Tais diav ntim chaws. Masters ntawm tais diav ntim chaws. Main nuances tais diav ntim chaws

Tais diav ntim chaws Ameslikas no raws li ib tug khoom siv tes ua uas tau txais kev pab rau qhov siv thiab ua ntim rau cov zaub mov los yog receptacles uas cia rau tej ntaub ntawv thiab kua. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib tug ua los ntawm molding nyob rau hauv ib tug qhia tshwj xeeb uas tsim los puab lauj kaub tej log, thiab ces tus qaug khoom yog thov mus rau lub glaze, ua raws li los ntawm calcining av nplaum yuav tsum tau. Yog li manufactured khoom uas siv nyob rau hauv tej teb: yam khoom hauv tsev, siv, kho kom zoo nkauj, decorations, souvenirs. Cov khoom uas hu ua tais diav ntim chaws ceramics, lawv muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv txhua txhua ces kaum ntawm peb ntiaj chaw.

Muaj peb lub ntsiab chav kawm ntawm ntau lawm technology ntawm tais diav ntim chaws:

• zus tau tej cov tsev bricks;
• manufacture ntawm av nplaum los yog pob zeb tais;
• txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau refined earthenware los yog iav yam khoom.

Raws li cov technology, tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawm tais diav ntim chaws uas zoo sib xws rau txhua tus lwm yam, tab sis muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm nuances uas cuam tshuam rau zaum kawg tshwm sim. Lub ntsiab sib txawv - qib av nplaum uas pw rau ntawm lub plawv ntawm cov khoom.

zaj dabneeg

Raws li twb tau hais, lub lauj kaub av puab yog ntawm ib tug khoom siv tes ua uas yog siv heev dua lwm yam rau tsim ntim rau cia cov ntaub ntawv thiab khoom noj khoom haus. Thaum lub sij hawm, nws tsim, enriched thiab coj ua ntej peb hnub no tsis yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, ib txhia pom nws peb pog koob yawg koob. Tsaug rau kev siv technology tshiab kev kho pib tshwm khoom tshiab manufacture, lawv tau ua nyob rau hauv lub rov tshwm sim ntawm xws li cov khoom raws li refractory bricks, pob zeb tais, vuas, vuas, kua kav, architectural ornaments thiab ntau yam khoom.

Vim lub fact tias cov haiv neeg tau ua accustomed mus luas thiab kho tais diav ntim chaws, tais diav ntim chaws los ntawm qeb ntawm khoom siv tes ua tsiv mus rau hauv qeb ntawm cov kos duab. Ua av nplaum huam twb nrov nyob rau hauv antiquity puas tau txij li thaum noob neej los ua cuab kav nrog tshaj cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw - av nplaum thiab nws cov khoom.

Tus Qub Testament muaj ob peb ua tim khawv rau lub puab lauj kaub tej profession thiab nws cov khoom. Lub hiob hlab ntsha, txawm nyob rau hauv prehistoric lub sij hawm, thiab tag los ntawm ib tug tib neeg txhais tes, ntsig txog, twb lus rau hauv cov duab. Ib me ntsis tom qab, muaj yog cov puag ncig thiab dawb khoom, obviously tau siv ib tug Potter lub log. Keeb kwm tau tsis fwm tus paub meej txog lub caij nyoog tsos ntawm lub vajvoog, tab sis lub mention ntawm nws los ntawm lub ancient sij hawm.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Asia thawj iav xub tshwm sim ob txhiab xyoo dhau los. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov tais diav ntim chaws nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj tsim sai npaum li cas tshaj thoob ntiaj teb.

Txhua lub teb chaws tau nws tus kheej sawv txuam nrog rau qhov no khoom siv tes ua, muab rau hauv daim duab. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub African lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov tau ua huam los ntawm txhais tes, kom qhuav lub av nplaum twb nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub hnub thiab ci khoom uas yog los nrog kev pab los ntawm straw beam thiab hluav taws.

Raws li rau cov teb chaws Europe, nws yog mus txog rau lub yim xyoo pua tais diav ntim chaws yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov poob. Tsuas yog cov lus Mev Moors muab nws lub laub, nyob txog lub tib lub sij hawm, muaj cov khoom uas raug them nrog glaze.

Tais diav ntim chaws tau txais nws heyday nyob ib ncig ntawm lub thib kaum peb caug xyoo. Cov feem ntau cov tawm surge tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ltalis, muaj lawm invented majolica - zoo ntawm ceramics, uas yog ua los ntawm ci av nplaum. Florence muab lub ntiaj teb no xws li ib tug tswv ntawm cov kos duab ntawm tais diav ntim chaws, raws li Lukas ua lag ua luam Robbia, nws sculptures thiab lwm yam hauj lwm uas pom tau hais tias yuav cov kev txaus siab ntawm lub teb chaws thiab nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm.

Siv yees sculptor Robbia, Tuscan factories muaj npaum li cas lwm kauj ruam rau pem hauv ntej - cov khoom ntawm iav. Lawv thawj raug rho tawm haujlwm hluav taws, ces lawv yog coated nrog ib tug dawb glaze, uas ua rau drawings, whereupon cov khoom yog kev kawm mus rau ib tug thib ob calcination, muaj zog tshaj lub ua ntej. Majolica pib ua tsis tau tsuas yog lub architectural kho kom zoo nkauj, tab sis kuj cov neeg hauv tsev cov khoom, vases, statuettes.

Tom qab poob rau ntawm tais diav ntim chaws nyob rau hauv ltalis, Fabkis coj lub baton. Nws yog ntawm no uas tau yees ua los ntawm ib tug cub tawg rau firing av nplaum.

Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog tais diav ntim chaws los tsim thiab siv xwb cov neeg pluag, cov sab sauv cov chav kawm siv olovyanuyu, nyiaj, kub. Lub thoob plaws siv ntawm tais diav ntim chaws kuj tau txais lub kho kom zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj. Ntawm no nws yog siv los tsim cov pitchers. Xws li cov khoom yog dai kom zoo nkauj Novgorod lub koom txoos thiab lub tuam tsev ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub Romanovs.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb no pib los mam tag nrho factories uas yog koom nyob rau hauv tais diav ntim chaws.

ceramics

Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm tej hub ntau yam yog ib feem ntawm lub masses, raws li zoo raws li lub hom ntawm glaze, los ntawm uas lawv ua. Tais diav ntim chaws yog ntawm ob hom: tuab thiab ntxeem tau.

Tuab - cov khoom uas thaum lub sij hawm tua vim tshav kub fused rau hauv ib lub homogeneous khoom loj. Thaum lub lem ntawm cov khoom no tsa iav. Nws yog pob tshab thiab tsis nqus kua, thiab ciav lub steel, muab ib tug muaj. Piv txwv li tuab tais diav ntim chaws - iav.

Ntxeem tau tooj, yooj yim tawg, cov kua yog dhau lawm. Cov no cov khoom - faience.

Tej zaum yuav muaj cov khoom uas tsis yog tib hom, thiab yog ib yam dab tsi ntawm ib txoj kev hloov ntawm ob hom.

tuab

Qhov no qeb ntawm tais diav ntim chaws uas los ntawm cov hauv qab no:

• Hard iav. Fused loj, translucent, raug nplua, elastic, homogeneous, khoom, nws tsis tsis tawm los mus rau lub kev txiav txim ntawm lub riam. Qhov no iav muaj Kaolin, cwj mem av dawb, quartz thiab Feldspar. Nws yog raug rau dual firing: thawj tsis muaj zog los them rau cov glaze, ces tom qab ib tug muaj zog txheej.
• Mos iav. Nws tseem hu ua lub Fabkis. Nws cov ntsiab lus - yuav luag pob tshab lead glaze. Nws kuj yuav tsum tau muab ob npaug rau firing, thaum xub thawj tsuas muaj zog heev, tab sis nyob rau thaum xaus weaker.
• Neglazurirovanny iav los yog biscuit. Nws muaj li ib txwm iav loj.
• Paria. Los ntawm hnyav yog nyob ze rau qhov muag iav, nws muaj ib tug yellowish Hawj txawm, trudnoplavky.
• Carrara. Dawb, translucent. Nws yuag - yog ib tug ntoo khaub lig ntawm pob zeb khoom thiab pariyanom.
• Pob zeb khoom. Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm ib tug tuab loj ntawm zoo-grained. Muaj zoo tib yam thiab maj cov khoom, mas dawb.

ntxeem tau

Pawg no muaj xws li:

• Maj faience. Nws yog ib tug sib tov ntawm av nplaum thiab refractory silica. Nws yog them nrog ib tug pob tshab txheej. Nyhav opaque nplhaib.
• Ordinary earthenware, los yog majolica. Qhov no liab-daj loj, uas tom qab firing yog them olovyanoy opaque txheej.
• Khoom ntawm ntau thiab ognepostoyannoy av nplaum. Cov no muaj xws bricks, vuas, kua kav, thiab lwm yam
• Burnt pob zeb loj, los yog, raws li nws yog hu ua, Terracotta. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg - cov lim av nplaum thiab frayed daim tiav cov khoom. Nws yog siv rau dai kom zoo ntawm vases thiab lwm yam khoom.
• Ordinary tais diav ntim chaws. Pawg los ntawm av nplaum, av nplaum marl, thiab los ntawm opaque lead glaze.

Ntaub ntawv rau tais diav ntim chaws

Yuav kom ua thwv cib, iav thiab earthenware, koj yuav tsum tau ua raws li nram no ua hauj lwm: yuav ua rau lub av nplaum loj, shape nws, qhuav, hlawv thiab npog nrog glaze. Cov yooj yim cov ntaub ntawv uas rau qhov siv thiab ua cov khoom - yog av nplaum. Master potters xum siv lub puab lauj kaub tej av nplaum, uas muaj lub Desired viscosity, thiab nws kub kuj yog zoo tagnrho rau cov tsim cov khoom. Txawm hais tias cov av nplaum nws tus kheej muaj ib theem siab ntawm ductility yuav tsum tau yog ntxiv koom haum pab cov ntaub ntawv vim lub fact tias thaum lub sij hawm tua nws yog sai thiab sis tsis ncaj compression, uas puv cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub ua tau txawv txawv tshaj plaws. Mus ua ib tug heev yooj yim cov khoom, xav tau ntau xuab zeb, tshauv, sawdust, kom zoo zoo cov khoom xav tau fireclay - hmoov, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov crushed khoom.

Zus tau tej cov zoo tib yam tais diav ntim chaws yav tas los mined av nplaum yuav tsum tau sab laug mus rau ib tug los yog ob lub xyoos nyob rau hauv cov huab cua qhov chaw los yog nyob rau hauv cov dej. Tom qab ntawd nws txav nyob rau hauv ntoo thawv, nyob rau hauv lub factories ua tshwj xeeb cov cav tov. Qhov no yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntxuav lub av nplaum ntawm lub pob zeb los yog khib nyiab. Thaum cov av nplaum yog rho los ntawm cov thawv, nws yog daim ntau quav tso nyob rau hauv pawg uas txiav nrog ib tug riam nyob rau nyias lub phaj. Dua lawv muab tso rau hauv thawv thiab txav pheej hais dua, purged ntawm impurities, uas yuav nyob twj ywm rau nws. Dua qib khoom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsis muaj kob yuav tsum tau Cheebtsam yuav tsum tau txig ntxuav. Cov yooj yim txoj cai ntawm benign masses ntawm av nplaum - nws homogeneity. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav zoo tu av nplaum yog muab faib mus rau hauv me me daim, uas yog watered nrog dej, thiab tom qab lub hnub "otmokaniya" tso tawm rau hauv lub kneading tshuab. Cov hniav ntawm lub tshuab nrog ceev ceev kev sib hloov ntawm txiav av nplaum, thiab ib tug kwj ntawm cov dej dhau los ntawm lub chamber, yuav siv sij hawm me me daim nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb pas dej ua ke, loj nyob twj ywm rau hauv qab. Pas ua luam dej tu rau qib tom ntej, qhov twg ntxhib hais tso, ua raws li los ntawm lwm lub dav hlau yog lawv mus rau hauv lub thib ob pas dej ua ke. Nws av nplaum yog tshem tawm kiag li. Qhov no technology yog tsuas yog siv dej sov, vim hais tias nws yog zoo dua rau disconnect daim av nplaum, thiab cov tu txheej txheem yog ceev considerably ua tsaug rau lub zoo kub.

Lub proportions ntawm lub Cheebtsam yog txiav txim rau txhua yam khoom nyias. Ntxhov siab txhais tau tias kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev: qhuav, tuaj los yog cov dej dav hlau. Thaum tau txais daim ntawv ntawm no niaj hnub loj muaj tseem yog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm pliaj npuas. Qhov teeb meem no yog tshem tawm los yog tshwj xeeb cov khoom, los yog los ntawm tus taw ntawm lub av nplaum tsuas peretaptyvaetsya txog thaum lub Desired taub hau.

firing

Nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaim kev txiav txim zoo, ceramics - nws yog ib yam av nplaum, tab sis dua firing. Raws li, thaum peb hais tias "ceramics", nws yog meant khoom ua los ntawm inorganic ntaub ntawv (feem ntau txais av ya) thiab mixtures ntawd nrog rau ntau yam additives, uas yog ua sov siab thiab tom ntej txias.

Lub firing txheej txheem pib irreversible hloov, tom qab uas cov ntaub ntawv uas yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv av. Lub siab kub fusion ntawm lub zoo hais tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas lawv muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag.

Nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov iav technology yauv tseem ceeb kev hloov. Qhov no yog vim ntaub ntawv sib txawv, qhov yuav tsum tau kub thiab qhov sib txawv thaj chaw ntawm lub Cheebtsam. Nyias muaj nyias tus feedstock proportions, raws li zoo raws li ib tug tej yam kub:

• khoom ntawm av nplaum - 1000-1200 degrees Centigrade ;
• rau tej hub khoom - 1100-1300;
• rau zus tau tej cov iav - 1200-1400.

Khoom Technology calcination yog nqa tawm los ntawm txawv txoj kev. Txawm li cas los, cov burning txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub kiln - yog centuries, yeej tsis hloov li kev lig kev cai. Nyob rau hauv lub kub thiab ntev ntawm tus txheej txheem kom tau cov khoom ntawm qhov ntau thiab zoo. Yog li ntawd, lub siab tshaj plaws kub nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg nyob rau hauv qhuav tsis hloov mus txog rau thaum nws xaus zus tau tej cov ib tug tag nrho batch ntawm cov khoom.

Ntxiv mus, lub tsos ntawm cov khoom tiav nyob rau nyob tus yeees ntawm cov cua nyob rau hauv lub firing rauv. Nws yuav ua rau ib txhia degree ntawm huab cua oxidation. Siv qhia tshwj xeeb uas teev tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau tiav txawm tias tais diav ntim chaws av nplaum xim hloov ntawm xim av rau ntsuab.

Thov glaze

Ib txhia tais diav ntim chaws ua hauj lwm yog tsis them nrog glaze. Cov no muaj xws bricks, ru tsev vuas, Terracotta pots. Lub thiaj li hu ua glazing yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv cov tais diav ntim chaws los ntawm tshaj noo noo. Cov tib yam tiav nyob rau hauv antiquity thiab firing mis nyuj - ib txoj kev uas muab cov khoom ib tug zoo nkauj tsos thiab dej kuj.

Tsis kim tshaj plaws tais diav ntim chaws glazuriruyutsya nyoos nyob rau tib lub sij hawm firing. Qhov no yog hu ua Anting. Lub essence ntawm qhov kev txiav txim yog hais tias thaum lub sij hawm calcination cub tawg cuam ntsev uas dhau mus ua vapor thiab yog tso rau hauv tsab xov xwm. Thaum lub qhov chaw nws nyob qhov twg av yog tsim fusible compound npe ntsaum.

Lwm txheej qauv no yog tias lub glaze potolchennoy rau hauv ib lub hmoov zoo, sprinkle lub khoom. Feem ntau qhov no yog ib tug ntxhib-ua cov khoom: huam, kav thiab lwm yam unfired. Ua ntej lub loj, ib yam khoom smear hmoov muab tshuaj txhuam thiab calcined.

Lub essence ntawm peb txoj kev yog hais tias ywg kiag glaze khoom uas muaj lub taub hau ntawm cream. Ib tug zoo xws li cov qauv no yog coated khoom khoom uas hais tias tsis tshuam nqus kua. Piv txwv li, tej yam iav thiab earthenware.

Thiab qhov kawg txoj kev yog kom iav thiab earthenware khoom uas muab tso rau hauv ib lub taub ntim nrog ib tug glaze. Qhov no yog tsim los rau cov uas khoom, uas yog raug mus rau ib tug tsis muaj zog tua thiab chiv absorbs kua. Glaze yog av mus rau ib tug hmoov zoo, tov nrog dej. Nyob rau hauv no kua li cov mis nyuj rau taub hau, cov khoom yog muab tso rau, uas absorbs tus sib tov. Nyob rau xws li ib tug glaze yog ua tau kom ib qho.

Art Therapy

Nyob rau hauv hnub no tus atherosclerosis, ib tug pom ib tug txoj kev mus so. Ib tug ntawm cov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab txawv txawv txoj kev - mus ua tais diav ntim chaws. Muaj ob txoj kev mus sim nws txhais tes nyob rau ntawm no kos duab. Tus thawj - yuav ib tug Potter lub log thiab tus tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv Tutor. Tais diav ntim chaws nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev - nws tsis yog tsuas yog stylish thiab fashionable, tab sis kuj incredibly kev lom zem rau koj, koj tsev neeg thiab cov phooj ywg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, koj yuav muaj free artist, sim ntau daim, raws li nyob rau hauv video tutorials.

Qhov thib ob txoj kev - tais diav ntim chaws lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov neeg tuaj tshiab, raws li koj muaj, koj yuav tsum tau sim rau lub luag hauj lwm ntawm kev zoo nkauj, artist thiab creator ntawm cov duab puab.

Psychologists hais tias lub lauj kaub av puab - ib txoj kev zoo mus rau tiv nrog kev nyuaj siab, los ua ntxiv kuas thiab attentive. Art txoj kev kho, raws li kws txawj, yog ib qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev uas yuav tshwj kom txhob muaj kev nyuaj siab thiab lwm yam neurological ntshawv siab. Yam taw tes uas ntawm lub puab lauj kaub tej log yuav pab npaj kev xav, ib cag los ntawm me txhua txhua hnub hassles thiab nrhiav tau ib txoj kev tawm ntawm nyuaj. "Tag nrho cov muab siab npuab Vajtswv yuav tsis daws tau koj cov teeb meem, tab sis nws yeej yuav pab nrhiav txoj hau kev los daws kom tau lawv", - nyob rau hauv ib lub suab hais tias cov kws kho mob.

Cov khoom siv rau lawv tus kheej txhais tes

Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lub tsev muaj av nplaum, tej hub los yog iav. Lub loj ntau lawm yog ib qhov nyuaj rau surprise ib tug neeg Hoobkas tais diav los yog lub hub rau paj.

Tais diav ntim chaws - nws yog incredibly kev lom zem thiab exciting kev rau tag nrho tsev neeg. Koj muaj peev xwm muaj kev lom zem, kawm tshiab ua lag ua luam, tsim cov kev txawj ntse thiab dexterity.

Mus saib lub thawj puab lauj kaub tej rhiav, koj yuav tsum tau ua kom lawv tus kheej lub lauj kaub. Attentive cov xib fwb feem ntau uas ua siab ntev yog beginners, coj lawv thiab pab nyob rau hauv txhua yam. Tais diav ntim chaws pab mus rau tiv nrog me me kev nyuaj siab, distraction los ntawm lub neej txhua hnub. Thiab cov khoom uas hais tias koj ua koj tus kheej, yuav yog ib qho sij hawm yuav tsum tau zoo siab rau lwm yeej tshaj nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tom qab koj twb ua hauj lwm rau lub vajvoog thiab dig muag koj lub lauj kaub, koj yuav tau pleev xim nws tus kheej txhais tes. Ntawm no koj yuav qhia tag nrho cov tswv yim. Cov khoom no yog lub zoo meej khoom plig rau ib tug neeg hlub ib tug.

Nrov ob tog, birthdays thiab cov neeg txheej xwm nyob rau tej qho txawv txoj hauj lwm. Qhov no yog ib tug zoo lub sij hawm los tham, yuav tau los sib paub thiab pom lub tswv yim ntawm lawv cov phooj ywg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov no nyiaj so koobtsheej yeej yuav nco txog nws uniqueness, originality, thiab cov khoom ua ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm lub puab lauj kaub tej log, yuav tau ib tug zoo khoom plig nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm ib tug zoo kawg nkaus hnub. Thiab muaj ib tug tej zaum yuav nrhiav tau ib tug txuj ci tiag thiab yuav nyob qhov teeb meem no, nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, qhib nws tus kheej tsev cia puav pheej ntawm tais diav ntim chaws. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus siab rau qhov kev ua me nyuam yaus. Yog hais tias lawv yog cov zoo nyob rau hauv sculpting los ntawm av nplaum, ces koj yuav tau sim muab lawv tais diav ntim chaws lub tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov no yuav pab tau tsim ntawm lub cev uas ntawm ob txhais tes, muaj ib tug nyhuv lig rau hauv lub mus ob peb vas ntawm tus me nyuam, thiab yuav qhib rau cov tswv yim peev xwm ntawm tus me nyuam. Nthuav thiab exciting hobby muaj xim, lub tswv yim thiab kev xav.

Ib tug nyiam ua los yog ib lub lag luam?

Nyob rau hauv hnub no lub ntiaj teb no ntawm tais diav ntim chaws yog heev nrov. Lawv yuav mus rau hauv qeb ntawm cov khoom uas yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv coob thiab yam. Txhua lub tsev muaj chav ua noj lauj kaub tais diav, vases, huam, statues thiab ntau yam souvenirs. Rau ntau centuries no khoom siv tes ua, kev tsim mus rau hauv ib daim duab, yog nrov thiab nyob rau hauv coob. Thiab vim hais tias mob siab rau tais diav ntim chaws nce npaj mus ua ib tug tiag tiag ua lag ua luam. Tus kheej tais diav ntim chaws yog heev muaj txiaj ntsim ua lag ua luam, vim hais tias lub ntsiab raw khoom - av nplaum - free khoom uas cia cov lus dag cia li hauv qab peb ko taw. Zoo nkauj, tseem cia nrog, designer khoom yuav coj zoo cov nyiaj tau los rau hauv lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus. tais diav ntim chaws tswv - nws yog ib tug profession rau tus ntsuj plig. Koj yuav diversify lub ntiaj teb no, tau ib tug tshwj xeeb hobby uas yuav coj koj profits, raws li zoo raws li qhia koj creativity.

Tais diav ntim chaws yog nrov thoob lub ntiaj teb no. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nws muaj ib tug ob peb kaum ntawm centuries, nws yeej tsis mus tawm ntawm fashion.