Dab tsi yog qhov palindrome? Palindromes yog cov qauv. Lus Askiv palindromes

Raws li paub, lus Lavxias teb sab yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntau cov lus thiab kab lus. Ib qho ntawm ntau yam ntawm lexical ntsiab yog palindromes. Piv txwv rau cov me nyuam, feem ntau yog qhia txog qhov tswv yim no, koj tuaj yeem tshawb nrhiav cov chav kawm ntawv. Piv txwv li, Fet: "Ib tug rose poob rau ntawm lub paw ntawm Azora." Yog tias koj ntsia zoo ntawm cov lus, koj tuaj yeem pom tau hais tias kab ntawv nyeem tau ob qho kev qhia: txij thaum pib (ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis) thiab ntawm qhov kawg (ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug). Thiab nyob rau hauv txhua qhov teeb meem qhov kev qhia yuav zoo ib yam. Cov no yog cov tswv yim, tab sis kuj muaj cov lus palindrome. Piv txwv tias feem ntau kom meej meej piav qhia txog cov tswv yim hauv qab no.

Txhais

Dab tsi yog qhov palindrome? Cov tswvyim no muaj cov Greek keeb kwm thiab txhais raws li "khiav rov qab" lossis "khiav dua". Qee zaum, rau palindromes, piv txwv uas yuav raug muab rau hauv qab no, coj txhua yam hauv nruab nrab ntawm lawv tus kheej hauv ib nrab ntawm cov cim. Qhov sib txuam ua ke ntawm hom kab no yog cov zipuakauppias (los ntawm Finnish - tus neeg muag khoom ntawm xab npum). Muaj cov lus Askiv palindromes heev:

"Niam, kuv yog Adas" yog ib tug sawv cev ntawm ib tug txiv neej rau ib tug poj niam (Madame, kuv yog Adas).

Ntawm tus pojniam no nws tuaj yeem cev teb tias "ntxeev-paj": "Evas" (Eva).

Muaj cov symmetrical tsis yog cov kab lus los yog cov ntawv sau. Palindrome-verses muaj ntau heev:

Kuv tsis tshua tuav kuv taub qab nrog kuv txhais tes ...
Kuv twb zaum ntawm no,
Yaro nyob rau hauv lub ntsiag to, tsim,
Zarzhu ib zaug xwb
Luck hauv chad,
Twb tau kuv tau txais rusty -
Yog, kuv zoo siab!

Koj tuaj yeem nyeem tau los ntawm qhov pib thiab los ntawm qhov kawg.

Ib Daim Ntawv Qhia Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm

Kev hais txog dab tsi yog qhov palindrome, ib tug yuav tsum hais tias muaj cov "hloov dua siab tshiab" los ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws antiquity. Feem ntau lawv tau muab lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv sacral. Muaj palindromes, piv txwv ntawm uas muaj peev xwm pom muaj ntau hom lus, txawm nyob hauv nruab nrab Hnub nyoog. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau ua lus Askiv muaj cov lus qhia txog kev sau ntawv "flip-flop" sau los ntawm Derzhavin: "Kuv nrog tus kws txiav txim plaub ntaj". Thawj zaug sim compose ib ntev, ntau cov kab rhymed ntawm lub palindrome hom tau pom zoo los ntawm Velimir Khlebnikov (tus paj huam "Razin"). Tab sis qhov kev tsim txuj ci no tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1970 thiab 1990. Palindromes, piv txwv uas yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Vladimir Gershoni, Nicholas Ladygina, Dmitry Avalini thiab Helen Katsyuba ua kawm nyob rau hauv ntau yam nyob rau hauv cov zajlus thiab txawj coj nyob rau hauv lub Kwvyees li xyoo 1990. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nquag, mas German thiab Lukomnikovym Aleksandrom Bubnovym. Cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb cais ntau hom ciam teb. Piv txwv, "werewolf". Tsab ntawv no nyeem ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis txawv dua li rov qab: "Lub ntiaj teb yeej yooj yim" (tus sau Sergei Fedin). Kev hais lus ntawm qhov palindrome yog, ib tug yuav tsum tau hais txog cov kev coj ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab no: Cov no yog cov "syllabic", "blips". Cov tom kawg yog cov ntawv nyeem uas tuaj yeem nyeem hauv ib hom lus, thiab lwm tus qauv ntawm lwm yam. Dab tsi lwm tsawg palindromes puas muaj? Piv txwv yuav muab sib txawv. Nws muaj ib daim ntawv ntawm "symmetric" ua ke, hauv kev nyeem ntawv tsis yog rov qab, tab sis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sib tshooj: tsokoltsokol, kabankaban thiab lwm tus.

Txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias palindromes, piv txwv uas yuav muab ntxiv rau hauv tsab xov xwm kom meej tshaj dua, yog cov nyiam kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov lus, cov neeg sau ntawv, kws sau paj huam, cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm ntau lub sij hawm sib txawv. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xya xyoo ntawm lub xyoo dhau los nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom luam tawm xws li tej hauj lwm. Qhov no yog vim yog qhov tseeb tias qhov muaj siab rau "kev tsim qauv" thaum lub sijhawm tsis tuaj yeem txais tos hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum pib ntawm kev tsim ntawm kev kos duab no, tag nrho cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm "flip-flops" yeej paub sib paub, lawv paub, ib tug muaj peev xwm hais tias, nyob rau hauv ib lub ntsej muag ntawm txhua lwm. Rau hnub tim, ntau cov hauj lwm tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv anthologies. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm lawv tseem tsis tau sau.

Hom

Palindromes-nqe lus, los yog "aphorisms" tau nrov heev. Ib txhia ntawm lawv txawm ua rau lub luag nyav (vim lawv cov qauv zoo nkauj). Feem ntau, kev sib koom hauv hauv lub nraub qaum-flop attracted xim tsis yog nrog nws cov qauv tsis-tus qauv, tab sis kuj nrog ib cov ntsiab lus txaus ntshai. Ib tug neeg kab yuav tuaj yeem sau nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo nkauj. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias ob peb ntawm cov kev sib txuas lus mus thov paj huam tom qab tag nrho, ces lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob cia tej nqi txo rau cov ntaub ntawv txawv. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, txhua yam yuav tsum tau fwm - atherosclerosis, sib dhos, qhov ntev - raws li nyob rau hauv tus qauv, zoo tib yam nqe ua haujlwm. "Symmetry" nyob rau hauv xws li mob ntxiv tsuas yog ib qho kev sib dhos thiab suab qus. Muaj ntau cov kws sau paj lug yuav pom "cov ntaub ntawv palindromic". Ntawm cov sau phau ntawv sib txawv xws li dhau los tsim kev zoo nkauj ntawm sounding. Kev hais txog dab tsi yog qhov palindrome, ib qho tsis tuaj yeem pab, tiam sis xav txog kev ua hauj lwm zoo nkauj nrog tsim cov duab kos. Ntau ntawm lawv muaj kev koom nrog kev lom zem, tab sis, txawm tias qhov no, tuaj yeem ua tau txaus txaus. Qee cov kev ua yeeb yam zoo haum rau hauv suab nkauj. Nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm zoo nkauj muaj xws li ib tug "flip-flop", muab faib rau cov hlua. Hauv qhov no, lawv hais txog lub mono-palindrome.

Paj Huam

Ntawm kev txaus siab mus rau lub keeb kwm yav dhau kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm palindromes yog creativity Bloc. Ua ib tug kws sau paj huam, nws tau txhawj txog lub suab qw thiab suab zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Nws zaj paj huam "Cov Kaum Ob Tiav" qhia meej meej txog cov txiaj ntsim ntawm Alexander Blok nyob rau hauv cov suab lus thiab suab lus. Goldstein txhais tag nrho cov hauj lwm ntawm Blok rau hauv lus ntawm palindromes. Tib lub sij hawm tus kws sau ntawv sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem nws tau khaws cia suab nrov, atherosclerosis, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tag nrho cov paj huam yuav luag txhua qhov chaw. Redesigned "Kaum ob", Goldstein sau ntawv hais tias, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, qee tus txav accents txawm mus rau ib qho twg qhov kev txhim kho kev lag luam.

Symmetry hauv cov duab

Muaj, tsuas yog rau cov ntawv, kab zauv thiab tag nrho cov hauj lwm thiab cov nab npawb palindrome. Lub ntsiab txhais no yog siv nrog cov yeeb yam hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Lub ntuj tooj nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no yuav tsum tau nyeem los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis thiab vice versa tib. Cov kab lus ua tau raws li ib qho khib los yog cov cim tseem ceeb. Numerical palindromes tshwm sim hauv ntau lub tshuab uas muaj lawv lub npe. Yog li, muaj ib qeb ntawm "cim" cov cim: 1001, 676 thiab lwm tus. Xws "palindromic" ntaub ntawv pom ntawm cov Fibonacci tooj, tus xov tooj, Smith.

Mathematical Actions

Numerical palindromes tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau lwm cov phiajcim. Martin Gardner, tus sau phau ntawv "Muaj ib lub tswv yim!", Ua ib tug paub zoo heev ntawm kev tshawb fawb, muab tso tawm ib qho kev pom tseeb. Yog tias peb coj tus naj npawb xov tooj (ib qho) thiab ntxiv ib qho (uas yog tib lub npauj, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim rov qab), tom qab ntawd rov qab ua qhov kev txiav txim, tab sis nrog cov txiaj ntsig qhov txiaj ntsig, ces ib qho ntawm cov kauj ruam yuav los ua tus palindrome. Hauv qee kis nws yog txaus ua ib qho ntxiv ib zaug: 213 + 312 = 525. Tab sis feem ntau tsis tsawg tshaj ob txoj haujlwm. Yog li, piv txwv li, yog tias koj siv tus naj npawb 96, ces, tom qab ua qhov sib ntxiv tas, koj tuaj yeem tau txais palindrome nkaus xwb ntawm qib plaub:

96 + 69 = 165
165 + 651 = 726
726 + 627 = 1353
1353 + 3531 = 4884

Tus essence ntawm qhov kev taw qhia yog tias yog tias koj coj tus naj npawb, tom qab ib qho kev ua ntau yam yuav tau txais los ntawm ib tug palindrome. Piv txwv tuaj yeem pom los ntawm tsis tas li ntawd ntxiv, tab sis kuj yog kev tsim kho ntawm kev kawm, tshem tawm ntawm cov hauv paus hniav thiab lwm yam haujlwm.

Cov poj niam nyiam

Nyob rau hauv pab pawg ntawm cov primes yuav pom heev interesting txawv, yog hais tias muaj yog ib qho xov tooj, piv txwv li, tej yam yooj yim - 1 thiab 3. Piv txwv li, ib tug yooj yim ob tug lej nqi khub: 31-13 thiab 13-31, rau peb tug tsib yooj yim, ntawm lawv 2 "Werewolf": 313 thiab 131, khub ntawm cov neeg hloov tsheb: 113-311 thiab 311-113. Cov khub uas tau muab rau hauv tag nrho cov rooj sib hais tuaj yeem raug hais meej hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov plaub fab zauv. Feem ntau, hauv kev ua lej koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ntau cov qauv.

Palindromes lwm qhov ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no. Biology

Cov qauv ntawm nucleic acids qhia rau cov kev kuaj pom ntawm thaj tsam kuj nrug heev. Lawv tau muaj npe hu ua "iav sequences" ntawm cov nucleotides, muaj peev xwm tsim cov duplexes. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg genome, tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm xws li "flips" yog kwv yees los ntawm ib puas txhiab rau ib lab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, raws li kev soj ntsuam, lawv faib rau cov DNA qauv yog tsis ncaj. Palindromes nyob rau hauv kev paub txog kev lom neeg muaj peev xwm los muab kev nce rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yam tsis tau nce tus nucleotides. Tej qhov tseem ceeb yog cov "symmetrical form" thaum qee cov hom nucleic acids raug tsim-thauj RNA, piv txwv.

Suab paj nruag

Palyndromic suab paj nruag ua si "raws li ib txwm", raws li cov cai. Tom qab zaj nkauj dhau los lawm, cov ntawv sau tau ntau dua. Tom qab ntawd ua haujlwm dua los ua dua, tab sis cov suab paj nruag yuav tsis hloov tib lub sijhawm. Txoj kev tuaj yeem tuaj yeem tuaj koom tau ntau yam raws li koj nyiam, nws tsis paub nyob rau tib lub sijhawm dab tsi yog qhov hauv qab thiab dab tsi nyob rau hauv horseback. Cov suab paj nruag ua haujlwm tau muab ua ke ua ke, thaum nyeem ntawv los ntawm ob sab tib si. Piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo li no yog "Txoj Kev ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb" uas sau los ntawm Mosheles, thiab "The Tablet Melody for Two", uas yog Mozart.