Zlatoust steel engraving: technology, keeb kwm

Chrysostom - ib tug me me lub zos nyob rau hauv lub Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam nrog ib tug neeg nyob ntawm tsawg tshaj li ob puas txhiab tus neeg. Nws yog zoo dua lub npe hu nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm caj npab, kos duab historians thiab lolus ntawm bladed riam phom nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Hwjchim ci ntsa iab rau hauv lub nroog coj ib tug nyias thiab elegant kob steel engraving, txheej hlau khoom ntawm zoo heev zoo. Kav cov vaj ntxwv, CPSU General Secretary thiab cov Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation raws li ib tug nqi loj rau lawv txawv teb chaws cov phooj ywg portrayed cov khoom Ural masters.

Zlatoust engravings adorn edged riam phom thiab tej yam uas lub tsev luam thiab cov khoom siv - thawv, luam yeeb tus neeg mob, kev sau ntawv seev, feem ntau engraving siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua kev cai dab qhuas khoom - chalices, ceg txawb tswm ciaj, monstrances thiab cov nyiaj hli rau icons. Medals, cov kev ua si trophies - kuj yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub zog ntawm engravers.

Melee riam phom raws li ib tug teeb meem ntawm kev nplua nuj

Chrysostom - ib lub nroog nyob qhov twg lawv paub ntau yam txog cov hniav.

Melee riam phom yog npaj los ua kom tiav ob pab raws qib.

Thawj - tsis siv rau nws npaj lub hom phiaj. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov hlau yuav tsum yooj yim tochitsya thiab feem ntau ntev khaws sharpness, yuav resilient, muaj zog, moderately saj zawg zog, thiab tsis xeb. Kov thiab sheath - ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib tsab xov xwm. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua tsov rog kuaj ko muaj ib tug sib npaug, rov qab ua dua lub anatomical qauv ntawm cov tes, thiab yog raws li nws yog ib tug natural extension ntawm tes. Sheath, ntsig txog, - ib tug continuation ntawm tus hniav. Zoo tsim thiab tua, lawv tsis tau lo rau cov khaub ncaws, tsis hnyav heev, tsis dhau kaw ntom nti thiab tsis poob tawm. Qhov ntev, zoo, khoov, phaj thickness - tag nrho cov suav.

Qhov thib ob - rau prestige. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws zoo li ib tug hniav, ua rau txiav txim lub meej mom ntawm nws tus tswv. Vim li no, lis thiab sheath rau cov nom tswv cajceg dai kom zoo nkauj nrog precious pob zeb, kub thiab nyiaj co nyiaj npib, drawings thiab inscriptions.

Zlatoust riam hnub no, ua puas, raws li tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm tus txheej txheem. Nto moo hwm Dirk tseem ua ib tug me me Rhiav nyob hauv lub Ural nroog.

Qhuav hniav Zlatoustovsky

Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm ib yam khoom kos duab yog tag nrho cov tseem ceeb kauj ruam. Tsis kos thiab Zlatoust steel engraving. secretion ntau lawm technology tsis yog. Nyob rau hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv, koj yuav nrhiav tau ntawm cov rau txhua yam. Formulations ntawm hlau alloys, lub acids ntawm mis etching thiab varnishes no kuj muaj nyob. Art artistic prints yog qhia nyob rau hauv Zlatoust ceg ntawm lub Ural State University. Txij li thaum 1996, leej twg yuav nkag mus rau lub tshwj xeeb "Technology ntawm cov kos duab ua ntaub ntawv."

Tab sis qhov tiag siab kos duab - nws tsis yog cov txheej txheem. Tsis yog ib tug ua haujlwm hauv tsev tab sis ib tug me me ib feem ntawm lub Masters tau mus rau hauv lub tsev khaws thiab tau txais khoom plig hauv ntiaj teb no kev sib tw. Chrysostom yuav ua tau zoo siab rau.

UK puas thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees yog txaus siab ntawm collections ntawm hlau cov khoom, uas tsim lub Zlatoust masters. Yuav ua li cas yog lub zais cia ntawm xws chaw? Lub fact tias lub zos engravers lug tau sai dlua tag nrho cov hom kev kawm ua hauj lwm nrog hlau, thiab qhov no chasing thiab notching, thiab browning thiab blackening, thiab pickling, thiab electroplating, thiab taushirovanie. Rau ib txhia lub sij hawm tam sim no ntxiv thiab pob zeb carving, vim hais tias ntawm lub Ural gems yog tau zoo nkauj heev sab hauv. Tej yam me me engraving inlaid nrog pob zeb, ua nrog zoo saj thiab raws li qub kev cai, yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv coob. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub keeb kwm ntawm engraving - yog zaj dab neeg txog ib tug lossi evolving art daim ntawv. Txij li thaum lub kaj ntug ntawm cov tam sim no lub sij hawm lub Ural masters tsis tu tsis tseg kom paub. Piggy cov hom kev kawm ntawm artistic hlau ua thiab tseem loj hlob tuaj hnub no.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tus fishery

Nyob rau hauv 1754, nyob rau hauv lub Urals, nyob rau hauv lub hav ntawm tus dej Ai, Supreme Decree ntawm Nws Imperial Majesty tau txib prostroen ironworks Hoobkas. Lub nroog, uas loj hlob nyob ze, npe hu ua nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm St. Ioanna Zlatousta.

Yuav kom npaj lub ntau lawm nyob rau hauv 1815 los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, lub Hoobkas Solingen, tau caw zoo engravers - txiv thiab tus tub Schaff, thiab peb xyoos tom qab huab tais twb tau mus pom cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lawv cov chaw ua hauj lwm - tus thawj batch ntawm kaum cuaj tuaj twb coj tuaj rau lub capital. Cov hauj lwm nyiam thiab tau txais lub siab tshaj plaws kev pom zoo.

Ua ke nrog Shafami thiab nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia, mastered tshiab ntau lawm feemxyuam Ural masters. Lawv cov npe nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li cov npe ntawm cov founders ntawm ib tug style of art lub npe hu ua xim hlau engraving. Nws Efim thiab Ivan Bushuyeva Maxim Fedor thiab Peter Telezhnikov, Arkhip ncuav Fodor Strizhev, Ivan Boyarshinov thiab lwm tus neeg.

Schaff - adherents ntawm lub qub German lig kev cai. Lawv nrees paub yuav ua li cas saib zoo meej engraving. Hauj lwm ntawm cov kev cai ntawm tus txheej txheem yuav muaj npaum li cas ntau tshaj ib sab. Thaum ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus, cov duab yuav tsum zoo li qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv zolingenskih masters - yuav nyias, ca thiab monochrome. Schaff ntev lub sij hawm tsis pub lub zos thov lawv cov tswv yim rau hauv xyaum. Cov qauv rau cov hlau phaj Germans scratched koob. Lub etching acid siv tsuas yog raws li ib tug zaum kawg ua kauj ruam. German seev yog yus muaj los ntawm siab hardness thiab fineness. Nuj nqis tau heev me me thiab ib qho elaborated. Kawm nyob rau hauv ib tug degree los yog lwm rov tso.

Germans nyob hauv kev rho tawm nyob rau hauv lub zos thiab tsis nrhiav kev los kaw kev sib cuag nrog lub zos. Lawv ua hauj lwm zoo, yog tus phooj ywg, tab sis kev ua hauj lwm khaws cia aloof thiab tsis kam qhia lawv cov kev paub.

Zlatoust engraving ntawm lub sij hawm uas yooj yim coj los rau authorship. Nqus muab tso rau hauv scabbard thiab hilt. Cov kab yog nyias, elegant, zoo duab, ib tug ntau ntawm tseem ceeb nyob rau nqus cov lus.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Lavxias teb sab style

Cov thwjtim, tsuas yog rau cov neeg cov nuj nqis uas tau kawm los ntawm Schaffs, pib mus depict scenes ntawm cov tub rog thiab kev thaj yeeb lub neej ntawm nws haiv neeg teb chaws, mythological kawm - lawv yog cov tsis ntshai los qhia lub tswv yim thaum xaiv gravornoy technology. Neeg xwm thiab fauna ntawm lub Urals yog tseem embodied nyob rau hauv lawv cov kos duab. Lavxias teb sab masters surpassed lawv cov xib fwb nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Lawv kawm tau mus siv etching los tsim cov xim txawv thiab ntxoov. By ua nyob tus yeees ntawm cov acid thiab qhov ntev ntawm ib yam tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, lawv tiav zoo kawg li tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv lawv txhais tes, Zlatoust riam muab rau hauv cov cim tej hauj lwm ntawm fine art, duab, uas yog tsis txaj muag mus coj ib tug khoom plig, txawm rau vajntxwv.

Ivanko-Samara

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb artistic style feem ntau yog txuam nrog lub npe Ivana Bushueva. Nws loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm gunsmiths. Nws kawm painting nyob rau countrymen. Nyob rau hauv lub Urals, tau ntev tau koom nyob rau hauv steelmaking. Nyob rau Demidov nroj tsuag smelted ore, siav nws tus kheej Damascus steel, ua riam phom. By lub sij hawm ntawm tshwm sim ntawm lub Zlatoust cog kev lig kev cai ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nrog hlau tau txig tsim. Ivan Bushuyev - nto moo tshaj plaws lub npe nyob rau hauv Zlatoust. Nws yog incredibly txawj ntse thiab zog ua hauj lwm. Ural tswv kev cob cog rua kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse kawm los ntawm cov khub nrog German yam engraving. Nws yog ib tug ntse heev nyob rau ib feem ntawm cov kho kom zoo nkauj. Nws tus kheej forged hniav thiab muab tso rau hauv lawv cov kos duab. Nws tej hauj lwm yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Armory ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin. Paul Bazhov immortalized lub npe ntawm tus tswv nyob rau hauv lub taleas "Ivanko-Samara". Lub npe nrov winged nees, ib lub cim ntawm Chrysostom - ib tug tribute thiab hwm koj.

Ivan Bushuyev muaj ib tug heev zoo kev txiav txim zoo ntawm kev faib ua feem, txig proportioned. Nws yam yog kiag li coj. Bushuevskie cim tsis zoo li qub, zoo li lub Germans. Nws cov neeg, cov tsiaj - lub neej zog. Nws yog tsis muaj kev huam yuaj emblem Chrysostom - yog sai rushing mus rau hauv lub cua golden winged nees. Cov ceev xwm txheej Ivan Bushueva feem ntau tam sim no cov nees. Cov kev sib hloov ntawm lub taub hau, qhov chaw ntawm lub cev, ob txhais ceg, tus Tsov tus tw, pob ntseg, txawm yooj yim los mus txiav txim yog dab tsi tus tsiaj pom tau tias, yog xwm los ntawm cov artist. Puas tsis ib tug tim tswv coj tus tswv txhais tes thaum nws yog tuav lub koob scratched cov kua roj vanish?

fiery gilding

Cov creation ntawm prints Ivan Bushuyev spared tsis lub sij hawm los yog lub dag zog. Nws txawm invented nws tus kheej txoj kev kub hniav nyiaj hniav kub khoom.

Master paub lub technology thiab paub yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau cov tuaj rau hauv tag nrho cov ua sawv, pib nrog qhov kev sib cais ntawm ore. Nws tau coj fineness melting khoom siv tes ua, nws muaj peev xwm mus ntaus lub co, sau thiab varnishes rau etching sib tov, tiam sis feem ntau nyiam Ivan art prints. Nws invented dab neeg, kos lawv rau ntawm daim ntawv, thiab ces txo kom qhov kev kawm me me, ua noj ua haus phaj thiab muab tso rau hauv nws daim duab. Kev npaj ntawm cov khoom rau lub engraving yog ceev faj polishing thiab varnishing. Ces ib tug roj-teeb los yog riam sheath coated nrog ib tug txheej ntawm hmoov quav. Ntxiv khoom clamped nyob rau hauv ib tug ruaj, thiab kos ib daim duab xeeb. Yog hais tias txhua yam muab tawm zoo, thiab zaj dab neeg haum rau lub vos qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom, nws yog ua tau yuav pib qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog ib feem ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Kev puas tsuaj rau tus nto zachernonnuyu tswv qauv scratched koob, tshem lacquer rau hlau. Tom qab ntawd yaj kub nyob rau hauv mercury thiab muab tso rau hauv ib lub me ntsis suede hnab. Engravable kwv yog rhuab mus rau ib tug kub kub thiab liab-kub nto ntawm no uas tau tsav haus luam yeeb hnab. Mercury suab thiab kua kub fused rau tus hlau. Cov txias hniav los yog sheath Bushuyev ntxuav los ntawm lacquer. Qhov no lub lag luam yog tseem yooj yim. nws yog hu ua etching. Nyob ntawm seb lub acid muaj pes tsawg leeg rau ntawm cov hlau tseem nyob Hawj txawm sib txawv xim tshaj puag hlau.

Mercury vapor tso thaum lub sij hawm cov cua kub, yog heev teeb meem rau kev noj qab nyob. Ob peb ntawm lub engravers ntawm kub kub twb ua raws li plaub caug xyoo. Ivan Bushuyev tuag nyob rau hauv 1835. Nws yog 37.

Nto moo tej hauj lwm

Zlatoust masters tej hauj lwm uas zoo txaus siab tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm daim duab, tab sis kuj raws li keeb kwm ntaub ntawv. Nws dim ob tuaj ua nyob rau hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub 19th caug xyoo. Lawv npaj tej yam me me paintings depicting cov theem ntawm zog ua ntej mus rau lub tsos ntawm cov kev kawm. Qhov no ore tsuas thiab hlau smelting thiab casting nyob rau hauv ib cov pwm thiab hammering, thiab engraving, thiab tus me nyuam ntawm tus huab tais, thiab cov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov hero. Cov tuaj yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau txhua tus lwm yam. Nws yog tshwm hais tias lawv tau ua masters ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis ib tug peb pom cherubic cov me nyuam mos, thiab lwm yam - zoo tib yam cov neeg laus. Laus Zlatoust engraving - puav pheej no, uas yog muaj nuj nqis heev kim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum koj xav txog hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tus tswv yog kev koom ua hauj lwm nrog kub, nyiaj thiab muaj nuj nqis heev pob zeb. Rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg nyob rau hauv lub cob qhia ntawm Zlatoust tsob nroj tsis tu ncua kom ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej yam khoom, tsis tsuas riam phom. Grand Duke Alexander, txais lub Lavxias teb sab zwm txwv, Ivan Bushuyev nrog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov phooj ywg ua armor zoo li medieval. Qhov no cim yam khoom yuav pom nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm lub halls ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm lub zos dab neeg Chrysostom.

Pavel Petrovich Anosov

Engraving Chrysostom raws li ib tug lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab pej xeem khoom siv tes ua, tshuav npaum li cas rau cov kev ua ub Pavla Petrovicha Anosova. Qhov no txiv neej muaj ib tug enormous tej yam tsis tsuas yog nyob rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab nce qib ntawm cov cim kos duab, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tsuas kev lag luam ntawm lub Urals. Talented neeg los ntawm ib tug neeg txom nyem tsev neeg nyob rau hauv lub neej tau ua nws tus kheej ua hauj lwm thiab txuj ci, tsis muaj influential neeg thiab patronage.

Pavel Anosov orphaned thaum ntxov, thiab nws yawg coj nyob rau kev kawm ntawv, uas tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug kws kho tsheb nyob rau Izhevsk thiab Votkinsk factories. Uas yog vim li cas, tau txais ib tug zoo kev kawm ntawv nyob rau St. Petersburg Cadet Corps, Pavel Petrovich tau mus rau lub Zlatoust tsuas District. Nws mus 22-th xyoo. Pib nrog rau feem ntau tsis tseem ceeb txaus chaw ua hauj lwm, mus los ntawm tag nrho cov ua sawv ntawm hauj lwm ntaiv, Anosov mus txog tus ncej ntawm Chief ntawm lub roob nroj tsuag ntawm lub Altai thiab Tomsk xeev xeev. Nws tuag nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog 54 nrog cov nyob qib ntawm tus tswv xeev ntawm Tomsk. Thaum lub sij hawm nws tsis ntev heev lub neej, nws muaj peev xwm mus tsa thiab tsim cov hlau thiab steel kev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws muab rau nws. Nws yog ib tug tsuas engineer thiab chemist, kawm qhov xwm ntawm tus Urals thiab ua ntau yam discoveries nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm underground mineral deposits.

Nyob rau hauv 1828, Pavel Petrovich Anosov, yog twb taub hau ntawm lub Zlatoust metallurgical tsob nroj, tau txais los ntawm lub Mining Ministry thiaj li yuav tsim steel ntawm lub ntsiab yam ntxwv yog tsis inferior mus rau lub zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu nyob rau ntawm lub lub sij hawm ntawm lub nroog Damaxaka thiab Bulat. Arhitrudnaya ua hauj lwm, vim hais tias lawv secrets sab hnub tuaj gunsmiths piously fwm rau ntau centuries. Txawm li cas los, tom qab ntau npaum li cas cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kws, Paul Petrovich thiab nws cov npoj yaig nyob tsis tshua muaj neeg vam meej hlau mis uas yog ntxiv qhuas cov nroj tsuag, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm thiab tag nrho cov zog ntawm Guj kuj. Lavxias teb sab Bulat Anosova mus rau zus tau tej cov riam.

Los ntawm tej yam ua Paul Petrovich, peb yuav nco qab tej kev tseeb no, characterizing nws raws li ib tug zoo kawg nkaus tus neeg thiab ib tug zoo tswv.

• Anosov ua tus txiav npluav on mercury gilding, vim hais tias nws yog heev teeb meem rau kev noj qab nyob, thiab hloov nws nrog Electroplated.
• Nws tsim lub tshuab los pab txhawb lub zog ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm.
• Thaum lub sij hawm nws coj noj coj ua ntawm cov ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Zlatoust cog txhua xyoo muab ob them cov hnub caiv - ib tug thib ob ua ntej Easter thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov, thaum lub sij hawm sau rau lub caij.

• Pavel Petrovich ua qhib tsev kawm ntawv rau neeg ua hauj lwm 'cov me nyuam. Nws tsim cov kev pab cuam rau cov tub hluas nyob rau hauv 12 thiab cov ntxhais - mus 18 xyoo.
• Rau nws teg num, cov ua hauj lwm rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm hlau los ua ua nyob rau hauv ib yaam, nrog recordings ntawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thwmsim. Ua ntej nws los, tus zus tau tej cov hlau rau swords yog ib tug teeb meem ntawm qhov thiab dhau los ntawm tus tswv lug tau sai dlua hais lus. Paul nws tus kheej Anosov sau thiab luam tawm ob peb cov kev pab cuam ntawm kev uas tsuas, xws li hlau hardening ntawm stainless hlau thiab zus tau tej cov Damascus hlau.

Bulat yog zoo nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov respects thiab yog tsis inferior mus rau lub zoo tshaj plaws lub ntiaj teb no cov qauv. Ntaj neeg ua hauj lwm tho thiab txiav riam phom, axes, ntaj thiab yos hav zoov cov riam los ntawm nws yog tseem lub kawm ntawm siab art. Lawv antique nqi tshaj pua pua txhiab tus rubles. Moire phwj Damascus zoo nkauj li zoo zoo nkauj tshooj hlau. Anosova ntxias twb tsis ua rau nws rau lub paintings, cia li nyob ze ntawm lub hauv paus. Tshaj tej yam me me ornaments muaj ntaub ntawv rau lub kov thiab scabbard.

Nyob rau hauv 1847 nws twb tus era ntawm P. P. Anosova. Nws tau mus rau St. Petersburg nrog ib tug sau ntawm ntaj, yos hav zoov cov riam, cov thawv, cutlery nrog leeg inlaid nrog semi-precious pob zeb ntawm lub Urals, tsom iav thiab cov tais. Pavel Petrovich yuav tsum qhia tej no, thiab high-qeb duas ua hauj lwm kom tau kev tso cai los nthuav ntau lawm, tab sis txoj kev yog nyob rau hauv ib tug daus cua daj cua dub. Lub wagon kuav los tiag lawm, nws tus khub crushed nrog hnyav thawv thiab them nrog daus. Lawv nyob ib ob peb hnub nyob rau txoj kev hlub ntawm lub siab phem ntsiab uas tsis muaj kev cia siab ntawm txoj kev cawm seej. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, Anosov mob heev. Nws yog tsis tau rov qab thiab tuag nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1851.

Pavel Matveyevich Obukhov

Yuav luag 15 xyoo Zlatoust cog tseem tsis tau zoo tej kev coj. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-60s rau tus ncej ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas tsa Paul Matveyevich Obukhov. Nws muaj kev tswj kom coj lub tuam txhab tawm ntawm kev kub ntxhov. Pavel Matveevich yog los ntawm ib tsev neeg ntawm miners. Nws tau txais ib tug engineering kev kawm ntawv nyob rau St. Petersburg Mining lub koom haum, los ntawm uas nws kawm tiav nrog rau ib tug kub puav pheej, ces kawm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Belgium, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kis tau zoo kev txawj ntse saib xyuas thiab organizer. Nyob rau hauv Zlatoust, nws resumed tus lawm txheej txheem coj mus rau qhov kev txiav txim tshuav Anosov uas nws kim heev kev legacy thiab txuas ntxiv nws thwmsim pib nyob rau doping. Pavlu Matveevichu yog rho rau cov creation ntawm cam khwb cia hlau. Nws hloov lub bronze cannon, thiab tam sim no Zlatoust metallurgical tsob nroj tau ua ib tug loj tsum phom - phom thiab phom.

Art kev cob qhia yog tseem tsis kaw. Yog hais tias Anosov nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no, mas ua thiab damask steel hniav, lub Obukhov thiab nthuav hwj chim rau riam phom ntxiv ib tug loj ntau ntawm cov tsev neeg khoom - thawv, luam yeeb tus neeg mob, cov tais, cutlery. Los ntawm txoj kev, Pavel Matveyevich Obukhov muab rau nws saib xyuas los ntawm lub enterprise tsis tau tsuas yog pom tau hais lawv lub tswv yim rau kev txhim kho, tab sis kuj tsim thiab siv cov tswv yim Pavla Petrovicha Anosova, fwm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv.

Lub Soviet lub sij hawm

Tom qab 1917, cov Zlatoust tsob nroj txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm. Tam sim no txias steel pib los decorate lub revolutionary scenes thiab portraits ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub Communist tog. Muab cov neeg dawb huv classicism coj lub ntxhib niaj hnub. Qhov tseem ceeb txawm tau pib ua rau cov teeb meem ntawm loj ntau lawm. Kuv twb kos qauv setkografii. Tus sau lub style yog yuav luag ploj mus. Dawb lias engraving tau zus nyob rau hauv me me thiab muab rau hauv panels. Zlatoust steel khoom craftsmen los decorate lub phab ntsa ntawm pej xeem hauv tsev. Tshiab rau lub galvanic deposition ntawm npib tsib xee technology tau hloov tshaj Vocabulary Zlatoust engraving. Nuj nqis ua tsawg ntshiab, diffuse loj tseem ceeb nyob rau cov kev ua si ntawm lub teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo. Nws yog tsis muaj ntev npaum li ntawd, engraving li painting.

Setkografiya tso cai rau kom tsim loj batches ntawm zoo tib yam panels. Ntxias tau pauv mus rau lawv reproductions uas nto moo paintings los ntawm zoo-paub sau phau ntawv. Lossis loj portraits ntawm Lenin thiab Stalin adorn lub facades ntawm tsoom fwv cov koom haum. Rau ib txhia lub sij hawm, lub tswv yim xav muab txoj kev uas yuav kho tshuab ua hauj lwm.

Nyob rau hauv lub mus txog 1960 nws revived paj nyob rau hauv tsoos crafts. Peb pib qhib ua hauj lwm thiab kos duab lub tsev kawm ntawv. Engraving Chrysostom tau tau momentum rau lub tshiab txoj kev loj hlob. Hluas tiav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv uas tau txais kev kawm ntawv-engravers ntxias uas tuaj rau lub Hoobkas thiab nyob rau hauv lub cob qhia uas manufactured khoom hauv tsev, lawv tej txuj ci. Thaum lub sij hawm cov xyoo, tsis nyuaj lub npe ntawm xws zoo ntxias li G. Bersenev A. Bogachev, NV Lohtachova, Averkin O. li al.

tam sim no

Niaj hnub no, ib tug yuav hnov lub tswv yim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xeem puas xyoo ntawm Zlatoust engraving raws li ib tug zoo ntawm lub teb chaws arts and crafts tau poob qhov tseeb. Nrog rau qhov no koj tsis xav mus txais. Zlatoust engraving (zaj dab neeg ntawm tus naas ej nuv ntses qhia nws) thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho lub sij hawm ntawm nws lub neej, yog lossi hloov. Chiv, nws twb yus laconic nrhiav thiab tiag tiag li dluab, pub los ntawm cov Germans los ntawm Solingen, ces tus Lavxias teb sab masters ntxiv gilding thiab lwm yam tuam technology, enriched plots. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, engraving txais lub tswv yim ntawm nrov kos duab thiab absorbed tshiab niaj hnub yeej.

Tus thawj puas xyoo tau ncaim peb ib tug ob peb npe ntawm muaj koob ntxias. Lawv ua hauj lwm muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau thiab nyeem tau - I. N. Bushuev pleev xim rau Miniatures rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm myths xwb thiab cov tub rog battles. IP Boyarshinov hlub ua hauj lwm rau kev yos hav zoov cov riam. Nws engraved rau lawv tua tsiaj scenes.

Nyob rau tom ntej no puas xyoo zoo ntawm engraving rau hlau twb hloov li varied social lub neej thiab tib neeg xav tau kev pab. Yuav ua li cas yog hu ua kitsch thiab cov neeg siv khoom - tej yam no vim lub yeej ntawm lub proletarian kiv puag ncig, uas yog equalized thiab tag nrho guaranteed muab txhua leej txhua tus nrog rau txhua yam koj xav tau. Chasing ib tug loj heev thiab socialization of art coj mus rau lub fact tias cov hniav feem ntawm cov Zlatoust engraving haum impoverished. Tam sim no, kos duab rau ntawm engraving rau hlau regains suab nrov ntawm elitism. Koj masters muaj, tab sis, raws li ib txwm, koj yuav suav tau rau ib txhais tes. Tam sim no, siab art yuav tsis tuag, tiam sis nws yuav tsis sawv tseem - nws yeej yuav tug yug me nyuam hauv av rau paub feemxyuam neeg thiab rau cov me nyuam yug ntawm tshiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kos duab.