Culture Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av nyob rau hauv lub 12-13 centuries - lub ntsiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob

Culture Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av nyob rau hauv lub 12-13 centuries, vim lub intensification ntawm feudal fragmentation, weakening tus ntawm Kiev. Nyob rau outskirts ntawm ib zaug zoo lub xeev tsim me me feudal principalities. Qhov no polycentrism txhawb mus rau ob peb kev cai cov chaw, uas yog twb ho tau ncaim mus lawm los ntawm Kiev cawv thiab tsim lawv cov thawj coj. North Russia twb sawv cev los ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal thiab Novgorod nqi zog, rau sab hnub poob - Galicia-Volyn. Arts, architecture, ntaub ntawv, science - cov no yog cov tseem ceeb tiam sis hais tias yus lub kab lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av 12-13 centuries. Luv luv piav qhia txog cov currents hauv qab no.

architecture

Txhua yam ntawm Lavxias teb sab principalities thov mus rau ib tug leading luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev cai kev loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv ib yam li lub nroog capital ntawm Kiev nyob rau hauv txhua ntawm lawv yog ua li cathedrals ntawm St. Sophia, tsim Golden Gate. Thaum lub sij hawm, muaj yog ib tug qauv rau nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb style, yam ntxwv ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture. Vladimir Assumption Cathedral, lub Koom Txoos ntawm cov Intercession rau lub Nerl, Dmitrievsky Cathedral - nto moo tshaj plaws architectural masterpieces, uas yog nto moo rau tus kab lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av 12-13 centuries.

Literature. birchbark

Tus thawj tsab ntawv nyob rau birch ntoo muaj nyob rau hauv Novgorod nyob rau hauv 1951. Lawv hnub rov qab mus rau 11-12 caug xyoo. Nws twb tom qab pom birch ntoo nyob rau hauv Pskov, Vitebsk, thiab Smolensk, Staraya Russa. Yeej ntawv piav qhia txog cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tej yam muaj lub neej nyob rau hauv cov hnub. Muaj sib foob, Probate thiab kev ntswj, kev txiav txim. Cov qhov tseem ceeb finds twb tsiaj ntawv piav txog txoj kev kawm nyob rau hauv ancient Russia. Raws li nws tau lub npe hu, lub overwhelming feem ntau ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab pej xeem los ntawm kev sib social haiv nyob rau hauv uas era paub yuav ua li cas nyeem thiab sau ntawv. Thiab kev kawm ntawv kawm tsis tau tsuas yog cov txiv neej tab sis kuj cov poj niam.

Phau ntawv thiab Translations

A qhov chaw zoo nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub sij hawm tau muab rau Theological phau ntawv. Culture Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av nyob rau hauv lub 12-13 centuries abounds nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm neeg txhais lus los ntawm tag nrho cov paub lus. Ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm Theological treatises tau txhais mus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. Thaum lub sij hawm, kuv tau pib txhais lus thiab secular ntaub ntawv. Nyob ntawm kuj zoo kawg cov txiv neej thiab lawv cov kev khi lus, thiab muaj siab. Thaum lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv lub monasteries ntawm sau ntau yam annals thiab keeb kwm. Nws tau kis ib yam tshiab ntawm kev sau ntawv ua hauj lwm - "qhia". Qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub sau cov ntaub ntawv dim mus rau lub hnub tam sim no: "Kev qhia ntawm Monomakh", "Nej."

natural sciences

Advancing paub txog kev ntawm tus txiv neej thiab ntawm lub ntug - ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab qhov chaw uas yus lub kab lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av nyob rau hauv lub 12-13 centuries. Txawv teb chaws Hmoob, piav txog tus qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab lub qab ntuj khwb, muaj ntau haiv neeg muaj thiab fauna, yog nquag txhais thiab faib. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv cov hnub, txhua yam tshwm sim tau txhais nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas hauv cov nqe lus, tab sis cov ntawv tau muab cov kev tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv uas rau yav tom ntej kev tshawb fawb.

Painting 12-13 xyoo pua

Culture Lavxias teb sab av yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm tshwm sim los ntawm Lavxias teb sab icon painting. Qhov no kev cai dab qhuas zog nyob rau hauv kos duab tau tuaj rau peb los ntawm Byzantium, tab sis tom qab hloov mus rau hauv ib tug txhob txwm Lavxias teb sab kos duab taw qhia. Nruj asceticism ntawm Byzantine icons me ntsis haum zoo siab outlook ntawm sab hnub tuaj Slavs. Lub ntsiab yam ntawm Lavxias teb sab icons fwm Byzantine npe. Piv txwv li, lub Byzantine tseem heev tshaj cov duab ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb "Oranta" - thov Vajtswv, "Odigidriya" - tuav ib tug me nyuam nyob rau hauv nws caj npab, "Eleusa" - nias tus me nyuam. Ob ntsiab qhov chaw tau raug faib iconography - Novgorod, uas siv kaj, nyeem xim, thiab Kiev siv ntau kev hloov maj mam ntxoov thiab ib nrab-tones.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub thoob plaws daim ntawv thov crafts - pob zeb carving thiab ntoo. Pob zeb carvings adorned lub tuam tsev thiab palaces, thiab ntoo qauv pom txawm nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub: lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog tej khoom ntawm lub neej txhua hnub thiab ua noj ua haus tais diav.

Nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub feudal fragmentation, lub kab lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av nyob rau hauv lub 12-13 centuries yog nyob rau ib theem siab. Ntxiv nws txoj kev loj hlob tiv thaiv qhov pib ntawm lub Tatar-Mongol troops nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab teb chaws thiab lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub Tartar quab.