Geography: billboards - nws yog ... Aldan ntaub thaiv npog. Ukrainian ntaub thaiv npog

Lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab yog ua kev thiab muaj ntau yam ntxwv hais. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov lithosphere (khoom ntiaj teb) yog cov hom phiaj caum los ntawm cov kev kawm ntawm cov geography. Khoom - yog ib tug ntawm xws ntsiab. Nws yog hais txog lawv yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv no dawb daim ntawv.

Lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab thiab nws cov qauv

Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntsiab ntawm cov kaub puab muaj lithospheric daim hlau uas yuav ua tau lub continental los yog Oceanic. Cov ob hom txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv (ntoo khaub lig-section): lub granite txheej yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub continental daim hlau.

Hu ua cov feem ntau ruaj khov platforms (tectonically) yog ib feem ntawm lub lithospheric daim hlau lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lawv yog cov nuclei (hauv paus) rau cov continents. Dhau li lawv nyob rau hauv lub lithospheric phiaj no kuj tau faib orogenic (daim ntau quav tso) siv - thiab epiplatform epigeosynclinal.

Platform - lub feem ntau ruaj khov qauv ntawm cov kaub puab uas tau tsim nyob rau qhov twg pua pua lab ntawm lub xyoos dhau los, muaj mighty roob system. Thaum lub sij hawm, lawv tau tsaus muag, thiab qhov chaw leveled tawm ntawm qhov chaw. Yog li yog tsim ib tug muaj zog thiab ruaj khov qauv - lub hauv paus. Tom qab ntawd nws pib mus ntxiv txo maj tsim ib tug tuab txheej (cover).

Tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm platform nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no raug muab faib ua ancient (nyob rau hauv lus Askiv ntaub ntawv uas lawv muaj feem ntau hu ua cratons) thiab tub ntxhais hluas. Cov nram qab no daim ntawv qhia qhia tau hais tias lub ntsiab (laus) platform ntawm peb ntiaj chaw. Lawv cim nrog ib tug reddish tinge.

Lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab qauv kawm qhov kev kawm ntawm geography (Qib 7). Tom ntej no peb saib cov qauv ntawm cov platform rau ntau yam.

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev ntsiab ntawm lub platform (geography, Qib 7)

Lub platform muaj ob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg: tus siv lead ua los luj (tshwm sim hauv qab no) thiab sedimentary cover (yuav tsum vov lub hauv paus).

Nyob rau hauv geological science faib lug ntawm plaub kev txiav txim hais tias ua li tej platform. Cov ntaub thaiv npog, phaj, anticline thiab syncline - cov no yog cov tseem ceeb uas sawv daws yuav. Tom ntej no, peb yuav xav txog nws lawv. Ntsib nrog cov lug yog heev txaus rau tag nrho cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov hoob kawm "Geography".

Shields - nws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb nto ntawm lub crystalline qab daus ntawm lub platform. Tus nqi ntawm tej outputs tej zaum yuav mus txog li 1,000 kilometers los yog ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv ntev. Feem ntau, panels yog hais rau cov ancient platform lug.

Daim Hlau - qhov no loj heev qhov chaw ntawm lub platform, uas yog tag nrho them los ntawm sedimentary cover. Heev feem ntau cov tub ntxhais uas muaj hnub nyoog platforms them nyob rau hauv no cover kiag li. Yog li ntawd lawv kuj hu ua daim hlau.

Anticline thiab syncline - nws yog ib lub qauv ntawm lub 2nd kev txiav txim. ANTECLISE hu ua maj raising ntawm lub phaj. Syneclise - ib tug ntiav phiab ntawm lub qhov cub los yog, tsawg feem ntau, tsis pub dhau lub crystalline ntaub thaiv npog.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib cov shields ntawm lub ancient platforms ntawm Eurasia - lub Siberian thiab East European. Txawm li cas los, ib tug los ze zog saib ua ntej nws nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm "dab tsi yog ib tug ntaub thaiv npog."

Geography: billboards - nws yog ...

Lub sij hawm "ntaub thaiv npog" yog dav siv nyob rau hauv geological science. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm twb siv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees Eduard Suess (1903).

Ntaub thaiv npog - ib tug crystalline qab daus outcrop nyob rau hauv lub ancient platform. Yog li, tus nto ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog nyob Precambrian pob zeb, hnub nyoog tej zaum yuav mus txog 3,5-4 billion xyoo. Lawv feem ntau yog sawv cev los ntawm Granites, quartzites, gneisses, uas yog raug rau kuj loj cheeb tsam.

Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov laug cam

Cam yog cov thawj thiab feem ntau ruaj khov lug ntawm cov continents. Feem ntau, lawv yog surrounded los ntawm koj cov menyuam ntawm daim ntau quav tso cov pob zeb ntawm Cambrian muaj hnub nyoog. Lub nyem panels feem ntau cov lus hais me ntsis convex nras thiab me me toj.

Shields yog surrounded los ntawm ntau agile thiab mobile chaw, roob tsev dab uas tau raug qhia kuj nyuam qhuav (nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus geological - 100-200 lab xyoo dhau los).

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm panels rau peb ntiaj chaw: Canadian, Ukrainian, Aldan, Baltic. Cov chaw no yog txuam nrog loj tso ntawm ore minerals (hlau ore, tooj liab, manganese, kub, npib tsib xee, thiab hais txog. P.). Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub Aldan ntaub thaiv npog sab loj tso ntawm tooj liab ore thiab apatite. Nyob rau hauv lub Ukrainian ntaub thaiv npog pom lub ntiaj teb no tus loj tshaj plaws reserves ntawm ferruginous quartzite (Krivoi Rog phiab).

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov tsim thiab cov qauv ntawm cov Siberian Platform

Siberian platform - ib tug loj geological cheeb tsam, uas occupies ib tug loj cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm Eurasia. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov hiob platforms nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, lub hauv paus uas twb tsim rov qab nyob rau hauv lub Archean. Tom qab ntawd, nws tsis ib zaug them los ntawm cov dej ntawm lub seas, li ntawd, hais tias muaj twb tsim ib tug haib cover ntawm sedimentary pob zeb.

Siberian platform muaj tseeb thaj tsam nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb: cov sab qaum teb - yog lub yav qab teb qhov chaw siab tshaj Byrranga roob sab hnub poob - lub hav ntawm lub Yenisei dej, lub yav qab teb ciam teb sau raws caj qaum, thiab cov sab hnub tuaj - nyob rau sab nce mus txog ntawm lub Lena River.

Siberian platform hauv qab daus complex cov pob zeb ntawm Archean thiab Proterozoic, uas xav crumpled rau hauv folds. Nws gneisses, amphibolites, schist, marble thiab lwm tus neeg. Lawv muaj hnub nyoog yog heev khoom: los ntawm 2.3 mus 3.7 billion xyoo. Platform sedimentary cover yog muaj li ntawm cov pob zeb ntawm txawv hnub nyoog. Rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj ntxeev ntawm lub platform yog yus muaj los ntawm sab pob zeb uas tsim cov pob zeb diamond kav.

Siberian platform yog unusually nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam mineral kev pab. Muaj cov loj loj tso ntawm hlau ore, mica, apatite, graphite. Mus rau sedimentary cover ceev heev reserves ntawm cov roj thiab cov nkev, raws li zoo raws li cov thee, pob zeb diamond, tooj liab, npib tsib xee thiab kub ores.

Lub geological qauv ntawm cov Aldan ntaub thaiv npog

Aldansky ntaub thaiv npog - ib tug projection siv lead ua los luj nyob rau hauv lub Siberian Platform. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws cov rau sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm cov tib yam thiab nyob rau hauv nyem nrog lub Aldan toj siab thiab lub caj qaum. Nyob rau hauv sab qab teb thiab sab hnub poob ntawm lub ntaub thaiv npog yog bordered nrog lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub roob lub tsev los ntawm ib tug system ntawm sib sib zog nqus faults. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj nws yog them tuab mantle ntawm sedimentary deposits ntawm Cambrian muaj hnub nyoog.

Profit (cov plag tsev), cov laus qab daus ntawm lub Aldan ntaub thaiv npog, koj yuav ua raws li cov evolution ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab raws li ib tug tag nrho. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub qis theem bedded gneiss, schist, marble thiab quartzite granulite. Cov tom ntej no pem teb yog lawm ua tus sau nrog sedimentary-volcanic pob zeb, metamorphosed zonally. Cov pem teb sab sauv yog sawv cev los ntawm tuab deposits ntawm clastic thiab volcanic pob zeb, raws li zoo li loj intrusions.

Lub sib txawv geological epochs tectonic dab nyob rau hauv lub Aldan tiv thaiv ntau npaum li cas active dua. Qhov no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Paleozoic, Mesozoic thiab Cenozoic nruab nrab. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov txawv nta ntawm lub tam sim no crystalline ntaub thaiv npog.

Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Aldan ntaub thaiv npog txuam nrog deposits ntawm ntau minerals. Yog li ntawd, ntawm no nws yog tshwm sim thiab tshawb teeb meem loj reserves ntawm hlau thiab tooj liab ores, mica, apatite, kimberlites, thee, kub, thiab ntau yam semi-precious pob zeb.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov tsim thiab cov qauv ntawm cov sab hnub tuaj nyob sab Europe Platform

East-European platform - ib yam ntawm cov coob thiab feem ntau ruaj khov platform ntawm niaj hnub lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Nws extends ntawm lub Scandinavian ceg av qab teb mus rau lub Ural Toj siab, occupying feem ntau ntawm cov North thiab East cov teb chaws Europe.

Nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv yog ob tug haib tso zis siv lead ua hauv paus - Ukrainian thiab Baltic ntaub thaiv npog. Ntawm no rau ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw nco ancient pob zeb - feem ntau granite thiab quartzite. Feem ntau lawv tsim siab pob zeb outcrops thiab heev scenic canyons. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub shields thiab pov tseg Belarus anteklizy Voronezh.

Foundation platform complex igneous thiab metamorphic cov pob zeb ntawm Precambrian hnub nyoog, uas yog densely dissected los ntawm sib sib zog nqus tectonic faults. East-European platform tsim nws lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub lig Proterozoic. Platform cover muaj me ntsis deformed sedimentary thiab volcanic pob zeb ntawm txawv geological muaj hnub nyoog.

Mineral kev pab ntawm sab hnub tuaj nyob sab Europe platform

Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj nyob sab Europe platform tshawb cov richest deposits ntawm ntau yam minerals. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj kev cob cog nrog lub hauv paus ntawm lub geological qauv, lub lwm - nrog nws sedimentary cover.

Yuav tawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus platform nto ceev loj loj tso ntawm hlau ore (Krivbass, Kurskaia magnetic anomaly Kremenchugsky pas dej ua ke, lwm yam), tooj liab, titanium, npib tsib xee ores thiab apatites. Nrog sedimentary cover platform txuam nrog deposits ntawm natural gas (Volgouralskaya roj xeev, Dneprovsko-Donetskaya kev nyuaj siab, thiab lwm yam), thee thiab lignite (Donbass, Moscow cheeb tsam), phosphate pob zeb, bauxite thiab ntau yam lub tsev ntaub ntawv (limestone, marble, dolomite thiab cov zoo li. D.) .

Lub geological qauv ntawm cov Ukrainian ntaub thaiv npog

Ukrainian crystalline ntaub thaiv npog - ib tug protrusion ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub East-European platform rau nws sab qab teb-western tuaj txog pem ntwg. Nws ncav us txog ib txhiab kilometers (tsis pub dhau Ukraine thiab Belarus nyob rau hauv ib feem) los ntawm lub Gorin dej nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb mus rau lub shores ntawm lub hiav txwv ntawm Azov nyob rau hauv sab qab teb. Lub daim ntawv qhia hauv qab no nws yog cim nyob rau hauv daj.

Qhov siab tshaj plaws dav ntawm lub Ukrainian ntaub thaiv npog yog 250 kis lus mev. Tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw - txog 135 txhiab square kilometers.

Ukrainian ntaub thaiv npog yog tsim feem ntau ntawm cov igneous thiab metamorphic cov pob zeb ntawm Archean muaj hnub nyoog (nws gneisses, Granites, amphibolites, migmatites thiab lwm tus). Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, cov crystalline pob zeb raug, txoj kev ua ib tug zoo nkauj pob zeb, rapids thiab cascades rau lub ntws ntawm lub nras.

Minerals ntawm lub Ukrainian ntaub thaiv npog

Los ntawm lub qhov me nyuam yaus ntawm ancient platforms yog paub tias yuav tsum ceev ore minerals. Thiab lub Ukrainian ntaub thaiv npog no - tsis tsuas yog.

Tsis pub dhau no geological qauv explored loj reserves ntawm hlau ore (Krivoi Rog phiab), uranium ore (Zheltovodsky thiab Ternovskii teb), zirconium ores (Vol'nogorskoe deposit), precious thiab semiprecious pob zeb, lub tsev ntaub ntawv (nyob rau hauv particular, nyob rau hauv Zhitomir thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm Ukraine mined granite lub siab tshaj plaws zoo). Los ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj cov mineral kev pab tej zaum ntawm Ukrainian ntaub thaiv npog yog yuav luag tsis muaj sib npaug zos nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe thiab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Pom nyob rau hauv no board thiab minerals ntawm lub sedimentary hom. Lawv deposits yog ceev me me hwj chim (tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 50 meters) seem npog. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog lignite Dnieper phiab thiab Nikopol manganese ore phiab.

xaus

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm crustal qauv yog ib feem ntawm lub ntau yam ntawm cov kev pab raws qib teem los ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm geography. Shields - yog yam ntxwv ntsiab ntawm ancient ntiaj teb platform. Cov no yog feem ntau ceev haib deposits ntawm ore minerals thiab semiprecious pob zeb.

Aldan ntaub thaiv npog, thiab Ukrainian - yog qhov loj tshaj plaws crystalline protrusions bases nyob rau sab av loj ntawm Eurasia. Tus thawj ntawm no yog nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv lub Siberian platform, thiab lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv lub Ukraine, nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj nyob sab Europe platform.