Facultative anaerobes - dab tsi yog qhov no? Piv txwv thiab cais

Cov neeg sawv cev Monera lub nceeg vaj, raws li zoo li ib co cab cua nab thiab algae thiab fungi yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm cov organic tebchaw tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm molecular oxygen los yog nyob rau ib tug uas tsis muaj concentration. Kab mob nyob rau hauv ib qho oxygen-free ib puag ncig - nws anaerobes. Facultative thiab obligate hom, raws li zoo raws li cov piv txwv ntawm lawv lub neej thiab lub cais yuav raug xam tias yog los ntawm peb nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Yog vim li cas koj yuav tsum ua tsis taus pa

Peb qhia kom meej hais tias peb yuav tham txog qhov thiaj li hu ua nrog, los yog cellular, kev ua pa. Nws lub ntsiab hauj lwm yog los ua lub zog los ntawm tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zib nkag mus rau lub cell. Yog hais tias lub oxidation dab noj ib feem oxygen - lub kab hu ua aerobic. Yog hais tias tus neeg tau txais ib feem ntawm lub zog los ntawm substrate ntsev tsis muaj tus inflow ntawm O ₂ molecules - yog tus kab mob no, anaerobes.

Qhov no lub sij hawm coined los ntawm Lui Pasterom nyob rau hauv 1861, chiv thov tsuas rau tej yam kev prokaryotes ua butyric acid fermentation. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub microbiology nyob rau hauv no lub npe tag nrho cov kab mob ua ke, siv ib tug zaum kawg acceptor yog tsis muaj oxygen, thiab nitrates, hydrogen los yog organic tebchaw. Ua pa saw aerobic, facultative thiab obligate anaerobes, uas peb xav txog hauv qab no, dab nqa tawm zog metabolism, los ntawm kev uas cov oxidation uas qabzib, nqaijrog thiab cov amino acids los CO _2, H ₂ O thiab NH _3. Ceeb toom kuj hais tias co metabolism tsawg npaum li oxygen. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm cov pa yuav tsum tau ntau substrate, xws li zib. Zog raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub splitting ntawm cov pa-free stands kuj me me thiab. Piv txwv li, thaum glycolysis - 2 moles txhua ATP los ntawm zib molecule, whereas oxygen cleavage ntawm synthesized 36 molecules ntawm adenosine triphosphate.

Qhov ntau ntawm anaerobes

Nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub faib muaj xws li sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kab mob. Piv txwv li, facultative anaerobes - ib tug single- los yog multi-celled hom prokaryotes, nroj tsuag los yog fungi, uas catabolism tsis tau O _2. Tab sis nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub cytosol ntawm lub cell los yog nyob rau hauv lub sab nraud ib puag ncig yog tsis rau cov neeg tuag. Piv txwv li, cov muaj xws li cov kab mob human pathogens: anginal tus kab mob Streptococcus hemolytic Staphylococcus. Lawv yog cov facultative anaerobes, thiab tej hom ntawm cov kab mob, uas nws livelihoods pab rau tib neeg. Yog li, lub thermophilic Streptococcus cleaving lactose rau C ₃ H ₆ O _3, yog siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm fermented mis nyuj cov khoom: kua, qaub mis nyuj, cheese uas muag muag. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, nws yog ib indispensable nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm probiotics siv rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm raws plab thiab enterocolitis ntawm ntau yam etiology. Ntxiv nrog rau cov kev faib ntawm anaerobes, nco ntsoov makroaerofilov nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw uas lub concentration ntawm O ₂ tsis pub tshaj 0.5-1%.

Ntawm lawv, muaj ntau yam tib neeg pathogenic hom, xws li streptococci, ua pharyngitis, thiab Lyme kab mob. Lwm yam kev facultative aerobes nyob rau hauv tib neeg mob huam, ua rau ntau hom ntawm gastritis thiab lub plab ulcers. Lub causative tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm lub saum toj no cov kab mob yog zoo dua lub npe hu Helicobacter. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm makroaerofilov txog facultative anaerobes, yuav tsum tau rau lawv cov metabolism siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Cov no yog hu ua prokaryotes capnophile.

Ua pa saw facultative anaerobes

Peb mus txuas ntxiv mus kawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob metabolism. Nyob rau hauv laboratory tej yam kev mob, peb tau pom hais tias lawv yuav txiav txim nyob rau hauv ib tug tov ntawm cov organic tshuaj uas muaj ntau hnyav kev faib ua feem ntawm cov pa. Cov anaerobes yuav noog nyob ze ntawm lub qab ntawm lub raj, nyob rau lub concentration ntawm O ₂ yog cov uas tsis muaj. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov facultative anaerobes - ib tug kab mob uas me me koob tshuaj ntawm cov pa tsis muaj ib tug loj ua nyhuv. Nyuam qhuav pib peb hais tias ib txhia pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob, piv txwv li, denitrifying, qhov kawg acceptor yog nitrate - nitrogen tebchaw, oxidation ntawm yav dhau los.

Cov pa saw facultative anaerobes nyob rau hauv catalytic tshua muab kev koom tes enzyme nitrate reductase, uas muab lub electron thauj ntawm lub ion TSIS ₃ ^-. Cov kab mob no yog prokaryotes ntawm lub genera Micrococcus, Pseudomonas. Lawv nyob rau hauv pas dej thiab nyob rau hauv ntub av. Cov kab mob no siv nitrate oxygen acid ntsev li ib tug electron acceptor, nqa thiaj li hu ua "nitrate ua pa".

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub enzyme nyob rau hauv lub catabolism ntawm cov kab mob

Cov metabolism ntawm kab mob tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub catalytic system yog nqa tawm, muab cytochromes, catalase, flavin enzymes, peroxidase. Yog li, flavoproteins ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm tus neeg txuas lub substrate thiab cov pa molecules, uas ces yog txo kom hydrogen peroxide. Muab qhov tseeb hais tias facultative anaerobes - yog kab mob metabolism uas tshwm sim ob leeg nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm O _2, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug pa-free ib puag ncig, ob hom ntawm prokaryotes peev xwm yuav txawv. Cia peb xav txog lawv nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Hom facultative kab mob

Aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles - ib tug ncaj tiav daim ntawv teev cov prokaryotes, ua pa saw uas yog cov los yog kiag li nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm as tshuaj cov pa molecules. Piv txwv li, allerotolerantnye oxidizing kab mob lactose, tsim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm O ₂ tab sis tsis siv nws nyob rau hauv lub ua pa saw. Lawv coj los ua ke lub zog los ntawm fermentation tshua. Lwm yam yeem anaerobes, e.g., poov xab hlwb, nyob ntawm seb cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub substrate yog tau ntawv los ntawm lub fermentation txheej txheem rau cov pa ua tsis taus pa.

Cytochromes thiab lawv tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov metabolism hauv

Complex cov nqaijrog - proteid incorporating heme (hlau-muaj prosthetic pab pawg neeg) - yog cytochromes. Los ntawm cov nyob rau hauv cellular ua pa nyob rau hauv cov kab mob thiab cov poov xab, lawv yog ob leeg hloov thiab electron acceptors. Hlau atom prosthetic pab pawg neeg reversibly hloov nws oxidation lub xeev los ntawm +2 mus +3. Qhov no tso cai rau thauj electrons los ntawm cytochrome dehydrogenase rau acetaldehyde los yog pyruvic acid. Facultative aerobes, anaerobes thiab microaerophiles electron acceptors yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm los ntawm molecules ntawm carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, amino acids.

Lub ntsiab lus prokaryotes, anaerobes nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog ntawm teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Nws yog inconceivable mus organogenic ntsiab ntsiab, e.g., nitrogen tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub biosphere lub ntiaj teb, tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm microorganisms. Txij li thaum facultative anaerobes - yog feem ntau denitrifying cov kab mob, lawv muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txo soluble nyob rau hauv nitric acid ntsev rau av los yog N ₂ O dawb nitrogen. Denitrification yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw feem ntau nquag nyob rau hauv xau muaj ib tug dhau heev nqi ntawm cov dej thiab nitrogenous chiv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tshua ntawm free nitrogen molecules yog rov qab los rau lub ntuj kaaj quas lug, ua kom tiav nws cov voj voog zaus nyob rau hauv cov xwm.

Probiotics thiab lawv qhov cuam tshuam rau tib neeg

Ntawm qhov ntau dua 500 hom kab mob uas nyob hauv lub tib neeg mob huam, ib qho tseem ceeb qhov chaw yog nyob los ntawm cov facultative anaerobes. Nws yog thawj zaug thiab foremost cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub genera Lactobacillus, tus kab mob Streptococcus, Candida. Qhov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv loj. Nws cov kab mob tswj kom (zog ntawm cov zaub mov masses) thiab coj los ua ke vitamins B thiab C. Lawv kuj muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov nqaijrog - immunoglobulin, thiab cov neeg nyob rau hauv lem, muab bactericidal plab hnyuv txheem. Kev kho mob cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv tus tib neeg lub nyuv txo sharply tom qab kis kab mob vim inflammatory dab thiab tom qab tshuaj tua kab mob.

Yuav kom restore lub microflora nyob rau hauv lub mob huam siv tshuaj - probiotics. Lawv muaj pab facultative anaerobes - bifidobacteria thiab lactobacilli. Ib zaug nyob rau tus tib neeg nyuv, lawv kom nws lag luam thiab txo cov kev tsis zoo ntawm cov saum toj no. Cov feem ntau siv probiotics pov thawj nyob rau hauv Gastroenterology - ib tug "Hilak Forte", "Linex", "Laktovit".