prestigious thiab mas estimability haiv neeg, tab sis kuj heev pheej. Hluas xib fwb, nce mus rau tus thawj theem ntawm txoj kev kawm tus kheej, twb muaj ib tug zoo premise rau ib tug muaj kev vam meej lawm yav tom ntej. Qhov ntawd yog nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau sab ntsuj plig kev loj hlob thiab kev realization nws yuav ua rau nws pragmatic xav tau kev pab: lub siab xav rau lub neej txoj kev loj hlob, txaus remuneration, thiab thiaj li nyob ..

Raws li rau domestic lub xeev, lawv tsis tau tsis yog li ntawd cov txuj siab uas characterizes lub ntsig txog cov nqi ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm xws chaw li kev kawm ntawv. Social thiab kev cai tshwm sim, li cas los xij, yuav tsum qhia tias nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov kws qhia ntawv - yog tsis yog ib yam ntawm kev ua si, thiab li qhia siv kuj them profession. Hais tias yog, qhia cov me nyuam tej kev txawj ntse thiab muaj peev xwm, tus kws qhia ntawv tsis yog tsuas yog nws tus kheej-realization, tab sis kuj yog ib tug sij hawm los ntsib lawv tseem ceeb heev xav tau kev pab.

kev kawm ntawv kev khiav dej num

Tej yam kev ua si yog ib txwm tswj tau raws li ib lub hom phiaj. Qhov no kuj siv rau cov kev kawm ntawv, raws li nws muaj peev xwm tsis muaj nyob ntawm nws tus kheej, tiam sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub yog hais tias tus lub tuam txhab yuav tsum tau nws. Yog li ntawd, qhov no tshwm sim muaj ob lub ntsiab functions: kev cob qhia thiab kev kawm ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm - yuav pab tau koj tus me nyuam kawm ib co txuj ci, kawm txuj ci thiab tsim kev txawj ntse raws li zoo raws li los mus txiav txim rau lub neej cov hom phiaj thiab lawv yav tom ntej hauj lwm. Yog li, peb ua lub hauv paus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tag nrho thiab ntau yam cwm pwm nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej. Cov kev kawm muaj nuj nqi qhia kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm tus txheej txheem, tseem ceeb rau lub xeev thiab cov tib neeg nyob rau hauv feem ntau.

Kev kawm ntawv yog hais kom tus me nyuam paab tau tus tsim nyog paub. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis yog txhua tus me nyuam kawm ntawv nkag siab txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev kawm rau nws yav tom ntej. Yog li ntawd, cov hauj lwm ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv yog los txhawb kom nws ua tau li ntawd.

Cov yooj yim paradigm txheej txheem kev kawm ntawv

Yuav pib nyob rau qhov no qhov teeb meem, yuav tau pib yog kom piav nws essence. Paradigm - ib tug txheej ntawm tej nroj tsuag, theoretical los yog cov tswv yim kev kawm saws nyob rau hauv lub scientific lub zej zog raws li ib tug qauv rau kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv ib tug cheeb tsam. Tej qauv muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm. Zaum qhov txawv plaub hom paradigms ntawm lub phenomenon:

• Cognitive (kub siab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav).
• Ntaub taw qhia kom paub (individualization ntawm kev qhia ntawv).
• Functionalist (coj ncaj ncees kev cai ntawm haiv neeg).
• Culturological (xaav ntawm tus neeg raws li qhov kev kawm kab lis kev cai).

Kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug pedagogical txheej txheem

Nws yog cov kev ua ntawm kev kawm ntawv kev tseem ceeb cwm pwm thiab txhais kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai tshwm sim. Educational system thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm nws daim ntawv thov yog aimed ntawm lub hom phiaj no. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kas thiab systematic sis ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv thiab nws cov me nyuam kawm ntawv tsim cov kev txawj ntse tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm tus neeg. Nws yog qhov no tus kws qhia ntawv cov kev sib cuag nrog lawv cov menyuam kawm ntawv yog xam tau tias yog nyob rau hauv lub kawm.

Cov tswvyim no yuav tsis tas rau tej qho yam ntxwv Cheebtsam. Qhia cov txheej txheem yog ib tug tov system nyob rau hauv uas ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm cov ntsiab muab tso tsim. Thiab, tsis muaj teeb meem li cas ywj siab los yog ib yam ntawm cov Cheebtsam, nws yuav tseem yuav ntshai li muaj hnub nyoog. Educational system tsis tau equated rau tej substructure - es, nws ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib qhov txuas.

Regularities ntawm lub pedagogical txheej txheem

Kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai phenomenon thiab pedagogical txheej txheem yog yus muaj los ntawm tej yam kev cai, namely:

• Lub zog ntawm cov khiav.
• Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tshawb xav thiab xyaum nyob rau hauv kev qhia ntawv.
• Kev sib sau ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab pedagogical kev ua si.
• Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus neeg nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm ntawm kev kawm ntawv.
• Tuav.
• Stimulating menyuam kawm ntawv mus ua hauj lwm.

Qhia cov txheej txheem thiab nws cov ntsiab

Qauv - ib tug tseem ceeb feature uas distinguishes kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai phenomenon thiab pedagogical txheej txheem. Luv luv, ib tug yuav hais tias cov nram qab no: qhov no tshwm sim yog muaj li ntawm ntau yam feem ntau yog ua ke rau hauv ib tug neej coj system. Cov yam ntxwv hais txog qhov kev kawm ntawv muaj xws li:

• Txhais lub hom phiaj thiab qhov tseem ceeb paub tab rau yav tom ntej kev kawm ua ub no.
• Tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm cov xibfwb qhia ntawv thiab cov tub kawm.
• Yog daim ntawv thov ntawm txoj kev, txhais tau tias thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev kawm ntawv.
• Tsim ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv uas cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum tshaj rau perceive ntaub ntawv.

Complex kev kawm ntawv hauv tsev

Yog hais tias lub xeev nrhiav kev los ua ib tug zoo tagnrho lub neej, nws yuav tsum tau siv cov nyiaj rau lub hom phiaj no. Raws li xws li, ntau yam kev ua hauv tsev complex tsim. Txhua yam ntawm lawv pib cov kev kawm pab thiab orientation kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv qhov no txhais ntawm kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai phenomenon thiab tib neeg muaj nuj nqis ua ib tug lub xeev los yog es cov kev cai lij choj kev txiav txim zoo.

Muaj ob peb hom ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv:

• Preschool.
• Secondary.
• Tshwj xeeb.
• Professional.

Tus thawj hom yog sawv cev los ntawm cov koom haum ntawm kindergartens, nurseries, cov tsev kawm ntawv, thaum ntxov loj hlob, thiab lwm yam zoo xws lug. Nyob rau hauv cov tsev nqa tawm ib qho kev introductory kev pab cuam ntawm kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov me nyuam, uas yog kev lom zem ntau teem rau lub hlwb kev npaj ntawm tus me nyuam rau ntxiv kev kawm ntawv.

General kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov pej xeem yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv, chav ua si thiab lyceums. Feem ntau, lawv muab faib ua peb theem: thawj zaug, thawj thiab.

Tshwj xeeb tsev (nce tsev kawm ntawv hom kho) no yog tsim los pab kom cov me nyuam uas xiam hoob khab los ua tag nrho cov neeg ntawm lub koom txoos. Qhov no kom meej meej qhia cia li kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai tshwm sim.

Luv luv txog cov kev kawm ntawv qib: lawv ua rau tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, los npaj tej specialties. Cov no muaj xws lub tsev lag luam ntawm thawj zaug (ua hauj lwm), theem nrab (qib siab, kev kawm ntawv) thiab kawm ntawv qib siab (universities, tsev kawm ntawv, academies) theem.

Kev kawm ntawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev ib feem ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Qhov tseeb thiab txhais nws raws li ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai tshwm sim. Yuav ua li cas yog nws - ib tug tshwm sim generated los ntawm cov tib neeg, los yog ib qho kev ntsuas rau nws lub neej - rau lo lus nug heev teeb meem. Tab sis, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ob leeg versions muaj tseeb.