Electric dissociation: lub theoretical lub hauv paus ntawm electrochemistry

Electric dissociation plays ib tug lossis loj lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv peb lub neej, tab sis peb feem ntau tsis xav txog nws. Hais tias qhov no tshwm sim yog hais txog conductivity ntsev, kua qaub thiab bases nyob rau hauv nruab nrab lub kua. Txij li thaum thawj lub plawv rhythms tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug "nyob" nrog hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, yim caum feem pua ntawm cov uas muaj kua, rau lub tsheb, mobile xov tooj thiab cov players, roj teeb rechargeable uas yog inherently electrochemical roj teeb, - qhov txhia chaw ib ncig ntawm peb invisibly tam sim no hluav taws xob dissociation.

Lub giant exhaling noxious evaporation vats molten sov siab, bauxite electrolysis txoj kev muab ib tug "winged" hlau - txhuas. Tag nrho cov khoom nyob ib ncig ntawm peb, los ntawm cov chrome-daim phiab radiator npog li tsej nyob rau hauv koj lub pob ntseg puas tau ntsib nrog daws los molten ntsev, thiab chaw pib lub phenomenon. Tsis nyob rau hauv vain hluav taws xob dissociation kawm tag nrho ceg ntawm science - electrochemistry.

Thaum xaus ntawm lub kuab kua-molecules tuaj mus rau hauv tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus nrog rau cov lwg me me ntawm lub solute, txoj kev solvates. Lub aqueous tov yog feem ntau raug rau dissociation ntawm ntsev, kua qaub thiab bases. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev no lub solute molecule yuav dissociate rau hauv ions. Piv txwv li, ib tug aqueous kuab nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ions ntawm Na ⁺ thiab CI ^-, uas yog nyob rau hauv ionic NaCI siv lead ua proceeds nyob rau hauv ib tug hnyav nruab nrab twb nyob rau hauv tshiab raws li solvated (hydrated) hais.

Qhov no tshwm sim nruab nrab nyob rau hauv essence ib tug txheej txheem ntawm tag nrho los yog ib nrab cev qhuav dej ntawm lub neej substance rau hauv ions raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kis tau hnyav, thiab yog hu ua "hluav taws xob dissociation." Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau electrochemistry. Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb yog qhov tseeb hais tias dissociation ntawm lub complex multicomponent systems yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm tshwm sim ntawm ib kauj ruam. Thaum zoo li no tshwm sim yog kuj cai ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm ions nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, uas yog distinguished los ntawm electroless electrolytic substance.

Thaum lub sij hawm electrolysis ions muaj ib tug meej kev taw qhia ntawm cov lus tsa suab: tus hais nrog ib tug zoo xwb (cations) - mus rau lub npe phem rau them electrode, hu ua lub cathode thiab zoo ions (anions) - mus rau lub anode electrode ntawm opposite xwb, qhov uas lawv tawm. Cations yog txo kom tsawg thiab oxidized anions. Yog li ntawd, lub dissociation yog reversible.

Ib tug ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm no electrochemical txheej txheem yog cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm electrolytic dissociation, uas yog qhia los ntawm tus piv ntawm cov hydrated hais rau tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm molecules yaj substance. Lub siab dua cov qhab nia, qhov ntau qhov no yog ib tug muaj zog ntsha substance. Nyob rau qhov no hauv paus, tag nrho cov tshuaj uas muab faib mus rau hauv tsis muaj zog, medium lub zog thiab muaj zog electrolytes.

Lub degree ntawm dissociation nyob rau yam nram qab no: a) qhov xwm ntawm tus solute; b) qhov xwm ntawm tus hnyav, nws dielectric qhov thiab polarity; c) concentration ntawm cov tshuaj (lub sab tau, ntau dua qhov lub degree ntawm dissociation); g) Kub ntawm xaus nruab nrab. Piv txwv li, lub dissociation ntawm acetic acid yuav qhia los ntawm cov nram qab no mis:

CH ₃ COOH ⁺ H + CH ₃ hais nkwg ^-

Muaj zog electrolytes yog dissociated zoo irreversibly vim hais tias lawv aqueous tov tsis nyob twj ywm unhydrated pib molecules thiab ions. Nws yuav tsum raug ntxiv hais tias lub dissociation txheej txheem muaj feem xyuam rau tag nrho cov tshuaj muaj ib tug ionic thiab covalent ncov qaumteb qabteb hom tshuaj bonds. Lub hom phiaj ntawm electrolytic dissociation formulated tus naas ej Swedish chemist thiab physicist Svante Arrhenius nyob rau hauv 1887.