Hluav taws xob Physics: kev txiav txim, kev, chav tsev

Hluav taws xob Physics - yog ib yam dab tsi uas nyuaj siab los ntawm peb txhua tus. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib cov tswv yim txuam nrog nws.

Yuav ua li cas yog hluav taws xob? Rau cov uninitiated neeg yog txuam nrog ib tug flash ntawm xob laim los yog zog mov TV thiab siv lub tshuab ntxuav. Nws yeej paub tias cov kev siv ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Yuav ua li cas lwm tus muaj peev xwm nws qhia tau? Hais txog peb cov nyob tos rau hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau nco hwj chim kav. Ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm pabneeg ob peb lwm cov piv txwv.

Txawm li cas los, vim rau hluav taws xob ntau ntau lwm yam, tsis yooj yim pom, tab sis txhua hnub tshwm sim. Nrog rau tag nrho ntawm lawv peb paub physics. Hluav taws xob (paub tab, cov ntsiab lus txhais thiab tus qauv) peb pib kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Thiab peb kawm tau ntau yam ntawm nthuav tej yam. Nws hloov tawm, cov ntaus lub plawv, khiav ua kis las, pw tsaug zog tus me nyuam thiab floating ntses - tag nrho cov tsim hluav taws xob lub zog.

Electrons thiab protons

Peb txhais tau cov tswv yim. Los ntawm qhov seem yus pom ntawm tus paub txog, hluav taws xob physics txuam nrog lub zog ntawm electrons thiab lwm yam them hais rau hauv ntau yam tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, lub scientific kev nkag siab ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus phenomenon ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb nyob nyob rau theem ntawm kev paub txog atoms thiab lawv constituent subatomic hais. Tus yuam sij rau no nkag siab yog me me electrons. Atoms ntawm tej yam khoom uas muaj ib los yog ntau electrons tsiv nyob rau hauv txawv orbits nyob ib ncig ntawm cov tub ntxhais, cia li raws li lub ntiaj chaw orbits nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub. Feem ntau, cov xov tooj ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug atom yog sib npaug zos rau cov xov tooj ntawm protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Txawm li cas los, protons, ua considerably hnyav dua electrons yuav suav hais tias raws li yog hais tau muab teev tseg rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub atom. Qhov no tsis tshua muaj neeg yooj yim to taub qauv ntawm lub atom yog txaus los mus piav qhia cov qauv rau kev xws phenomena li hluav taws xob physics.

Lwm yam uas koj yuav tsum paub? Lub electrons thiab protons muaj tib lub loj tshaj plaws kev hluav taws xob xwb (tab sis ntawm opposite kos npe rau), li ntawd, hais tias lawv yog attracted rau txhua lwm yam. them nyiaj ntawm cov proton yog zoo thiab lub electron - tsis zoo. Atom muaj electron yog ntau dua los yog tsawg tshaj li niaj zaus, hu ua ion. Yog hais tias lub atom yog tsis txaus, nws yog hu ua ib tug zoo ion. Yog hais tias nws muaj ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm lawv, nws yog hu ua ib tug tsis zoo ion.

Thaum electrons tawm hauv lub atom uas acquires ib co zoo xwb. Electron devoid ntawm nws cov lus rov - ib tug proton los yog tsiv mus rau lwm lub atom, los yog rov qab mus rau yav tas los.

Yog vim li cas electrons yoojyim lub atom?

Qhov no yog vim ob peb yog vim li cas. Cov feem ntau yog qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub lam ua ntawm lub teeb los yog lwm electron nyob rau hauv ib tug atom tsiv electron yuav ntiab tawm los ntawm nws cov orbit. Thaum tshav kub kub ua rau lub atoms rau oscillate sai. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov electrons yuav tawm txim liab los ntawm nws cov atom. Nyob rau hauv tshuaj tshua, lawv kuj txav los ntawm atom rau atom.

Ib tug piv txwv zoo ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj thiab hluav taws xob kev ua rau cov nqaij ntshiv muab peb. Lawv fibers daim ntawv cog lus thaum ib tug hluav taws xob teeb liab los ntawm lub paj hlwb. Electric tam sim no nkoos tshuaj tshua. Lawv kuj ua tau kom ib tug yuav txo tau nyob rau hauv cov nqaij. Sab nraud hluav taws xob Pib ntsais koj teeb feem ntau siv los artificially hnia nqaij ua si.

conductivity

Nyob rau hauv ib co tshuaj electrons nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug sab nraud hluav taws xob field tsiv ntau dawb do tshaj nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg. Lawv hais tias hais tias xws li cov ntaub ntawv muaj zoo conductivity. Lawv yog cov hu ua conductors. Cov no muaj xws feem ntau hlau, kub gases thiab ib co kua. Cua, roj hmab thiab roj, polyethylene thiab iav tsis ua hluav taws xob. Lawv hu ua insulators thiab yog siv rau cov rwb thaiv tsev ntawm zoo conductors. Lw insulators (kiag li tsis muaj kev tam sim no) tsis muaj nyob. Nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob, electrons yuav raug tshem tawm los ntawm tej atom. Feem ntau, txawm li cas los, cov tej yam kev mob no thiaj li yooj yim yuav ua kom tiav uas los ntawm ib tug tswv yim taw tes ntawm view, xws li ib tug yeeb tshuaj muaj peev xwm yuav tau ua uas tsis yog-conductive.

Mus ntsib nrog ib tug science raws li physics (section "Hluav taws xob"), peb kawm tau hais tias muaj yog ib tug tshwj xeeb cov pab pawg neeg ntawm tshuaj. Nws semiconductors. Lawv coj tej raws li ib tug dielectric, thiab ib nrab - raws li conductors. Cov no muaj xws, nyob rau hauv particular, muaj xws li: germanium, pob zeb ntais, thiab tooj liab oxide. Vim nws thaj chaw ntawm semiconductors pom ntau yam kev siv. Piv txwv li, tej zaum nws yuav ua tau ib tug hluav taws xob valve: zoo li lub tsheb kauj vab log valve nws enables cov nqi tsiv mus nyob rau ib qhov kev taw qhia xwb. Xws li yog hu ua rectifiers. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv tej yam me me xov tooj cua receivers, thiab loj fais fab nroj tsuag yuav hloov AC rau DC.

Thaum tshav kub kub yog ib tug chaotic daim ntawv ntawm lub zog ntawm molecules los yog atoms thiab kub - kev ntsuas ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm lub zog (nyob co downward zog ntawm tus electron kub yuav xoob me). Qhov no txhais tau hais tias kuj mus dawb zog ntawm electrons txo nrog zuj zus lawm kub. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov conductivity ntawm cov hlau nce.

superconductivity

Nyob rau hauv ib co tshuaj ntawm heev tsawg kub, kuj ntws ntawm electrons kiag disappears thiab cov electrons pib tsiv nws tseem indefinitely. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua superconductivity. Thaum ib tug kub ib ob peb degrees saum toj no tsis xoom (- 273 ° C) nws yog cai nyob rau hauv tshooj xws li tin, ua, txhuas, thiab niobium.

Van tsib Graaff generator

Cov ntaub ntawv kawm muaj xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm thwmsim nrog hluav taws xob. Muaj mozhestvo generators hom, ib tug ntawm cov uas peb xav piav ntau zog ntxiv. Cov Van tsib Graaff tsuj roj yog siv los nrhiav tau superhigh voltage. Yog hais tias ib tug kwv uas muaj ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm zoo ions, rau muab tso rau hauv lub thawv, ces nyob rau hauv lub hauv nplaim rau tom kawg yuav ua tau electrons, thiab nyob rau hauv sab nraum - tus nqi qub zoo ions. Yog hais tias tam sim no kov lub puab nto ntawm lub them tus kwv, ces nws yuav dhau tag nrho cov dawb electrons. Ntawm sab nraum lub zoo nqi nyob twj ywm.

Nyob rau hauv lub Van tsib Graaff zoo ions ntawm qhov chaw yog thov kom muaj ib conveyor txoj siv txuas rau hauv ib tug hlau kheej. Daim kab xev kev cob cog rua rau lub puab nto ntawm tus kheej los ntawm ib tug neeg xyuas pib nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov caj. Lub electrons ntws ntawm lub puab nto ntawm tus kheej. Nyob rau txheej sab ntawd tshwm sim zoo ions. Cov nyhuv yuav kho kom zoo los ntawm kev siv ob generators.

hluav taws xob tam sim no

Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv physics kawg nws muaj xws li xws li ib tug tshaj plaws li ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Cov hluav taws xob tam sim no vim lub suab ntawm hluav taws xob nqi. Thaum lub fais teeb kev cob cog rua rau lub roj teeb, yog muab rau, tam sim no tsev raws hlau los ntawm ib tug ncej ntawm lub roj teeb rau lub teeb, ces los ntawm nws cov plaub hau, ua rau nws ci, thiab rov qab mus rau lub thib ob hlau mus rau lwm yam ncej ntawm lub roj teeb. Yog hais tias koj tig tus tes hloov qhov yuav qhib rau hauv Circuit Court - tam sim no cov tsheb nres thiab lub teeb mus tawm.

Lub suab ntawm electrons

Tam sim no nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob yog ib qho kev txiav txim tsab ntawv tsa suab ntawm cov electrons nyob rau hauv lub hlau ua tus neeg xyuas pib. Tag nrho conductors thiab ib co lwm yam yeej ib txwm muaj tshwm sim ib co random lawv lub zog, txawm yog hais tias tus tam sim no tsis ntws. Lub electrons nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj yuav ua tau kuj dawb, los yog xav sib raug zoo. Zoo conductors muaj free electrons tau tsiv mus. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov neeg pluag conductors los yog insulators, feem ntau ntawm cov hais yog txaus nrees kev cob cog rua nrog lub atoms uas tiv thaiv lawv lub zog.

Tej zaum tej yam ntuj tso los yog artificially tsim nyob rau hauv tus neeg xyuas pib suab ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kev taw qhia. Qhov no txaus yog hu ua thiab hluav taws xob poob siab. Nws yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv amperes (A). Tam sim no muaj tseem yuav mus ua ions (nyob rau hauv gases los yog kev daws teeb meem) thiab ib tug "qhov" (ib tug tsis muaj electrons nyob rau hauv tej yam hom semiconductors. Tsis ntev los no coj raws li zoo them nqa ntawm lub fais tam sim no. Yuav yuam kom cov electrons yuav tawm mus nyob rau hauv ib tug coj los yog lwm tus, yuav tsum tau ib tug quab yuam. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nws qhov chaw tej zaum yuav: raug tshav ntuj, magnetic los thiab tshuaj haum Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog siv los tsim hluav taws xob tam sim no Feem ntau rau lub hom phiaj no yog: .. generator siv magnetic los, thiab caij (roj teeb), cov nyhuv uas yog vim tshuaj tshua. Ob pab kiag li lawm, tsim ib tug electromotive quab yuam (EMF) ua electrons yuav tawm mus nyob rau hauv ib tug coj raws saw. Lub magnitude ntawm lub emf yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv volts (V). Cov no yog cov yooj yim units ntawm lub hwj chim ntsuas.

Lub magnitude ntawm lub EMF thiab tam sim no sib thooj, raws li siab thiab ntws nyob rau hauv cov kua. Dej kav dej uas yeej ib txwm sau nrog dej nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam siab, tab sis cov dej pib ntws tsuas yog thaum lub valve qhib.

Ib yam li ntawd, qhov hluav taws xob Circuit Court tej zaum yuav nrog mus rau ib tug qhov chaw ntawm electromotive quab yuam, tab sis tam sim no nyob rau ntawd tsis txaus li ntev raws li yuav tsum tsis txhob tsim txoj kev nrog uas electrons yuav txav mus. Lawv yuav ua tau, piv txwv li, ib tug hluav taws xob teeb los yog lub tshuab nqus tsev nqus tsev vacuum, tus tes hloov qhov no plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug crane, "uas ua" tam sim no.

Qhov ratio ntawm tam sim no thiab voltage

Raws li cov voltage nce thiab tam sim no txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub Circuit Court. Kawm physics cov hoob kawm, peb paub tias hluav taws xob circuits yog ua los ntawm ob peb txawv seem: feem ntau hloov nyob ntawm tej thiab apparatus - neeg ntawm hluav taws xob. Lawv muaj tag nrho cov kev cob cog rua ua ke, muab kuj mus hluav taws xob tam sim no, uas (piv txwv tias yog kub qhov) tsis hloov nrog lub sij hawm, tab sis rau txhua ntawm lawv yog txawv rau cov Cheebtsam. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias tus tib voltage yog thov mus rau lub teeb thiab mus rau lub hlau, cov ndlwg ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm cov pab kiag li lawm yuav sib txawv vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov sib txawv kuj. Li ntawd, cov tam sim no ntws los ntawm ib tug kev Circuit Court feem yog txiav txim tsis tsuas voltage, tab sis tus kuj conductors thiab pab kiag li lawm.

Ohm txoj Kevcai

Cov hluav taws xob kuj yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv ohms (ohm) nyob rau hauv xws science xws li physics. Hluav taws xob (formula txhais cov ntsiab lus thwmsim) - sab lub npe. Peb yuav tsis qhia txoj qauv. Rau cov thawj acquaintance nrog cov kev kawm txaus tau hais los saum no. Txawm li cas los, ib tug qauv yog tsim nyog coj. Nws yog ib tug snap. Rau tej neeg xyuas pib los yog system ntawm conductors thiab pab kiag li lawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov voltage, tam sim no thiab kuj yog muab los ntawm: voltage = tam sim no x kuj. Qhov no yog ib tug lej qhia ntawm Ohm txoj cai, npe hu ua nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Georg Ohm (1787-1854 gg.), Uas yog tus thawj tsim kom muaj txoj kev sib raug ntawm cov peb tsis.

Hluav taws xob Physics - ib tug heev interesting ceg ntawm science. Peb tau pom tias tsuas yog cov tswv yim txuam nrog nws. Koj paub dab tsi hluav taws xob yog, yuav ua li cas nws yog tsim. Peb cia siab tias cov lus qhia no yog pab tau rau koj.