Lwm yam sentimentalism. Nta ntawm sentimentalism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv

Lwm yam sentimentalism, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub classical-style, hu ua tus nyeem ntawv kom paub txog tib yam tib neeg txoj kev xav, rau tej yam ntuj tso thiab zoo ntawm Internal lub xeev, mus hauj lwm ua ke nrog cov xwm. Thiab yog hais tias classicism pe hawm xwb yog vim li cas, tsis muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov logic, lub system (raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm cov paj huam Boileau), ib tug artist-sentimentalist yog free rau hauv lub siab ntawm nws cov lus, cov sib ntaus ntawm lub tswv yim. Yug tawm tsam tiv thaiv yog vim li cas dryness xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub Enlightenment, tag nrho cov lwm yam ntawm sentimentalism yog tsis zoo li cas lawv tau txais los ntawm lub kab lis kev cai, thiab hais tias qhov tob ntawm tus ntsuj plig coj tawm los ntawm nws cov hauv qab.

Tom qab ntawm sentimentalism

Absolutist feudal tsoom fwv tau poob mus rau hauv ib tug sib sib zog nqus teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb tuaj qhov tseem ceeb, nrog rau hauv lub tib neeg tus neeg, nrog vsesoslovnoy. Sentimentalism - lub ntsiab txhais nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm sentiment lub widest strata ntawm cov haiv neeg nrog ib tug haib anti-feudal fervor.

Qhov thib peb qub txeeg qub tes, cov nyiaj txiag nqi, tab sis kev thiab politically powerless, tau intensified tiv thaiv cov aristocracy thiab cov txiv plig. Nws yog muaj, nyob rau hauv lub thib peb hauv chav kawm ntawv, thiab tau yug los rau hauv lub npe nrov: "Ywj Pheej, koob pheej ntawm lawv, fraternity" - uas tau los ua tus cov lus hais tias ntawm tag nrho cov revolutions. Social culture ntawm cov haiv neeg uas cog noob democratization.

Rationalist worldview raug postulate lub primacy ntawm cov tswv yim, li no cov ideological ntsoog. Tsis monarchy li ib daim ntawv ntawm lub xeev cov qauv poob mus rau hauv lwj. Lub tswv yim ntawm monarchy discredited lub tswv yim ntawm enlightened huab tais - kuj vim hais tias yuav luag tsis muaj ib tug los yog cov lwm yam tsis tau raws li qhov tiag tiag kev xav tau ntawm cov haiv neeg.

conquest kab lis kev cai

Cov tau tus bourgeoisie los ntawm tus thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 18th xyoo pua tau nce ntau npaum li ntawd tias nws pib hais kuv sau cov ntsiab lus rau tag nrho lwm cov chav kawm ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm kab lis kev cai. Ua ib tug supporter ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev kawm, nws muab faib rau lawv mus cov ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab.

Ntxiv mus, nws yog nyob los ntawm lawv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lawv ib ncig: Rousseau - tsev neeg watchmaker, Voltaire - cai sau cim hom Diderot - tus kws txawj txua ... Hais txog qhov nyuab thiab nco ntsoov yog tsis muaj kev txiav txim zoo, vim hais tias lawv yog cov tag peb qub txeeg qub tes, thiaj tau tuaj thiab heev dua lwm yam.

Thaum uas tag nrho cov nplais ntawm cov haiv neeg ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua kev ywj pheej sentiments loj hlob los ntawm leaps thiab ciam teb, tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub thib peb Av. Cov sentiments thiab demanded tias lub caij Enlightenment lwm heroes, tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob thiab tshiab ncus. Txawm li cas los lwm yam ntawm sentimentalism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tuaj tshiab tsis. Elegiac paj huam, epistolary ib hom ntawv nyeem, memoirs - tag nrho cov tau ntev paub ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tshiab.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm sentimentalism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv

Raws li ib tug lwm txoj rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov Enlightenment rationalist philosophy clears lwm txhais tau tias ntawm xaav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no: tsis mloog, thiab lub plawv, uas yog, xa mus rau cov qeb ntawm ncus thiab txoj kev xav. Literature - yog lub teb uas flourished tag nrho lwm yam ntawm sentimentalism.

Sentimentalists ntseeg tias tus txiv neej los ntawm qhov yog yuav tsum tau alien rau prudence thiab rationality, nws yog ze rau lub ntuj puag ncig, uas yog los ntawm kev qhia cov tsis totaub muab puab sib raug zoo. Virtue yuav tsum ntuj, lawv sau, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau ib lub high degree ntawm rhiab heev ntawm noob neej yuav tau txais tiag tiag zoo siab. Lub ntsiab yam ntawm sentimentalism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab yog li ntawd tau xaiv rau lub hauv paus ntawm intimacy: pastoral, idyllic, mus ncig teb chaws, tus kheej hmoov los yog cov tsiaj ntawv.

Tag rau tej yam ntuj tso thaum pib (Ib Education) thiab nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj - nyob rau hauv cov xwm - cov no yog cov ob tug ncej uas yog raws li tag nrho cov lwm yam ntawm sentimentalism.

Kev thiab kev kawm, lub xeev, haiv neeg, keeb kwm, kev kawm ntawv - cov lus yog nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog sentimentalism feem ntau tsim. Progress li lub hauv paus uas lub Enlightenment ua tau los ntawm kws tshawb fawb thiab lexicographer, yog sochton ruaj thiab heev teeb meem, thiab tag nrho cov kev muaj kev vam meej - disastrous rau tib neeg. Lub cult muaj ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm private neej nyob deb nroog, raws li zoo raws li ib tug tshaj plaws - ib lub neej ntawm txheej thaum ub thiab cov tsiaj qus li sai tau.

Heroic dab neeg ntawm lub xeem lwm yam ntawm sentimentalism, tsis tau ua ke. Txhua hnub, yooj yim impressions sau lawv. Es tsis txhob kaj cwj pwm txawv, sib ntaus vices thiab virtues ntawm sentimentalism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua pom qhov purity ntawm tus cwj pwm txawv thiab richness ntawm lub puab ntiaj teb no qhov nruab nrab neeg. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, ib tug neeg uas peb qub txeeg qub tes, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub sij hawm uas tsis yog tsawg tsawg. Sentimentalism, lub ntsiab txhais nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm cov kev ywj pheej pathos, kiag li tsis cov chav kawm ntawv hnub nyoog xws tswj los ntawm kev vam meej.

Lub puab ntiaj teb ntawm tus txiv neej: lwm saib

Nyob rau hauv concluding lub hnub nyoog ntawm Enlightenment, ib tug tshiab qauv yog twv yuav raug hu tsis tau ploj mus deb ntawm txoj kev kawm hauv paus ntsiab lus. Txawm li cas los, sentimentalism thiab Classicism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim pom: los ntawm classicists sau ntawv tsis meej xwm cim, nyob rau hauv cim - lub predominance ntawm ib tug ntseg obligatory ncaj ncees kev ntsuam xyuas.

Sentimentalists kuj pom tus hero raws li ib tug neeg thiab cov inexhaustible controversy. Nws yuav muab thiab ntse heev thiab villainy, vim hais tias txij thaum yug mus rau nws lub xam qhovkev zoo thiab kev phem. Thiab cov xwm - ib tug zoo pib, civilization - kev phem. Monosyllabic kev ntsuam xyuas feem ntau tsis haum qhov kev txiav txim hero sentimental tej hauj lwm. Zaum nws yuav zoo yuav tus neeg phem, tab sis nikogoda tsis, vim hais tias nws yeej ib txwm muaj lub sij hawm ua raws li qhov thiab rov qab mus rau hauv txoj kev ntawm lub siab zoo.

Ntawm no no didacticism, thiab tej zaum kuj biased, thiab sentimentalism kev cob cog rua nruj nreem rau lub era ntawm nws yug.

Lub cult ntawm lawm thiab subjectivity

Lub ntsiab yam ntawm sentimentalism yog ib co uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev kawm, nyob rau hauv no txoj kev uas lawv muaj peev xwm ua ntau siab qhia lub zog ntawm tus tib neeg lub siab. Qhov no yog ib tug tshiab nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv, yog ib qho Elegy, hmoov, memoirs thiab tag nrho cov uas tso cai rau koj mus hais lus nyob rau hauv thawj tus neeg.

Tus sau yog tsis tshem tawm los ntawm cov khoom uas nws sawv cev rau, thiab nws thiaj - lub feem ntau lub caij tseem ceeb ntawm zaj dab neeg. Tus qauv yog tseem dawb txawj canons tsis stifle lub tswv yim, muaj pes tsawg leeg yog arbitrary, thiab lwm cov uas lyrical digressions.

Yug nyob rau hauv lub thib ob xyoo caum ntawm lub shores ntawm ces, lub ntsiab yam ntawm sentimentalism nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua tau blossomed thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Feem ntau cov kom meej meej - nyob rau hauv ces, Fabkis, Lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Russia.

hais

Cov lyrics ntawm cov thawj txais mus rau lawv kab ntseg sentimentalism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Lub brightest cov neeg sawv cev: ib tug follower ntawm lub classical theorist Nikola Bualo - Dzheyms Tomson, uas tau siv nws lub English xwm Elegy, tag nrho siab heev; tsim ntawm "tojntxas" ntawm poetics Edward Jung; txhawb lub ntsiab Scot Robert Blair lub paj huam "Ntxa" thiab Thomas Grey nrog Elegy muaj li ntawm lub zos toj ntxas. Tag nrho cov ntawm cov sau phau ntawv yog lub ntsiab lub tswv yim ntawm cov koob pheej ntawm lawv tus neeg ua ntej nws tuag.

Ces - thiab zoo tshaj plaws - nta sentimentalism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ib hom ntawv nyeem dab neeg. Xamuyee Richardson decisively tsoo nrog cov kev lig kev cai ntawm taug txuj kev nyuaj, taug txuj kev nyuaj thiab picaresque tshiab, sau ntawv ib tug tshiab nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv. "Leej Txiv," cov kev taw qhia ntawm Lourens Nyaum pib tom qab nyob hauv lub tshiab "A sentimental Lus Los ntawm Fabkis thiab Ltalis, Mr. Yorick", uas tau muab lub npe mus rau cov kev taw qhia. Lub ncov ntawm cov tseem ceeb heev English sentimentalism yog xav tau ua hauj lwm ntawm Oliver goldsmith.

Fabkis

Qhov tseem classic daim ntawv ntawm sentimentalism yog pom nyob rau hauv thawj peb ntawm lub xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Fabkis. De Marivaux yog nyob rau hauv lub heev thaum pib ntawm no prose, piav txog lub neej ntawm Marianne thiab cov neeg pluag, uas twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv cov neeg. Lub Abbe Prevost enriched lub palette ntawm kev xav piav nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv - ib tug mob siab rau ntawd coj mus rau kev puas tsuaj.

Lub culmination ntawm sentimentalism nyob rau hauv Fabkis - Jean-Zhak Russo nrog nws epistolary novels. Xwm nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm yog tseem ceeb nyob rau nws tus kheej, tej yam ntuj tso tus neeg. Cov dab neeg "Confessions" - Qhia Tshwm autobiography nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no cov ntaub ntawv.

De Saint-Pierre, ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Rousseau, txuas ntxiv kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm qhov tseeb, uas qhia rau hauv lub loj lwm yam ntawm sentimentalism: kev zoo siab ntawm tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov xwm thiab virtue. Nws xav cov flowering ntawm "txawv" nyob rau hauv Romanticism, depicting ib tug tauj av ntawm nyob deb seas.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis txhob noj txaus followers Rousseau thiab ZH.-S. Mercier, thawb tus tshiab "Tus Limhiam" txheej thaum ub (zoo tagnrho) thiab civilizational ntaub ntawv ntawm cov hav zoov. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub civilization Mercier txhais raws li ib tug publicist nyob rau hauv "cov duab ntawm Paris."

Kws ntawv qhia de la Breton (ob puas ua hauj lwm tagnrho!) Ib qho ntawm feem loyal followers ntawm Rousseau. Nws sau txog yuav ua li cas puas nroog ib puag ncig uas dhau mus ua ib tug criminal, ncaj ncees thiab huv huv tub hluas, thiab tham txog cov tswv yim ntawm pedagogy nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm poj niam txoj kev kawm ntawv thiab upbringing.

Txij thaum pib ntawm revolutions nta sentimentalism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv lawm zoo. Lwm yam sentimentalism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv enriched los ntawm tshiab tseeb.

Lub teb chaws Yelemees

Ib tug tshiab saib cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees twb pawg G.-E. Lessing. Nws tag nrho cov pib nrog lub controversy Zurich University professors Bodmer thiab Johann Jakob Breitinger nrog ib tug ardent supporter ntawm classicism - German Gottsched. Lub Swiss tiv thaiv rau cov poetic lub tswv yim, tab sis lub German tsis pom zoo.

F.-G. Klopstock tau ntxiv dag zog rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm sentimentalism siv lus dab neeg Medieval Germanic kev lig kev cai yooj yim intertwined nrog txoj kev xav ntawm lub German plawv. Tab sis lub heyday ntawm German sentimentalism tuaj xwb nyob rau hauv lub seventies ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov ua hauj lwm rau lub creation ntawm lub teb chaws yog leejtwg Literature koom nyob rau hauv lub zog "Sturm und Drang".

Nyob rau hauv no sib thiab JW nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais hluas Goethe. "Lub Sorrows ntawm Hluas Werther," Goethe nchuav ntsig txog lub xeev German ntaub ntawv nyob rau yias-European. Cuab cawv ntawm "Sturm und Drang" thiab cov ua yeeb yam yog I.-F. Schiller.

Zog ntawm Guj kuj

Lavxias teb sab sentimentalism qhib Nikolaem Mihaylovichem Karamzinym - "Cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm ib tug Lavxias teb sab Traveler", "Tsis Liza" - lub masterpieces ntawm sentimental prose. Rhiab heev, melancholy, muaj siab rau yus tua yus - lub ntsiab nta ntawm sentimentalism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv - nyob rau hauv Karamzin ua ke nrog lwm tus nrhav. Nws tau los ua tus founder ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv, uas tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cov archaic grandiloquent suab thiab ib tug tshiab poetic lus. Yuav kom qhov no pab pawg neeg yuav mus rau II Dmitriev, VA Zhukovsky thiab lwm tus neeg.