Aleksandr Gertsen: biography, txawj cuab yeej cuab tam

Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm yog tag nrho ntawm devotees uas yog npaj txhij mus rau nteg cia nws lub neej rau nws lub tswv yim.

Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen (1812-1870) yog tus thawj Lavxias teb sab socialist uas qhia cov tswv yim ntawm koob pheej ntawm lawv thiab cov kwvtij nkauj muam. Thiab tab sis yog nws tsis coj ib tug ncaj qha ib feem nyob rau hauv revolutionary kev ua ub no, tab sis nws yog cov neeg uas teb cov leem txoj kev rau nws txoj kev loj hlob. Ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub Westerners, nws tom qab ua disillusioned nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub European txoj kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Russia, nws tsiv nyob rau hauv lub rov qab camp, thiab yog tus tsim ntawm lwm landmark rau peb zog lub keeb kwm - Populism.

Biography Aleksandra Gertsena yog zoo txuam nrog xws li cov nuj nqis ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab lub ntiaj teb no tig raws li Ogarev, Belinsky, Proudhon, Garibaldi. Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, nws yeej ib txwm sim mus nrhiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev uas yuav cia li kev txiav txim ntawm cov haiv neeg. Tab sis nws yog ib tug mob siab txoj kev hlub rau nws cov neeg, tus kheej cob rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub - yog dab tsi khwv tau lub sib hwm ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich.

Luv luv biography thiab txheej txheem cej luam ntawm lub ntsiab hauj lwm yuav cia tus nyeem ntawv mus ntsib cov Lavxias teb sab txawj xav. Tom qab tag nrho, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv peb lub cim xeeb, lawv yuav tsum tau nyob mus ib txhis thiab mus txuas ntxiv los txhawb cov minds.

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich: Biography Lavxias teb sab txawj xav

A. I. Gertsen yog tus tsaub tub ib tug muaj nyiaj tswv av Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva thiab nws tus ntxhais rau hauv tus nom chaw tsim tshuaj paus, 16-xyoo-laus German poj niam Henriette Haag. Vim lub fact tias cov officially sau npe sib yuav tsis yog, kawg tus tub ntawm nws txiv yees ua. Txhais los ntawm German nws txhais tau tias "lub siab tus me nyuam".

Kuv coj mus rau lub neej yav tom ntej publicist thiab txawj sau ntawv nyob rau hauv nws tus txiv ntxawm lub tsev rau Tverskoy Boulevard (tam sim no nws yog lub Literary lub koom haum rau lawv. Gorky).

Los ntawm ib tug thaum ntxov muaj hnub nyoog nws pib overwhelm "txoj kev ywj pheej-hlub npau suav", uas yog vim li - tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv IE Protopopov paub tus menyuam kawm ntawv nrog cov kwv huam ntawm Pushkin, Ryleeva Bouchaud. Fabkis txoj kiv puag ncig, lub tswv yim yog nyob rau hauv cov huab cua lossi kawm chav Alexander. Twb nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm Herzen nrog Ogarev cov phooj ywg, thiab ua ke lawv daug lawm ib lub hom phiaj los hloov lub ntiaj teb no. Unusually muaj zog lub tswv yim rau cov phooj ywg ua lub Decembrist uprising, tom qab uas lawv zes nyob rau hauv revolutionary kev ua ub no thiab swore mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej los mus tiv thaiv lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej thiab cov kwvtij nkauj muam.

Phau ntawv ntawm Fabkis Enlightenment tau txhua hnub noj cov zaub mov phau ntawv Alexander - nws tau nyeem ib tug ntau ntawm Voltaire, Beaumarchais, Kotzebue. Nws tsis tau kis tau los ntawm thiab rau hauv thaum ntxov German Romanticism - tej hauj lwm ntawm Goethe thiab Schiller teev nws nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo siab ntsuj plig.

tsev kawm ntawv lub vajvoog

Nyob rau hauv 1829, Aleksandr Gertsen nws nkag mus hauv lub Moscow University of Physics thiab Lej Department. Thiab muaj nws tsis ua ib nrog nws thaum yau phooj ywg Ogarev, uas tsis ntev lawv tsim ib lub voj voog ntawm like-minded neeg. Nws kuj muaj xws li ib tug zoo-paub nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, ib tug sau thiab historian thiab tshuab txhais lus V. Passek N. Ketscher. Thaum nws cov rooj sib tham, cov mej zeej ntawm lub vajvoog tau tham txog lub tswv yim ntawm Saint-Simonianism, koob pheej ntawm lawv nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov txiv neej thiab cov poj niam, abolition ntawm ntiag tug - nyob rau hauv luv luv, lawv yog cov thawj Socialists nyob rau hauv Russia.

"Malovskaya keeb kwm"

Kev kawm ntawv nyob rau University of huv thiab monotonous. Ob peb cov xib fwb los qhia cov menyuam mus rau lub lectures nrog advanced tswv yim ntawm German philosophy. Herzen nrhiav ib txoj kev tawm ntawm nws lub zog los ntawm kev koom nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv pranks. Nyob rau hauv 1831 nws tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua "malovskoy keeb kwm", uas twb tau mus kawm los ntawm Lermontov. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv raug ntiab tawm los ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib xib fwb ntawm criminal txoj cai. Raws li nws tom qab rov Alexander Malov MJ ruam, tsis paub thiab ruam xibfwb. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv tab ntxub nws thiab luag nws nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawv. Rau nws Escapade rebels tau txais tawm kuj yooj yim - peb siv ib tug ob peb hnub nyob rau hauv ib tug rau txim ntawm tes.

Cov thawj txuas

Kev ua ub no tus phooj ywg vajvoog ntawm Herzen muaj ib tug es innocent nyob rau hauv cov xwm, tab sis tus Imperial Chancellery pom nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev ntseeg ib tug kev hem thawj rau imperial lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv 1834, tag nrho cov neeg ntawm lub koom haum tau raug ntes thiab exiled. Herzen xub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Perm, thiab ces nws tau txiav txim mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Vyatka. Muaj nws npaj ib exhibition ntawm lub zos tej hauj lwm, uas muab ntxiv rau Zhukovsky thov yuav tsum tau pauv mus rau Vladimir. Muaj Herzen noj tam sim ntawd thiab nws tus nkauj nyab los ntawm Moscow. Cov hnub yog cov lightest thiab zoo siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub turbulent lub neej ntawm tus kws.

Lub split ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev xav nyob rau hauv lub Slavophiles thiab Westerners

Nyob rau hauv 1840, Aleksandr Gertsen rov qab mus rau Moscow. Ntawm no, txoj hmoo coj nws mus rau cov zajlus vajvoog ntawm Belinsky, uas qhia thiab nquag engrafted Hegelian tswv yim. Nrog raug tej yam txaus siab thiab Lavxias teb sab intransigence mej zeej ntawm lub vajvoog ntaus nqi lub tswv yim ntawm cov German philosopher ntawm lub rationality ntawm tag nrho cov kev muaj tiag dog dig tug-ib tog. Txawm li cas los, Herzen nws tus kheej los ntawm Hegel ua raws nraim cov lus rov lus xaus. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub voj voog twb muab faib ua Slavophiles, cov thawj coj ntawm cov uas twb Kirievsky thiab hamsters, thiab Westerners uas tau coalesced nyob ib ncig ntawm Herzen thiab Ogarev. Dua li ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj neeg divergent views on lub neej yav tom ntej txoj kev ntawm Russia txoj kev loj hlob, thiab cov neeg thiab lwm tus neeg koom siab tiag tiag patriotism raws li tsis nyob rau qhov muag tsis pom kev hlub ntawm Lavxias teb sab statehood, thiab ib tug sincere kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog thiab lub hwj chim ntawm cov neeg. Raws li nws sau tom qab, Herzen, lawv zoo ib yam li lub ob-faced Janus, uas nws ntsej muag twb tig nyob rau hauv txawv kev qhia, thiab ib tug lub plawv dhia ceev.

Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm hom phiaj

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich, uas nws biography thiab thiaj li tau sau nrog heev xyaum, lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub neej zoo rau nws siv sab nraum Russia. Nyob rau hauv 1846, tus kws ntawv tus txiv tuag lawm, tawm hauv ib tug zoo legacy Herzen. Qhov no muab Alexander Ivanovich lub sij hawm rau ob peb lub xyoo los mus nyob ib ncig ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Qhov txawv tebchaws tau fundamentally hloov txoj kev xav ntawm lub txawj sau ntawv. Nws cov khub Westerners twb ceeb thaum lawv nyeem luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv journal "Sau ntawv ntawm lub Fatherland" Herzen tsab xov xwm hu ua "Cov tsiaj ntawv los ntawm cov Avenue Marigny», uas tom qab ua lub npe hu ua "Cov tsiaj ntawv los ntawm Fabkis thiab Ltalis." Qhia tau meej heev anti-bourgeois cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg ntawv ua tim khawv rau qhov tseeb hais tias tus kws uas sau tau tu siab rau lub revolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm Western lub tswv yim. Tom qab pom tus ua hauj lwm ntawm lub revolutions ntawm lub saw uas swept los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1848-1849, qhov thiaj li hu ua "caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm haiv neeg", nws pib los tsim ib tug kev tshawb xav ntawm "Lavxias teb sab socialism", uas tau muab yug tau ib tug tshiab kwj ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab philosophical thought - populism.

Ib tug tshiab lub tswv yim

Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, Aleksandr Gertsen los ua phooj ywg nrog Proudhon, uas nws pib mus rau luam tawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Suab ntawm cov neeg". Tom qab cov hluav ntawm lub radical tsis sib xws, nws tsiv mus rau Switzerland, thiab ces mus rau Nice, qhov uas nws tau ntsib nrog Garibaldi, tus naas ej fighter rau txoj kev ywj pheej thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm lub Italian neeg. Yuav kom qhov no lub sij hawm yog tus ntawv ntawm lub sau ntawv "Los ntawm cov Lwm yam Ntug dej", uas qhia txog cov tswv yim tshiab, uas nqa deb Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich. Lub philosophy ntawm ib tug radical restructuring ntawm lub kev txiav txim tsis txaus siab cov txawj sau ntawv, Herzen thiab thaum kawg hais tias goodbye rau nws mas ntseeg. Nws xav pib mus xyuas doom rau cov laus cov teb chaws Europe thiab cov poj peev xwm ntawm Slavic ntiaj teb no, yuam kom paub lub socialist zoo tagnrho.

A. I. Gertsen - Lavxias teb sab journalist

Tom qab nws tus poj niam tuag, Herzen tsiv mus rau London, qhov twg nws pib mus rau luam tawm nws nto moo ntawv xov xwm "Lub Tswb". Feem ntau cov influential ntawv xov xwm enjoyed nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ua ntej lub abolition ntawm serfdom. Ces nws kev pib poob, tshwj xeeb yog muaj zog rau lub chaw ntawm nws tsuj ntawm lub Polish uprising ntawm 1863. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub tswv yim ntawm Herzen nrhiav tsis tau kev pab los ntawm lub radicals, los yog liberals: rau cov thawj, lawv twb dhau lawm ntsis, thiab rau tom kawg yog ib yam nkaus thiab radical. Nyob rau hauv 1865, lub Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv tau siab demanded tias Nws Majesty tus poj huab tais of England, rau cov neeg kho ntawm "Lub Neeb" tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm lub teb chaws. Aleksandr Gertsen thiab nws tus khub raug yuam kom tsiv mus nyob rau Switzerland.

Herzen tuag ntawm mob ntsws nyob rau hauv 1870 nyob rau hauv Paris, qhov chaw uas nws tuaj txog rau ntawm tsev neeg teeb meem.

txawj cuab yeej cuab tam

Chaw Gertsena Aleksandra Ivanovicha muaj ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom sau nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab thiab mus txawv teb chaws. Tab sis feem ntau npe hu rau nws phau ntawv, nyob rau hauv particular, qhov kawg ua hauj lwm ntawm nws lub neej, "Kuv Yav tag los thiab xav". Sam Aleksandr Gertsen, uas nws biography yog tej zaum ua unthinkable zigzags, hu ua qhov no ua hauj lwm ib tug confession, uas tau tshwm sim los ib tug ntau yam "kev xav ntawm doom." Nws yog ib tug synthesis ntawm journalism, memoirs, tej kev sau ntawv portraits thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv lub dab neeg "Leej twg yog txhaum?" Tus txawj sau ntawv ua hauj lwm rau xyoo. Teeb meem ntawm koob pheej ntawm lawv nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov poj niam thiab cov txiv neej nyob rau hauv sib yuav sib raug zoo, kev kawm ntawv nws muaj nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm kom daws tau nrog kev pab los ntawm lub siab ideals ntawm tib neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd mus rau nws cwj mem ostrosotsialnye zaj dab neeg "Lub Thieving Magpie", "Dr. cereals", "Lub txom nyem ntawm ib khob ntawm grog", "laj" thiab lwm tus neeg.

Muaj tej zaum tsis yog ib zaug xwb educated neeg, uas tsawg kawg yog tsis yog los ntawm hearsay paub tias leej twg Aleksandr Gertsen. Luv luv biography ntawm tus kws pom nyob rau hauv lub Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Brockhaus thiab Efron, tab sis koj yeej tsis paub nyob rau hauv dab tsi lwm qhov chaw! Txawm li cas los, nws yog ib qhov zoo tshaj plaws kom tau ntsib nrog cov txawj sau ntawv los ntawm nws cov phau ntawv - nyob rau hauv lawv cov full-ntev twg thiaj li raug nws cwm pwm.