Yuav ua li cas yog lub lysosomes: cov qauv, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lysosomes

Raws li cov cell yog muaj peev xwm "zom" cov tshuaj uas poob mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm? Cov lus teb yuav tsum tau los ntawm kev xav li cas rau lysosomes. Yuav ua li cas yog lawv cov qauv? Vim li cas lub thaj chaw ntawm cov organelles yuav tau ua nws txoj kev ua?

Lysosomes. Nta ntawm cov qauv thiab cov kev ua

Lysosome - qhov no organoid hlwb yog txog 0.2 microns nyob rau hauv loj, surrounded los ntawm ib tug nyias nyias thiab muaj hydrolytic enzymes. Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm xws npuas yog lub splitting ntawm tshuaj nkag tau rau hauv lub cell los ntawm endocytosis, los yog lawv tus kheej molecules, uas yog tsis xav tau.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov qauv ntawm cov lysosomes nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj?

Cleavage lossis cov ntaub ntawv degradation los ntawm txoj kev hydrolases - enzymes uas muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug acidic nruab nrab. Kom muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj pH, muaj kos nyob rau hauv lub lysosome membrane ATPase vacuolar-hom (V-hom). Cov qauv ntawm cov complex tso cai rau tso tiv thaiv ib tug concentration gradient ntawm hydrogen protons, li no ua lawv tus xov tooj nyob rau hauv lub puab puag ncig organelles.

Hydrolase tsuas khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv ib tug acidic ib puag ncig. Nws plays ib qho tseem ceeb tiv thaiv lub luag hauj lwm, t. Yuav kom. Nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell nruab nrab yog suab nruab nrab. Yog hais tias daim nyias nyias lysosomes cas puas, thiab cov enzymes nyob rau hauv lub cytosol, lawv poob lawv muaj peev xwm mus ua txhaum down yam thiab organelles.

Lysosome membrane muaj ib phaj thiab micellar qhov chaw. Qhov khoob ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm phospholipids yog lawm ua tus sau nrog dej. Nyob rau cheeb tsam ntawm daim nyias nyias tawg khiav ri niab heev heev pores uas kuj sau nrog dej thiab yuav raug kaw los ntawm ncov qaumteb qabteb molecules. Tej complex qhov chaw ntawm daim nyias nyias system thiab ces enables txeem organelles thiab hydrophobic thiab hydrophilic molecules.

Yuav ua li cas rau tsim lysosomes

Cov nqaijrog uas yuav tsum tau los tsim kom tau lysosomes yog chiv tsim nyob rau hauv lub EPR. Tom ntej no, lawv yuav tsum tau "lossis" los ntawm attaching mannose residue. Qhov no mannose residue yog ib lub teeb liab rau Golgi apparatus: proteins uas feeb meej nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw, thiab ces yog tsim vial nrog lytic enzymes. Hais tias yog dab tsi ib tug lysosome nyob rau hauv biology.

Lub internals ntawm lub lysosomes

Yuav ua li cas yog lub lysosome li cas thiab lub muaj pes tsawg leeg hauv cov ib puag ncig ntawm cov organelles?

Hauv lysosomes txhawb acidic ib puag ncig, pH ntawm uas nce mus txog 4.5-5. Nyob rau hauv xws tej yam kev mob, lub enzymes yuav ua tau nws cov cleavage muaj nuj nqi. Hydrolase - yog ib lub npe ntawm ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm enzymes. Cia li lysosome muaj txog 40 ntau biologically active molecules uas catalyze nws kiag li tej tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Raws li ib feem ntawm lub sab hauv txheem ntawm lub lysosome enzymes yuav pom cov nram qab no:

• acid phosphatase - cleaves tebchaw uas muaj phosphate pawg;
• nuclease - txav nucleic acids ;
• protease - cleaves proteins;
• collagenase - txav lub lwg me me ntawm collagen;
• Lipase - cleaves esters ;
• Glycosidase - leeb tshua carbohydrate cleavage;
• asparaginase - cleaves aspartic acid;
• glutaminase - txav glutamic acid.

Cia li lysosomes muaj txog 40 ntau hydrolases. Yog li ntawd, cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi lub lysosome, hauv ib yuav teb: ib storehouse ntawm enzymes.

hom ntawm lysosomes

Faib 4 hom lysosomes: thawj thiab lysosomes, autophagic kev ua si thiab residual hlwb.

lysosomes Education - ib tug complex, uas yog nrog los ntawm cov lag luam los ntawm ntau yam taw molecules rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm EPR thiab tawg. Primary lysosome - ib tug me me npuas, uas yog cleaved los ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm lub Golgi apparatus.

Primary lysosome chiv muaj rau tag nrho cov complex ntawm enzymes uas yuav tsum tau mus ua txhaum down macromolecules.

Secondary lysosome - cov qauv no, loj loj ntim. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov phiajcim nrog cov thawj npuas tshuaj ntes tau los ntawm endocytosis, los yog ntawm tes metabolism khoom uas hais tias yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg.

autophagosome tsim yog txuam nrog xws li ib tug txheej txheem raws li autophagy - haum thiab "digesting" pa lub cell lub organelles.

Qhov nruab nrab ntev ntawm mitochondria yog 10 hnub. Thaum cov organelle yog tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau nws kev tso cai, nws yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg. Rau lub hom phiaj no, ib tug plurality cov thawj lysosomes thiab mitochondria surround sib thooj. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tsim autophagosome loj hauv uas pib splitting mitochondria rau hauv monomers.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub lysosomes nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov residual plab hlaub? Qhov no zaum kawg taw tes ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm txhua lysosomes qhov twg enzymes tau ua lawv txoj hauj lwm, thiab organelle twb tshuaj uas yuav tsis tau mus ntxiv splitting. Undigested remnants tsuas ces muab pov tseg tawm ntawm lub tawb.

Cov kab mob txuam nrog mob ntawm lub lysosomes

Enzymes tsis yeej ib txwm ua hauj lwm kom zoo. Lysosomes splitting muaj nuj nqi ua tsuas yog thaum lub hydrolase tsis muaj irregularities nyob rau hauv cov qauv. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob txuam nrog lysosomes, raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug malfunction ntawm lub enzyme.

Cov hloov no yog hu ua cia cov kab mob. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub shortage ntawm cov qhov enzyme nws cov ntsiab substrate tsuas yog tsis nqis nyob rau hauv lub lysosome, vim hais tias ntawm yog dab tsi ua thiab ua phiv los.

Sfingolipidoz, Tay-Sachs syndrome, Sendhoffa kab mob, Niemann-De kab mob, leukodystrophy - tag nrho cov kab mob yog txuam nrog ib tug malfunction ntawm lub lysosomal enzyme los yog lawv tsis tiav qhaj ntawv. Feem ntau cov kab mob no recessive nyob rau hauv cov xwm.