Dab tsi ua rau polyethylene? Qhuav ntawm polyethylene. Cov khoom ntawm polyethylene

Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm science, ib co discoveries tshwm sim los ntawm kev huam yuaj, thiab nrov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no yog feem ntau ib tug byproduct ntawm tej kev. Heev los ntawm lub caij nws raug sab aniline dyes rau fabrics, uas tau muab rau cov tom qab nyiaj txiag thiab kev siv technology tshiab txhob nyob rau hauv tus neeg ua lag luam. Ib tug zoo xws li cov dab neeg tshwm sim rau polyethylene.

Qhib cov ntaub ntawv

Tus thawj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm zus tau tej cov polyethylene tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1898. Thaum lub sij hawm sov so-up ntawm German keeb kwm diamezotana chemist Hans von Pehman pom hauv qab ntawm lub raj yog tsis yog ib tug coj txawv txawv aftertaste. Cov khoom yog heev tuab thiab ntsia zoo li ciab, tus paub txog lug txhawb cov miv hu ua nws polimetillinom. Tom ntej no lub caij nyoog nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no zaum tsis tau txais cov kev tshwm sim twb yuav luag tsis nco qab lawm, txaus siab, tsis muaj ib tug sawv. Tiam sis lub tswv yim dai nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, yuav tsum muaj ib tug pragmatic mus kom ze. Qhov ntawd yog dab tsi tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv peb caug-khib xyoo, polyethylene tau rov qhib raws li ib tug random khoom ntawm ib tug ua tsis tau tejyam xyaum ua tej yam.

Lub British khaws thiab yeej

Niaj hnub nimno polyethylene khoom yug rau laboratory Imperial Tshuaj Industries ntawm ces. E. Fawcett thiab R. Gibson ua thwmsim nrog siab thiab tsis tshua muaj siab gases thiab pom hais tias ib tug ntawm cov ntshav kos duab, thwmsim tau ua nyob rau hauv uas, them nrog tsis paub hais tias waxy substance. Intrigued sab nyhuv, lawv tau ua ob peb npaj siab mus muab tau cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, tab sis yuav tsis muaj avail.

Coj los ua ke polymer ua tau zoo M. Perrin, ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tuam txhab tib nyob rau hauv ob xyoos. Nws yog nws leej twg tsim lub tshuab uas tsim lub hauv paus rau lub industrial zus tau tej cov polyethylene. Cov khoom thiab tsis zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas varied xwb los thov ntau yam catalysts. Cov pawg ntawm polyethylene lawm pib nyob rau hauv 1938, thiab nws tau patented nyob rau hauv 1936.

raw cov ntaub ntawv

Polyethylene - ib tug khoom polymer nyob rau hauv dawb xim. Nws yog hais txog ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Dab tsi ua rau polyethylene? Cov raw khoom rau nws yog kev npaj ethylene roj. Gas polymerized nyob rau high school thiab tsis tshua muaj siab yog tau nyob rau hauv lub tso zis pub pellets rau ntxiv siv. Rau ib txhia dab polyethylene yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug hmoov daim ntawv no.

Lub ntsiab yam ntawm

Rau hnub tim, lub polymer yog ua nyob rau hauv ob yooj yim qib ntawm LDPE thiab PNP. Material ua nyob rau ntawm ib tug nruab nrab siab ntawm cov txheeb ze tshiab invention, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev tooj ntawm cov tawm cov khoom yuav loj hlob li qhia siv kuj nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog kev txhim kho tus yam ntxwv thiab ib tug dav teb ntawm daim ntawv thov.

Rau tej kev siv, cov nram qab no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas (cov chav kawm ntawv):

• Tsis tshua muaj ceev los yog ib tug txawv lub npe - tus high-siab (HDPE, LDPE).
• High-density los yog tsis tshua muaj siab (LDPE LDPE).
• Tawm polyethylene, los yog polyethylene nruab nrab siab.

Nws muaj lwm yam hom polyethylene, txhua tus uas muaj nws tus kheej lub zog thiab teb daim ntawv thov. Lub particulate polymer nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntxiv ntau yam colorants los pab kom tau txais cov dub polyethylene, liab los yog lwm yam xim.

JHA

Qhuav ntawm polyethylene yog koom nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam. Gas ethylene - lub ntsiab yooj caij (ntawm uas ua rau polyethylene), tab sis tsis yog tus tsuas yog ib qho yuav tsum tau mus nrhiav tau cov khoom.

Kev npaj ntawm HDPE tshwm sim nyob rau hauv autoclaves, tubular reactors. LDPE qib manufactured nyob rau hauv ib tug autoclave, raws li lub xeev Standard, muaj yim. tau nees-nkaum ib yam ntawm high-density polyethylene los ntawm ib tug tubular reactor.

Rau lub synthesis ntawm PVP yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov nram qab no tej yam kev mob:

• Kub ntau - los ntawm 200 mus rau 250 ° C.
• Catalyst - ntshiab oxygen, peroxide (organic).
• Siab ntawm 150 mus rau 300 MPa.

Poimerizirovannaya hnyav nyob rau hauv thawj theem muaj ib tug kua hauv lub xeev, thiab ces txav mus rau separator, hereinafter lub granulator, qhov twg molding material ntawm lub tiav lawm granules.

LDPE zoo siv rau zus tau tej cov ntim films, termoplenok, multilayer ntim. Tsis tas li ntawd high-density polyethylene siv nyob rau hauv lub tsheb, tshuaj thiab khoom noj khoom haus industries. Vim hais tias nws yuav ua rau high-zoo check kav siv nyob rau hauv lub thaj sector.

linear polyethylene

Dab tsi ua rau ib tug medium-siab polyethylene los yog linear polyethylene?

• Cov cua kub kub txog 120 ° C.
• Hom siab mus rau 4 MPa.
• Stimulator txheej txheem - catalyst (Ziegler-Natta catalyst nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm titanium chloride compound melalloorganicheskim).

Cov txheej txheem yog nrog los ntawm nag lossis daus ntawm polyethylene nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm flakes, uas yog ces sib cais los ntawm tus txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem, raws li los ntawm Granulation.

Qhov no hom ntawm polyethylene yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug kub ceev, tshav kub tsis kam thiab tsim kua muag. Lub cheeb ntawm daim ntawv thov yog ntau hom ntim films, xws li kub filling ntaub ntawv / cov khoom. Ntawm granular ntaub ntawv ntawm lub polymer hom manufactured qhov chaw rau casting loj machines, insulating cov ntaub ntawv, siab zog yeeb nkab, neeg khoom , thiab li ntawd.

High ceev polyethylene

ANP muaj peb raug txoj kev. Feem ntau cov tuam txhab uas muag siv cov qauv ntawm cov "ncua kev kawm ntawv polymerization". Tus txheej txheem ntawm muab EOR tshwm sim uas slurry thiab qhov ntxhov siab ntawm lub feedstock, lub catalyst yuav tsum tau pib tus txheej txheem.

Qhov thib ob feem ntau cov qauv ntawm cov ntau lawm yog ib qho kev daws polymerisation nyob rau hauv tus ntawm kub thiab catalyst kev koom tes. Cov qauv no yog tsis heev npaum, txij li thaum lub sij hawm lub polymerization lub catalyst yog reacted thiab lub resulting polymer loses ib co ntawm nws cov qualities.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub ntau lawm txoj kev yog cov PNP roj theem polymerization, nws yog yuav luag ploj mus, tab sis tej zaum kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej yam nroj tsuag. Cov txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw los ntawm nws lub raw khoom roj theem nyob rau hauv tus ntawm diffusion. Qhov kawg polymer yog tau nrog ib tug nonuniform qauv thiab ceev, uas muaj feem xyuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom tiav.

Qhuav ntawm HDPE tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm nram qab no hom:

• Qhov kub yog khaws cia ntawm los ntawm 120 ° C rau 150 ° C.
• Siab yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 2 MPa.
• Polymerization catalysts (Ziegler-Natta catalyst nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm titanium chloride compound melalloorganicheskim).

A khoom siv ntawm no raug txoj kev yog yus muaj los ntawm rigidity, kev kub ceev, tsis tshua muaj elasticity. Yog li ntawd, lub Scope ntawm nws daim ntawv thov yog kev lag luam. Kev polyethylene siv rau zus tau tej cov loj-loj ntim uas muaj zog yam ntxwv. Thov nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam, tshuaj kev lag luam, rau zus tau tej cov neeg siv cov khoom, nws yuav luag tsis ua ntawv thov.

zog

Polyethylene yog resistant rau cov dej, rau ntau hom ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, acids (organic, inorganic), tsis hnov mob nrog rau ntsev. Nyob rau hauv combustion emits ib tug tsis hnov tsw ntawm paraffin, muaj yog ib tug glow xiav tint, me me hluav taws. Decomposition tshwm sim thaum raug nitric acid, tshuaj thiab fluorine nyob rau hauv lub gaseous los yog kua hauv lub xeev. Cov laus, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, cov khoom ntoo khaub lig-mus raug tsim ntawm molecular chains, ua cov ntaub ntawv uas nkig, crumbly.

neeg zoo

Polyethylene - ib tug tshwj xeeb cov ntaub ntawv uas ib txwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev thiab chaw ua hauj lwm. Nws yog tsis zoo li hais tias qhov nruab nrab neeg yuav tsum tau los mus txiav txim nrog yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam khoom tawm ntawm nws nws ntsej muag txhua hnub. Lub ntiaj teb no tso tawm polymers polyethylene yuav siv sij hawm tus tsov ntxhuav feem ntawm lub lag luam - 31% ntawm tag nrho cov tag nrho cov domestic khoom.

Nyob ntawm seb, uas yog ua los ntawm polyethylene thiab ntau lawm technology, nws zoo yog txiav txim. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas combines tej zaum tawm tsam cov yam ntxwv: yooj thiab lub dag lub zog, ductility thiab toughness, muaj zog tensile thiab tsim kua muag kuj, ua hauj txhoj puab heev tej kev kawm thiab lom nrog. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub peb siv packets ntawm txawv ceev, pov tseg tableware, yas lub kaus mom, qhov chaw ntawm khoom vaj khoom tsev thiab ntau dua.

daim ntawv sau npe

Daim ntawv thov ntawm polyethylene yog yam khoom tsis yog tas, tej kev lag luam los yog kev ua pej xeem nrog cov duab:

• Cov feem ntau lug siv polymer tau nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua ntim cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau qhov no yog ib feem ntawm daim ntawv thov yog tsim nyog hais txog 35% ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv ua. Tej kev siv yog tsis txhaum gryazeootalkivayuschimi zog, tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv rau cov tsos ntawm cov pwm thiab kab mob. Ib tug ntawm cov muaj hmoo finds - ib lub hnab yas lub tes tsho, uas muaj ntau daim ntawv thov. By ua qhov ntev ntawm nws cov kev txiav txim, tus neeg siv yog muaj raws qhov dav ntawm lub pob tsuas.
• Cov uas nyob rau hauv lub siab, los ntawm uas yog ua polyethylene, nws yuav ntshiab yog vim li cas nws tau los ua nrov li ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws insulating cov ntaub ntawv. Ib qho ntawm nws nrhiav-tom qab zoo nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog cov tsis muaj hluav taws xob conductivity. Tsis tas li ntawd indispensable dej repellency zog, uas twb tau muab siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm waterproofing cov ntaub ntawv.
• Kuj mus rau lub tug quab yuam ntawm dej raws li ib tug hnyav, enables mus ua cov kav dej ua los ntawm polyethylene rau tsev neeg thiab muaj cov kev pab.
• Nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam qhov zoo ntawm lub suab rwb thaiv tsev ntawm polyethylene siv, nws tsis tshua muaj thermal conductivity. Cov zog yuav pab tau nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua rau nws cov puag cov ntaub ntawv rau thermal rwb thaiv tsev ntawm thaj thiab muaj vaj tse. Polyethylene yog siv rau kev rwb thaiv tsev ntawm lub cua sov mains nyob rau hauv mechanical engineering thiab thiaj li nyob.
• Tsis pub tsawg resistant mus txhoj puab heev xov xwm cov ntaub ntawv uas cov tshuaj kev lag luam, polyethylene kav siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj lub chaw soj nstuam thiab industries.
• Lub polyethylene pab tau nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj raws li cov ntaub qhwv, prosthetic nqua, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kev kho hniav, thiab lwm yam

Txoj kev ntawm kev

Nyob ntawm seb lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv uas lub granular nyoos ntaub ntawv uas twb ua yuav nyob ntawm seb uas lub npe ntawm cov polyethylene yog tau. Common txoj kev:

• Extrusion (extrusion). Nws yog siv rau qhov siv thiab ua cov kav dej, ntim thiab lwm yam kev zaj duab xis, daim ntawv cov ntaub ntawv uas rau kev tsim kho thiab kho kom zoo nkauj, raug cables, ua yas hose thiab lwm yam khoom.
• Moulding, thermo-nqus txoj kev txheej txheem. Mas siv rau kev tsim ntim cov ntaub ntawv, thawv thiab lwm yam
• Extrusion tshuab moulding, sib hloov mus. Los ntawm cov qauv no yog tau volumetric muaj peev xwm, ib tug loj ntim ntim.
• Qhov cuab lub zog. Rau tej technology mus rau hauv lub tsim loj polyethylene pw reinforcing ntsiab (hlau) los muab ib tug kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj zog lub dag lub zog, tab sis muaj tsawg tus nqi.

Dab tsi ua rau polyethylene, dua li lub ntsiab Cheebtsam ntawm tshuaj? Nws yog yuav tsum tau rau cov txheej txheem rau catalyst thiab additives hloov lub zog, qhov zoo ntawm lub tiav lawm cov khoom siv.

Recycling

PE kuj - nws yog nws ntxiv li neeg cov khoom thiab nws tsis zoo, raws li ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab yam tseem ceeb los ua. Rau hnub tim, nws yuav tseem ceeb ub - ub. Tag nrho cov qib ntawm polyethylene yuav siv thiab rov hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug granular raw khoom los ntawm uas nws tau ua ntau yam nrhiav-tom qab cov khoom thiab muaj noj.

Polyethylene npog, hnab, fwj yuav decompose nyob rau hauv ib tug landfill rau ntau pua xyoo, thiab cov sau twj lom qhov tseem ceeb heev natural resources. Lub ntiaj teb no kev xyaum qhia tau hais tias txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm kev qhauj polyethylene. Ua tau sau khib nyiab, xws tuam txhab uas muag nqa tawm nws reorganization, crushed. Yog li, muaj kev pab txuag, tej kev tiv thaiv thiab zus tau tej cov marketable cov khoom.