Yuav ua li cas yog sphragistics? Cov kev kawm ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj

Cov lus teb rau cov nqe lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog sphragistics?" Pib nws pw nyob rau hauv 1709. M. Geynektsy. Sphragistics - lub science uas kawm rau hauv xovxwm. Rau Geynektsiem raws li muab cov lus no science tam sim no lub npe Iogann Geymann thiab ces Gatterer, Gerken, Ledebour, Hohenlohe-Waldenburg, thiab lwm tus neeg. Seyler yuav mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws tsis ntev los no hauj lwm nyob rau sphragistics.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj

Nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua pib coj zoo lawm raws li ib tug sphragistics Diplomatique department. Nws lub hom phiaj ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub sib tam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li tsim kom muaj nws authenticity. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub notion hais tias xws li sphragistics, tau raug ncua. Qhov scientific siv txij thaum kawg ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua tau ua tswvcuab ntau printing, poob kev sib txuas lus nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv (Chaldean, ancient Iyiv, Laus, Parthian, ancient Indian thiab lwm tus neeg.). Lawv twb pom thaum lub sij hawm lub excavation. Txij li thaum uas lub sij hawm sphragistics - lub science uas cov kev tshawb fawb, cov lwm yam, lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab tsim ntawm lub ancient tsev ntawm lub xeev rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub kev faib ntawm cov ntxhuab, uas no hloov nyob rau hauv nws cov neeg ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, muaj ib tug ntaus cim sawv ntawm no science. Qhov no yog txuam nrog ib tug tseem ceeb nce nyob thaum lub sij hawm excavations nyob rau hauv lub Pskov thiab Novgorod cov ntaub ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb tshooj nyob rau hauv phau ntawv ntawm Lakier "Lavxias teb sab Heraldry", uas qhia txog cov printing thiab muab ib lo lus teb rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi sphragistics ib tug ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv no science tsuas yog me ntsis thiab fragmentary ntaub ntawv. Yanin tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1970 ib tug ob-lub ntim txoj kev tshawb no muaj cai "Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv kev sib yuav sau Ancient Russia". Qhov no paub txog yog lub successor ntawm NP Likhachev cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm lub Soviet sphragistics. Nws Likhachev los ua ib tug tseem ceeb daim duab nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Ancient Russia tom qab Novgorod hais sib haum yog tsim los pab nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm XX caug xyoo. Cov kev kawm ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj hnub no yog tsis heev kom nquag plias, tab sis tseem evolving. Muaj tshiab kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no.

Kev sib txuas lus sphragistics rau Numismatics thiab heraldry

Yog li ntawd peb kawm tau hais tias sphragistics - lub science uas kawm rau hauv xovxwm. Cia peb tam sim no, muaj ib co ceg ntawm kev txawj ntse nws muaj tus loj tshaj kev twb kev txuas. Qhov no science yog ncaj qha mus txog rau Numismatics, thiab heraldry. Nrog rau lub xeem - hais tias ua ntej tau tsuas yog siv rau cov ntsaws ruaj heev heev dluab ces dhau mus rau hauv lub caj npab ntawm. Sau siv cov princes. Lawv yog cov emblem ntawm qub txeeg qub teg nyob rau hauv uas lawv kav twb xwm. Tom qab ib pliag, cov cim muaj ntau muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab. Qhov no tshwm sim, piv txwv li, None Golitsyn (emblem Duchy ntawm Lithuania).

Sphragistics muaj feem xyuam rau Numismatics uas feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj npib minted sau ntawm tus tub huabtais, uas thaum lub sij hawm ntawm cov kev cai. Tshwj tsis yog tias inscription rau cov kis, raws li lub logo rau qhov print yuav nrhiav tau nws cov keeb kwm.

ancient Sau

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub zoo dua li cas sphragistics, cia peb tig mus rau keeb kwm. Heev qub yog kev siv cov kev cai nyiaj muas. Twb tau nyob rau lub sij hawm ancient, cov sab hnub tuaj haiv neeg muab tso rau lub tsiaj hiav txwv ntawm. Qhov no kev cai yog tus nais khu mas nyob rau hauv Npanpiloo, Persepolis thiab tim lyiv teb chaws. Ntsaws ruaj ruaj twb ces nyuaj dawb lias lub pob zeb uas twb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kab, thooj voos kheej kheej, thiab li ntawm. G. Txawv tias tau muab tso rau lawv.

Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv phau Vajlugkub, yuav muaj nyob mention ntawm cov ntxhuab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Tshooj III XXI Samuel, nyob rau hauv Tshooj XIV ntawm Daniel, nyob rau hauv tshooj XXXVIII Chiv Keeb. Cov kev cai ntawm haus los ntawm cov sab hnub tuaj haiv neeg borrowed lub Loos thiab Greeks. Cov Loos siv li ib txwm sau-rings. Lawv ua li sau ib daim duab, thov nws mus rau ntau yam hom ntawm kev ua. Tswm rau Roman av pab pawg neeg kawm xyaum ua li no, uas cuaj kaum los ua ntau thiab ntau tsis muaj ntxov tshaj lub XII caug xyoo.

Tus nqi ntawm cov kev cai thiab kev pab ntawm nyiaj muas nyob rau hauv antiquity

Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, sau hloov lub npe, ces nws yog zoo nqi. Ntau yam ceev faj tau siv rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev dag. Qhov ntawd yog qhov hom phiaj Ameslikas tau txais kev pab raws li cov science uas kawm rau hauv xovxwm. Nrog zoo solemnity tshwm sim Symptoms mus rau lawv ib qho tseem ceeb ua. Ib yam li cov Germans thiab cov neeg Loos, nws yog cov kev cai rau muab tso rau hauv lub qhov ntxa nrog cov tuag nws foob-ntiv nplhaib. Lawv tej zaum hnav nyob rau hauv lub caj dab, cov lus ntawm pej xeem thiab muaj koob muaj npe cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj.

Hom ntawm ancient cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj

Yuav kom VIII xyoo pua, siv feem ntau tug-ib tog. Txawm li cas los, tom qab ob centuries, lawv tau pib hloov los ntawm ob uas daig rau ntawm daim ntawv, parchment, los yog dai rau qhov laces. Muaj leaden printing (txwv tsis pub - Sau-nyuj, tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm cov hmoov txhuas khoom, uas twb nrua ntaus tawm cov duab), nyiaj, kub (tsis tshua muaj), bronze, ciab, tin thiab ciab. Nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm ciab thiab ciab, lawv tau tag nrho cov dai. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob sphragistics xws nyiaj muas tau hu ua sigilla, los yog sigilla pendentia. Lawv append mus rau hauv qab ntawm cov ntawv, tam sim ntawd tom qab lub npe, nyob rau txhob lo lo ntxhuav los yog linen qaum los yog daim tawv los yog parchment. Yog hais tias muaj ib tug ob peb cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, thaum lawv muab tso rau raws li los ntawm cov nyob qib thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus tswv.

Yog heev ntau haiv neeg hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj: lawv round (tus hiob), oblong, oval, square, voos, hexagonal, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Cov xim nqi ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj

Los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tej xwm txheej thiab lub meej mom ntawm cov tib neeg kom paub qhov txawv xim ntawm ciab. Teej tug mus rau lub sovereign, raws li zoo raws li cov neeg uas tshwj xeeb tsim nyog, muab txoj cai los mus ua kom liab ciab foob. Feem ntau dub ciab luam nws cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm lub Patriarch ntawm Constantinople. Azure los yog xiav xim mas suav hais tias nyob rau hauv lub XVI thiab XVII xyoo pua lub cib fim.

lub xeev printing

Ntsaws ruaj ruaj twb xwm muab tswv logos, inscriptions rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev cai, cov lus qhia, duab tswv neeg. Cim los yog cim tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj ntau haiv neeg. Tshwj xeeb xeev cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj twb muaj nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lub xeev. Lawv muab faib ua peb hom: me me, nruab nrab thiab loj. Loj tau tsim los rau cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov ntaub ntawv, feem ntau thoob ntiaj teb treatises thiab cov cai. Me me thiab medium siv rau tsis tseem ceeb cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tsiaj ntawv mus rau lub sovereigns. Rau tej kev siv ntawm cov rulers nyob rau hauv ib co xeev yog ib tug tshwj xeeb zoo ntawm tus kheej xovxwm (nyob rau hauv kev nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands thiab hais). keeper ntawm lub xeev foob rau feem ntau yog cov Ministry los yog tus Minister of Justice thiab cov Ministry ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws Affairs (Sweden, Württemberg, Bavaria thiab lub Netherlands) thiab lub Ministry of State (Prussia).

Cov Kabmob lub tsev neeg lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab foob muaj lub Pope. Nws yog txuas mus rau lub papal treatises thiab charters. Tshwj xeeb printing kuj muaj cov Secretary of State ntawm cov Pope. Cia Foob nyob rau hauv Switzerland nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tsoom fwv teb chaws Council.

Tus thawj Lavxias teb sab printing

Tus thawj mention ntawm cov xovxwm nyob rau hauv Russia yog kev sib cog lus Svyatoslav thiab Igor nrog lub Greeks. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv 945, peb kawm hais tias peb cov sawv cev tau siv golden foob, thiab tub txawj tub ntse (qhua) - silver. Vladimir nyob rau hauv 1006 cov txheej txheem rau free trade ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab Bulgarian tub txawj tub ntse. Nws muab ob ntawd thiab lwm tshwj xeeb printing raws li ib tug kos npe rau ntawm tus tub huabtais tso cai. Lawv tau txais kev pab raws li lub npe ntawm lub daim ntawv pov thawj tub txawj tub ntse.

Xovxwm faib nyob rau hauv Russia

Muaj txoj cai kom muaj ib tug thawj printing tsuas tau koom rau cov neeg pej xeem Duke. Txawm li cas los, nrog fragmentation rau qub txeeg qub teg Russia nws kuj kis tau mus rau cov thawj. Printing nrog tus thawj tswj kev loj hlob ntawm peb lub teb chaws steel accessory pab cov neeg ntawm tag nrho cov hom. Kev txiav txim thiab lub zos kuj muaj lawv. Ntawm ob hom yog princely printing: kheej, (sau-rings) thiab cov pej xeem official. Ua raws li cov piv txwv ntawm cov thawj-yug boyars pib ua luam nyob rau hauv tsev. Lawv hlau - nyiaj, kub, hlau thiab nyiaj gilded; ciab (daj, dub, liab thiab tsaus xim av); voskomastichnye hais tias vim lub siab lub dag lub zog ntawm cov ciab twb hloov; printing cob los yog ib (tsis tshua muaj heev), raws li zoo raws li ciab, uas nkag mus rau hauv kev siv nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm lub XVII caug xyoo. Laces ntawm txawv xim - hemp, txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab worsted - append hlau luam ntawv. Lwm yam venerated thiab tej zaum kuj tau them nrog ntawv rau ntau dua kev ruaj ntseg. Vim li no, lawv tau lub npe hu nyob rau hauv lub ntsaws ruaj ruaj Custodio.

Dluab nyob rau nyiaj muas

Qhov tseem ancient princely printing, twb nqes los rau peb - cov nyiaj, kub, uas nyob rau ib sab yog xwm lub ntsej muag ntawm Tswv Yexus, thiab nyob rau lwm yam - ntaus tus nab Arhangela Mihaila. Qhov no foob priveshen tso khiav mus Mstislav Vladimirovich (tub huabtais) thiab Vsevolod (nws tus tub). Nws hnub rov qab mus rau 1125-1132 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau cov dluab, nyob rau hauv lub tom qab princes cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntsib St. Nicholas, Alexander, Xime-oos, Ioann Predtecha, thiab lwm tus neeg. Princes duab, ntau yam cim, raws li zoo raws li ib tug inscription uas yog lub tsiaj hiav txwv ntawm ib tug prince. Ib tug ntau ntawm antique qauv, nws twb pom ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj XIV-XV centuries. sphragistics science thiab hnub no yog koom nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb. Lawv tshwm sim los ua tau npaum li cas tawm ntawm Byzantium. Nyob rau cov nyiaj muas depict mythological scenes.

Qhov tseem ancient ntawm lub nroog foob, uas tau mus txog rau peb, - Novgorod, hais txog 1426. Nws tau txuas mus rau lub contractual cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Novgorod thiab Tver tub huabtais Borisom Aleksandrovichem. Nws depicts ib tug tsiaj nrog ib tug nees lub taub hau, ob txhais ceg thiab taub qab tsov ntxhuav khiav nrog ib tug tsa tus Tsov tus tw. Hlua li reins yuav tau pom ntawm nws caj dab thiab taub hau. Nyob rau nraum qab yog ib qho kev inscription, uas nyeem hais tias: "Tus tsiaj hiav txwv ntawm Novgorod." Nyob rau hauv Novgorod cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj tom qab xwm Panther los yog tsov zaum ntawm ib lub rooj zaum ntawm ib tug poj niam daim duab, ob tug dav dawb hau, Xyooj thiab al.

Pskov dabneeg ua raws li Novgorod. Cov hlob ntawm lawv cov hnub 1510. Nws depicts ib tug tsov txaij khiav nrog tus Tsov tus tw mus, nws tus nplaig so thiab outstretched claws. Nyob ib ncig ntawm luam lub inscription: "Sau Gospodarstwa Pskov". Ua nyob rau hauv lub XV thiab XVI centuries, lub nroog tau txais los ntawm tsoom fwv tshuab luam ntawv. Nws feem ntau ntxiv thiab hloov lawv. Txawv printing tau siv kom txog rau thaum 1702, thiab ces - feem ntau nrog ob npaug rau-taws dav dawb hau.

Tag nrho cov ntau ntau yam ntawm domestic sphragistics kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Thov kom keeb kwm yuav pab tau txheeb xyuas cov qauv nyob rau hauv no science. Lavxias teb sab sphragistics, nyob rau hauv particular, yuav pab kom koj to taub txoj kev loj hlob ntawm peb lub xeev, uas muab ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb dab neeg.