Abashevskaya qho khoom ua si: yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau koj tus kheej ob txhais tes

Txhua lub sij hawm ntawm noob neej, pib nrog cov tswv yim qub pab pawg neeg mus rau lub hnub tam sim no, nws twb nrog cov khoom ua si. Chiv, cov no twb txheej thaum ub figurines ntawm gods uas cov neeg pe hawm, tab sis maj mam lawv pib tsim thiab lom zem attribute rau cov me nyuam.

Abashevskaya qho khoom ua si es "cov tub ntxhais", no hom ntawm pej xeem cov kos duab no tsuas yog 200 xyoo, tab sis nws muaj ib tug keeb kwm thiab ib tug "ntawv".

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov av nplaum cov khoom ua si

Tais diav ntim chaws nws muaj nws keeb kwm nyob rau antiquity, li ntawd, seb leej twg yog tus thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv av nplaum modeling residues tais diav pib tsim thiab ci nuj nqis ntawm cov neeg thiab cov tsiaj, yog tsis yooj yim sua. Abashevskaya av nplaum khoom ua si lub npe hu ua li ntawd vim hais ntawm nws cov "keeb kwm" los ntawm tib lub zos nyob rau hauv lub Spassky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov Penza xeev.

Lub zos Abashevo feem ntau ntawm cov tsev neeg koom nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov tais diav, tab sis nyob rau hauv 12 teb tau ua khoom ua si uas steel thov.

Ib txhia ntxias tau tso siab rau lub ancient sawv, tab sis muaj kuj cov neeg uas tau engendered nkaus tshiab cov ntaub ntawv, uas tau kis nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg los ntawm tiam mus rau tiam. Abashevskaya qho khoom ua si, lub keeb kwm ntawm cov uas yog ncaj qha kev cob cog rua nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm lub zos, yog muaj peev xwm "ciaj sia" thiab khaws cia lawv qhia tias yog leejtwg mus rau lub hnub tam sim no.

Lub zos Abashevo

Feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub zos adhered mus rau lub qub ntseeg. Tsis txhob sib txuas lus nrog cov infidels, schismatics raug xaiv neeg lub views thiab crafts, uas yuav txo tau cov uas ntawm lub zej zog. Lawv heev nruj kev cai uas tus kws kho tsis txhob infidels, ob qho tib si nyob rau theem ntawm kev sib thiab tsev neeg tej cwj pwm.

Lawv txoj kev ntseeg yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub whistles, "card" uas tau los ua ib tug qho khoom ua si nyob rau hauv daim ntawv Abashevskaya mos high school raws li taw ntaiv rau saum ntuj ceeb tsheej, tshuab raj. Feem ntau ntawm cov motives ntawm av nplaum figurines ntawm cov tsiaj tau trifles, uas txij li ancient lub sij hawm rau lub Slavs piv sib txawv ntawm lub neej:

• noog - nws yog ib qhov zoo koob hmoov, kev zoo siab;
• nees piv lub hnub;
• Xyooj - zog, lub hwj chim thiab tej zaum;
• ib tug yaj thiab ib tug nyuj - ib lub cim ntawm fertility;
• Mos lwj - abundance.

Abashevskaya qho khoom ua si (yees duab nws qhia) yog feem ntau ua los ntawm masters ntawm cov neeg, piav txog tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg sau mus rau lub ntiaj teb no. Piv txwv li, tus poj niam piv rau lub nroog ruam ntxhais nyob rau hauv funny kaus mom, thiab tus piv ntawm cov tub ceev xwm yog feem ntau ua raws li ib daim duab ntawm ib tug policeman los yog ib tug policeman. Yog hais tias lawv nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov noog, uas txhais hais tias cov tub ceev xwm yog tub sab.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua Abashevskaya qho khoom ua si tau ua thiaj li nrov hais tias nws miv twb muaj tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Moscow, tiam sis kuj London thiab Paris.

Yus nta Abashevo cov khoom ua si

Ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom ua si los ntawm lub zos Abashevo tam sim ntawd distinguishes lawv los ntawm dozens ntawm cov hom ntawm cov handicrafts ua los ntawm craftsmen los ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Elongated lub cev thiab disproportionately ntev caj dab nrog ib tug me me lub taub hau tsiaj yog cov epitome ntawm lub ntiaj teb no xav masters Larion Zotkina. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua, nws yog twb tag nrho tsim raws li tus duab thiab cov xim ntawm cov av nplaum dudochek ntawm Abashevo.

Txawm tias tag nrho cov "heroes" Abashevo masters heev coj los, nws muaj ib co zoo heev nta:

• elongated lub cev disproportionately tsiaj yog tshee rau hauv lub luv luv ceg dav sib nrug;
• ntev tuab caj dab xaus nrog ib tug me me lub taub hau;
• kom huv si thiab tsaug txiav los ntawm lub qhov muag;
• lub taub hau ntawm cov tshis, mos lwj, nyuj thiab rams nta loj, feem ntau multi-tiered tshuab raj;
• ntshiab kav bangs, manes thiab beards.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv Abashevskaya qho khoom ua si ntau zoo li ib tug pob zeb painting, thaum lub ancient cov neeg tseem yog peb yuav kawm mus embody lub ntiaj teb no los ntawm kev kos duab. Tsiaj antlers symbolize tsob ntoo ntawm lub neej, thiab lawv tails yuav qhib qhov chaw uas koj xav podudet rau qho khoom ua si pib "hais lus." Masters ntawm Abasheva yeej tsis sculpted scenes ntawm lub neej, tsis tau muab lawv cov crafts zog. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog nrees "sawv" rau ob txhais ceg, symbolizing lub muaj zog keeb kwm nrog niam lub ntiaj teb.

Vim lub fact tias qhov no hom ntawm pej xeem cov kos duab tau feeb meej nyob rau hauv ib lub zos, nws mus tso lub hauv paus rau cov emergence ntawm dynasties masters.

Dynasty Abashevo masters

Zotkin dynasty, feem ntau ua kev zoo siab masters ntawm av nplaum cov khoom ua si, pib Akinfy Frolovich, yug nyob rau hauv 1883, thiab nws tus tij laug Larion. Lawv cov xeeb ntxwv tseem ciaj sia niaj hnub no thiab mus txuas ntxiv kab lig kev cai ntawm lawv pog koob yawg koob.

Nws Larion Zotkin nyob rau hauv 20-30s muab ib tug "tshiab" lub neej Abashevo qho khoom ua si. Lub zos txawm tau lawm ncaav tais diav ntim chaws guild. Nws ua hauj lwm tsim lub hauv paus ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm nws cov thwjtim. Abashevskaya qho khoom ua si (yees duab qhia tau hais tias nws) nws muaj nws tus kheej tsev cia puav pheej, tab sis tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg zos yuav teev cia ua hauj lwm Zotkin dynasty. Lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws nyob rau hauv Penza, Sergiyev Posad thiab nyob rau hauv private collections.

Cov lwm nto moo npe Zuzenkovyh dynasty, Malyshev, Eskin, Nagaeva thiab lwm tus neeg. Txhua tiam tshiab tau coj nws lub zeem muag rau cov duab Abashevo cov khoom ua si.

npaj cov av nplaum

Ua ntej xav li cas qhov muag tsis pom Abashevo qho khoom ua si yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb mloog mus yuav them rau qhov kev npaj ntawm cov av nplaum rau siv. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 zus tau tej cov yuav tsum tau qib ntawm av nplaum yog feem ntau nrog los ntawm ib tug uas muaj feem yuav mus rau lub neej. Nws twb npaj nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no nrog ib tug Tshuag rau lub hlis.

Niaj hnub no, cov av nplaum yuav tsum noj los ntawm lub chaw txua txiag zeb, los yog yuav nyob rau hauv lub khw. Yog hais tias cov av nplaum los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm nws lawm, tsis muaj hluavtaws additives, nws yuav tsum tau pre-qhuav. Tom qab ntawd, cov av nplaum yog av, tshem impurities, thiab diluted nrog dej nyob rau hauv ib qho ratio ntawm 1/3.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tias tus loj twb tau tsis muaj lumps. Kua khoom yuav tsum tau sab laug mus rau ib lub sij hawm rau cov xuab zeb thiab lwm yam impurities khom mus rau hauv qab ntawm lub thawv.

Yog li purified av nplaum yuav tsum nkoog me ntsis ua ntej lub xeem theem rau lub ravioli, thiab ces ua tib zoo zuaj ob txhais tes, tshem tshaj cua. Mus xyuas lub npaj txhij ntawm av nplaum mus ua hauj lwm, nws implies yob "hnyuv ntxwm" thiab khoov maj mam nyob rau hauv lub horseshoe. Yog hais tias nws tsis muab tej kab nrib pleb, koj muaj peev xwm pib modeling.

Modeling Abashevo cov khoom ua si

Niaj hnub no, ib yam ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev muaj zog cov kev txawj ntawm ob txhais tes, lub tswv yim thiab kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv pej xeem cov crafts nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam yog qhia lawv mus sculpt figurines tawm ntawm cov av nplaum thiab av nplaum. Pib nrog rau feem ntau yooj yim thiab to taub cov me nyuam "pancakes" thiab "hnyuv ntxwm" ua los ntawm av nplaum, koj muaj peev xwm qhia tau li cas rau sculpt Abashevo qho khoom ua si theem:

• Av nplaum kneaded nws cov ntiv tes kom sov cov khoom thiab muab nws elasticity.
• Los ntawm ib tug pob ntawm av nplaum los yob ib tug "hnyuv ntxwm" nrog ib tug tuab, zoo li ib tug zaub ntug hauv paus kawg.
• Lub thicker feem ntawm lub dawb paug insert rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm nws loj npawv ntoo thaiv, uas yuav tawm ib tug tsis yog sab hauv cov khoom ua si uas yuav tsum tau rau cov xuav.
• Lub sab qaum kev ib lub bar workpiece av nplaum dabtsi yog khoov - nws yuav tsum tau lub caj dab ntawm cov tsiaj los ntawm uas cov me me kawg yog molded muzzle.
• Los ntawm lub cev kom tshem tawm cov bar, zam me me tuab ceg, thiab lub "Tsov tus tw" mus rub ib tug ncauj npog ncig sab kav.
• Ua qhov ntawm lub sab ntawm lub cev mus rau ib tug yeeb nkab whistled

Koj muaj peev xwm pawg txiav tsis tau tsuas yog lub qhov muag, tab sis kuj "wool", thawb, ntau yam ornaments. Cov me nyuam loj yuav sculpt lawv tus kheej tshuab raj, cov me nyuam yooj yim mus pib nrog tus dev thiab miv, uas lawv yeej paub. Xws li ib tug qho khoom ua si yog kev lom zem ua li cas, tsis tsuas mus rau tus me nyuam. Muaj ntau cov neeg laus thaum pib los mus muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm tais diav ntim chaws, ib hom uas yog Abashevskaya qho khoom ua si.

Tua thiab painting

Tom qab txog cov khoom tau qhuav, nws yuav tsum tau raug mus rau calcination. Cov laus masters siv rau no tshwj xeeb furnaces - round cub tawg ntawm refractory bricks. Tus txheem luaj li cas ntawm cov furnaces yog 1.5 m nyob rau hauv dav thiab 2 m nyob rau hauv qhov siab, thiab ib zaug nyob rau hauv Abashevo nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua txhua mev hnub forges hlawv kom ua cov tais diav los yog khoom ua si muaj zog thiab check.

Yuav kom cov khoom ua si yog tsis suab luag, lawv obkladyvali shards, thiab lub qhov cub stoked nrog oak los yog birch ntoo. Tom qab tua, lub theem tom ntej, uas yog nyob Abashevskaya qho khoom ua si - coloring. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm recognizable los ntawm tag nrho cov yam ntawm painting - cov khoom tiav yog them nrog ib tug khoom txheej ntawm kaj monochrome xim. Masters ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 siv lub glaze, tab sis txij li thaum muaj roj xim, kis mus rau lawv.

Lub coated txheej ntawm cov roj xim, qhuav li cov nuj nqis, ces pleev xim rau thiab me ntsiab rau hauv lub xeem kauj ruam tau coated nrog cov kua roj vanish. Nrog lub advent ntawm txha hniav laus yuav tsum tau rau varnishing zoo.

Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tais diav ntim chaws kiln txheej txheem yog ib qhov ceev thiab muaj ntau muaj kev ruaj ntseg rau cov khoom, thiab siv av nplaum, yuav nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb khw muag khoom noj, muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi yooj yim dua kom to taub yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau Abashevo qho khoom ua si nrog lawv ob txhais tes.

Tsev khaws puav pheej Abashevo

Los ntawm lub dag zog ntawm enthusiasts thiab ntxias nyob niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv Abashevo, nyob rau hauv lub qub tsev Zotkin txheej txheem tsev cia puav pheej ntawm cov khoom ua si los ntawm cov av nplaum. Tus sau muaj xws li cov khoom uas zoo li masters ntawm lub 19th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th, thiab cov neeg uas tsim cov khoom ua si nyob rau hauv lub ua liaj ua teb, thiab tom qab lub Hoobkas.

Revival Abashevo nuv ntses

Qhia tshwj xeeb uas tsim cov khoom ua si Abashevo rooj txhawb siab nyiaj yuav siv sij hawm saib xyuas ntawd kev lig kev cai ntawm lub qub masters txuas ntxiv mus nyob. Lub Foundation txhawb tub ntxhais hluas mus tau ib qho nyiaj paj nyob rau hauv no hom ntawm cov kos duab, uas qhib ib tug tshiab department nyob rau hauv lub Spassky College - "ceramics tshwj xeeb."