Coefficient fastening ua hauj lwm (seriality piv): txhais mis. hom ntau lawm

Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm le caag los uas regularities yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm ntau lawm hauv lub qhauj los ntawm ntau yam specialization thiab scale, thov technology sib complexity thiab tis ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm. Faib tswv yim uas cov qauv yog muab raws li coefficient qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib lub Hoobkas. Yuav ua li cas yog nws essence? Yuav ua li cas nws sau raws nkaus Ii cov kev qauv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm ntau lawm?

NTSIAB mis thiab kho kev ua hauj lwm coefficient

Yuav ua li cas yog lub coefficient ntawm consolidation ntawm kev ua hauj lwm thiab dab tsi yog nws rau? Qhov no lub sij hawm yog siv nyob rau hauv nyiaj txiag kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm kev txiav txim ntau yam hom ntawm ntau lawm. Nyob rau hauv cov feem ntau to taub tej cim, nyob rau hauv raws li uas qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom acquires quas thiab hauj yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv txawv teev: lub enterprise raws li ib tug tag nrho tsev los yog, piv txwv li, ib tug neeg chaw ua hauj lwm.

Hom uas muaj ntau lawm raws li nyob rau hauv feem ntau txiav txim los ntawm:

• ntau yam ntawm manufactured khoom;
• tus naj npawb ntawm manufactured khoom;
• lub constancy ntawm daim ntawv teev cov khoom ua;
• cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm tab kaum rau kev ua hauj lwm;
• specialization txaus nyob rau hauv lub xeev qhauj.

Qhov zoo tshaj yuav nyob rau hauv lo lus nug hais txog cov tseem ceeb kawm ntawv uas yuav tuab ib tug yam ntawm ntau lawm.

Nws mis yog qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug heev yooj yim qauv.

Lub coefficient ntawm consolidation ntawm kev ua hauj lwm yog xam raws li tus piv ntawm tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov kev siv technology tshiab teeb meem (cov neeg uas daws tau los yog yuav tsum raug xam tias yog) rau tus naj npawb ntawm cov hauj lwm raws li ib feem ntawm cov qhia lub sij hawm - piv txwv li, 1 lub hlis.

Nrog rau qhov suav hais tias qhov taw qhia ntawm nyiaj txiag kev tshawb xav thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb:

• specialization intra hauj lwm;
• seriality;
• loj.

Nws yuav pab tau mus ntxiv tshawb yog dab tsi.

Lub coefficients ntawm specialization, serial thiab loj: dab tsi yog lawv lub hom phiaj?

Coefficient ntawm specialization neeg ua hauj lwm rau lub tuam txhab txoj hauj lwm qhia tus piv ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov ua ntawm qhov tseeb los yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm zus tau tej cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib cov kev txheej txheem rau tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov hauj lwm (los yog poob lawm ntawm cov khoom) nyob rau hauv lub tuam txhab los yog faib ntawm lub tuam txhab.

seriality tau nruab nrab yog cov piv ntawm cov zis teev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov khoom - piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv daim ib feeb, - qhov nruab nrab lub sij hawm ua cov coj ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib tug txheej txheem.

loj coefficient yog xam los ntawm es complex mis uas yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account xws yam li:

• daim-lub sij hawm raws li ib feem ntawm ib tug los yog lwm raug lag luam;
• tus nqi ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom;
• lub yees muaj zog ntawm cov khoom;
• Fund-lub sij hawm kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom, qhia nyob rau hauv txawv cov ntsiab lus uas.

Nyob ntawm seb cov kev tseem ceeb uas tau coefficient fastening ua hauj lwm thiab neeg tuaj koom kom ntau lawm yog dej num raws li teej tug mus rau ib qho ntawm cov nram qab no hom:

• ib;
• serial;
• me me-scale;
• loj.

Xav txog lawv cov ntsiab lus.

NTSIAB tsev ntau lawm

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov kev txiav txim lawm? Cov qauv no yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm ntau lawm tso tawm ntawm cov khoom thooj, nyob rau hauv ntau - cim cov khoom. Assortment cov khoom no yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug txaus ntau yam. Neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm qhauj los yog khw nrog ib tug hluas lawm, raws li ib tug txoj cai, tsis muaj specialization. Kev lag luam, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yog tsis tsau tas mus li rau tej yam hauj lwm.

Nws yuav muab sau tseg tias, piv txwv li, ib tug raug specialization coefficient uas characterizes tus neeg siv - qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 40 haujlwm ib txoj hauj lwm.

Specialization ntawm tej yam hauj lwm tej zaum yuav yog vim mas cov hauj ntsiab cai ntawm kev siv thiab ua ntawm tej yam khoom, lawv loj. Khoom hauv lub tsev ntawm qhov ntau lawm, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yuav thov universally thiab nyob rau hauv Feem ntau interchangeable.

Rau discrete raug yog yus muaj los ntawm: lub xub ntiag ntawm thaj chaw uas muaj tsis tiav tso tawm ntawm cov khoom, cov changeover ntawm cov khoom, siab zog kev siv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, raws li zoo raws li ntev-lub sij hawm kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom voj voog.

Raws li txoj cai, tus nqi nyob rau hauv lub ncav ntau lawm qauv yog heev siab heev. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog vim, xws li kev koom tes ntawm zus tau tej cov khoom rau mas txawj neeg ua hauj lwm uas yuav tsum tau them siab cov nyiaj hli.

Yog hais tias cov khoom ntau yam manufactured Hoobkas txaus ntau yam sib nug xov mus rau lub hom ntau lawm yuav tsiag ntawv los ntawm ib tug high degree ntawm kev mus ncig thiab adaptability rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv qhov kev thov rau manufactured khoom. Muaj ntau lub npe nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntau lawm lub tswv yim tau teem rau kis tuition rau zus tau tej cov khoom cia li tsis tau nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam. Lub enterprise yuav tsum muaj, yog li ntawd, tsim nyog infrastructure, nyiaj txiag, tib neeg cov kev pab nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tau raws li qhov no txog kev paub.

Yog hais tias lub tuam txhab tsis tau muab ib tug ntau ntawm cov manufactured khoom, qhov muaj feem thib yuav muab tso tawm tsam ib tug technologically sophisticated khoom, tsis tshua muaj kev ua lag luam, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm thov. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus tawv ua Microprocessors rau tub rog cov khoom, txawm tias sib nrug los ntawm lawv yuav tsis tau ua lwm yam khoom ntawm ua lag ua luam, yuav yuav muaj ib tug neeg twg kev thov rau nws cov khoom. Neeg sib tw nws yuav muaj me ntsis, thiab cov neeg muas zaub - ob qho tag nrho nyob rau theem ntawm lub teb chaws tiv thaiv kev txiav txim, thiab rau lub ntiaj teb no kev ua lag luam, - tej zaum yuav txaus.

Txawm li cas los, txaus xav tau, lub tuam txhab yuav nthuav ntau lawm, uas thaum lub sij hawm no tej zaum los ua ib tug serial. Xav txog nws tej lus.

NTSIAB serial ntau lawm

Serial zus tau tej cov qauv sau raws nkaus Ii qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv nyias muaj nyias ib cooling. Qhov no hom ntawm lub koom haum yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov lag luam ntawm lub Hoobkas, raws li ib tug txoj cai, sufficiently txwv ntau yam ntawm cov khoom txhab khoom mus rau kev ua lag luam. Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm cov nyiaj tau los rau loj ntau lawm - raws sij hawm tus me nyuam mus rau lub neeg consignment ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev cai tswjhwm Team sib.

Nyob rau hauv lub me me-scale lawm yuav tau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm ib tug neeg tuaj ntawm medium- thiab loj-scale. Tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm tso tawm los ntawm cov khoom yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug txaus nqaim specialization ntawm cov hauj lwm - kom neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tuam txhab muaj lub sij hawm mus ua tej raug ua hauj lwm nyob rau theem siab tshaj plaws ntawm zoo. Qhov no feature ntau lawm nyob rau hauv ntau mob txiav txim seb tus yuav txo tau ntawm nqi - piv txwv li, los ntawm cov muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav cov kws tshwj xeeb nrog me ntsis kev nyob rau hauv lub tsis yog lub feem ntau tseem ceeb heev qhov chaw ntawm qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom. Qhov tseem technologically sophisticated theem ntawm ntau lawm, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav tsum tau entrusted rau ib tug uas tsim nyog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam txhab.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tag nrho-scale lawm nyob rau hauv ntau mob yuav tsum tau lub enterprise kev tswj kev daws rau optimize qhov kev siv ntawm tej yam kev pab - cov khoom, ntau lawm chaw, cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv raw. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, nyob rau hauv cov qauv no lub koom haum ntawm qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom rau lub lag luam tuaj txhua hnub khoom - cov khoom siv, hom ntawm cov txheej txheem cov khoom.

Me-scale tso tawm los ntawm cov khoom

Me-scale lawm, raws li ib tug subspecies ntawm qhov qhia cov hom ntawv uas qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom nyob ze rau lub tsev. Nws yuav qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv me me, feem ntau - nyob rau hauv ib chav loj. Tus nqi ntawm tej tog, feem ntau me me, thiab, Ntxiv, yuav tsum tsis tu ncua tom. Lub tuam txhab feem ntau hloov lub hom ntawm cov khoom nkag rau hauv lub me me-scale lawm, adapting qhov kev rau tam sim no thov, los yog mus rau tiam sis nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam. Nws yuav muab sau tseg tias qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom hom yuav siv ntawm cov khoom yog suab tib lub hom phiaj, uas yog koom nyob rau hauv cov chav tsev. Rau cov hauj lwm yus los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm zog, uas npaj cov zus tau tej cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam.

Medium series tso tawm los ntawm cov khoom

Medium series yuav xa mus rau kev ua lag luam yog txaus loj batches ntawm cov khoom, uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tus me me nomenclature. Yog li lub regularity ntawm mov yog yus muaj los ntawm high degree of stability. Lub degree ntawm specialization ntawm cov hauj lwm - yog txaus siab. Khoom siv los tsim, yuav ua tau ob qho tib si ntau yam thiab tshwj xeeb. Rau cov factories nyob rau hauv uas qhov qhia yog lub koom haum hom ntawm ntau lawm yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm kawm tuab si lug ntawm infrastructure, raws li zoo raws li kom ntseeg tau lub tsev ntawm qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom raws li cov kev siv technology tshiab chaw.

Loj-scale tso tawm los ntawm cov khoom

Loj-scale lawm yuav tso tawm ntawm qhov khoom muab tso rau hauv kev ua lag luam nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau txaus nqaim nomenclature. Ib txhia nrov heev hom ntawm cov khoom yuav tau ua tujtaws.

Rau cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub me me-scale lawm yog yus muaj los ntawm siab specialization. Ib yam yuav hais txog cov khoom nyob los ntawm cov khoom ntawm qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub enterprise.

Peb tam sim no kawm tseem ntawm loj ntau lawm.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm loj lawm?

Lub hom ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov nroj tsuag yuav tso rau lub lag luam ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau thiab, raws li ib tug txoj cai, nyob rau hauv lub txwv ntau.

Pawg ntau lawm yuav tsum tau ib tug ruaj khov mov teem rau long-term thov. Specialization hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog txoj kev - nqaim. Nyob rau txhua yam uas lawv sau ib tug txheej txheem kauj ruam los pab pawg neeg ntawm homogeneous. Cov khoom uas twb dhau los uas los ua ke kauj ruam, yog kis mus rau tom ntej no ua theem - thiab thiaj li kom txog thaum npaj txhij khoom. Yog li qhia tawm rau ntawm kev ceev zog yog feem ntau tsawg nyob rau hauv niaj hnub loj ntau lawm. Qhov no feature ntawm lub koom haum ntawm zus tau tej cov khoom nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, ho cov nqi ntawm siv thiab ua cov cov khoom unit.

Tag nrho cov ntawm cov hauj lwm hauv Workers loj-scale mov ntawm cov khoom, yuav ua tau ib tug tseem ceeb heev thiab kuj me me: nws tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv lub theem ntawm kev siv technology tshiab infrastructure. Nyob rau robotic thiab suab ntau lawm tus nqi ntawm lub xeev yog yuav yuav tsawg dua nyob rau hauv factories nrog ntau dua cov kev qhia tawm ntawm kev ceev zog.

loj zus tau tej cov tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau destined rau ruaj khov thov. Yog hais tias qhov no txog kev paub yog tsis txaus siab, lub chaw muaj ib tug uas yuav ua nyob rau hauv ib tug teebmeem vim ib tug tsis muaj nyiaj, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm khiav nqi. Ua tau, lub siab rhiab heev ntawm kev thov los ntawm lub enterprise uas npaaj cov loj lawm yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua theem ntawm ua lag ua luam loj hlob. Yog li ntawd, lub tuam txhab yuav tsum tau ua ntej investing nyob rau hauv ntxiv muaj peev xwm, uas tso cai rau Teacher qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub tsim nyog puab, kev tshawb kom ntxaws rau qhov kev thov rau cov khoom siv.

Hom ntau lawm thiab tuav tau

Yuav ua li cas peb hais txog mus rau lub xam tau tias yog hom ntawm ntau lawm ua hauj lwm kho coefficient? Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub xeev tus qauv tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm indicators thiab qauv ntawm Workers zus ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam.

Yog li, ib lawm feem ntau pom tias piv tshaj 40 units. Nyob rau hauv me me-scale tawm - nws yog nyob rau hauv ntau 20-40, nrog nruab nrab series - ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 10-20 ntawm loj scale - feem ntau yog 1-10. Pawg ntau lawm tau kho piv feem ntau tsis tshaj 1.

Economic ntsiab cai rau cov kev xaiv ntawm ntau lawm ua qauv

Yog li ntawd, peb ntsia nws, dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb cov qauv ntawm ntau lawm, raws li tau zoo raws li cov coj tseem ceeb ntawm cov coefficient ntawm consolidation ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, uas yog hais txog tej cim tseem ceeb ntawm cov hauj lwm qauv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm siv thiab ua cov cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub enterprise.

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ruaj tus tswj yuav ua kev txiav txim siab hais txog qhov kev pom zoo ua ntej ntawm lub lag luam txoj kev loj hlob lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub koom haum ntawm ntau lawm nyob rau hauv ib qho kev hom?

Ib tug ntawm cov ntsiab tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub economic efficiency ntawm lub tuam txhab - ib tug ruaj khov kev thov. Yog hais tias nws yog tsis pom, txawm nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim hais tias cov tuam txhab yuav qualitatively ua hauj lwm tawm txhua txhua manufacturing lag luam, yuav tsum tau qhia txoj kev daws teeb meem thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov khoom, lub proceeds tej zaum yuav tsis txaus los mus them rau cov nqi. Yog li ntawd ua ntej koj sib piv cov nqi nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm ntau thiab cov kev hloov ntawm lub tuam txhab, piv txwv li, los ntawm me me-scale rau nruab nrab series qauv, kev tswj yuav tsum tau xyuas lub zeem muag rau cov muag khoom los ntawm cov khoom rau ib tug ntau dua li, txiav txim seb txaus thov rau cov khoom hom.

Yog tseem ceeb heev tias, yog dab tsi infrastructure lub enterprise yog muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb: nws tshwm sim hais tias tus thawj tswv ntawm lub tuam txhab muaj nyiaj ua lag luam nyob rau hauv muab kev pab heev tshwj xeeb cov hauj lwm, thiab re-khoom nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug broad specialization, yuav ua tau problematic, thiab vice versa. Labor txheej txheem - nws yog ib feem ntawm lub lag luam qauv, uas nyob rau hauv ntau yog cov ntau ntau nyuaj yuav tsum tau tom, yog dab tsi hom ntawm ntau lawm, cov los ntawm ruaj. Ib tug neeg kawm, piv txwv li, ib tug kws nyob rau programming ntawm hluav taws xob Cheebtsam, feem ntau yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau nyob rau hauv operative lus, kuj hais lus, kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm ib puag ncig kev kawm ntawm cov insulating lub cev rau manufactured khoom - rau qhov no nws yuav tau raug kawm nyob rau hauv lwm yam specializations.

Txawm hais tias efficiency ntawm txoj kev hloov ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kom tau raws li lub tshiab ua hauj lwm rau kev khiav dej num yuav tsum tau, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau lawm Modernization. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws yog hais txog attracting tshiab cov tub txawg, thiab nws yuav txiav txim seb cov tsos ntawm cov tshiab kev siv nyiaj nyob rau hauv lub tuam txhab. Labor txheej txheem - nws kuj yog ib tug txheej txheem, nyob rau hauv uas cov kev tswj tuam txhab yog yuam ua hauj lwm kom them txaus mloog mus cov neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib tham nrog lawv, soj ntsuam, kev tsim qauv ua hauj lwm, yooj yim lawv ceev adaptation mus rau lub specifics ntawm cov ntau lawm txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub tuam txhab.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov kev xaiv ntawm ib tug ntau lawm qauv yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account lub tam sim no thauj infrastructure, yog hais tias tus muaj peev xwm ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yog tsis siab dhau heev lawm, qhov tus me nyuam ntawm cov khoom ua tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm loj qhov ntau, yuav nqa tawm uas muaj teeb meem. Los yog muaj ib tug nqi, uas, dua, yuav tsum tau cov kev tswj ntawm hauj lwm ntxiv mus tsim kho cov muag khoom. Ib yam yuav hais txog cov muaj zog ntawm tus me nyuam ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lwm tus. Yog hais tias nws tsis yog siab txaus, ces deploy haib lawm yuav ua tau problematic. Los yog hauv kev daws ntawm qhov teeb meem no yuav txiav txim seb qhov kev nce nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm ntau lawm, uas tej zaum yuav ua rau ib tug tsis txaus theem ntawm competitiveness.

txoj kev

Yog li ntawd, peb ntsia dab tsi yog qhov piv ntawm consolidation ntawm kev ua hauj lwm thiab cov accompanying tswv yim ntawm kev specialization, serialization, raws li zoo raws li loj. Cov ntsuas tuab txoj kev nyob rau hauv uas lub tuam txhab npaaj qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom: nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib zaug xwb, batch los yog loj ntau lawm.

Qhov kev xaiv ntawm ib tug qauv nyob ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb. Firstly, nws yog theem ntawm kev thov nyob rau hauv cov kev ua lag luam los yog muaj feem ua tau. Secondly, nws yog ib lub tseem uas twb muaj lawm ntau lawm puag, raws li zoo raws li lub zeem muag ntawm attracting neeg ua hauj lwm nrog tej txuj ci tsim nyog nyob rau hauv view ntawm ua kev nqis peev uas, uas yuav tsum tau them rov qab. Thirdly, nws yog ib lub infrastructure kev pab ntawm lub tuam txhab - feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev koom tes ntawm thauj tseem khiav rau qhov tus me nyuam ntawm cov khoom rau cov neeg muas zaub los yog yuav raw cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lwm tus.