Yuav ua li cas yog lub cytoplasm? Tus qauv, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab thaj chaw ntawm lub cytoplasm

Yuav ua li cas yog lub cytoplasm? Yuav ua li cas yog nws cov qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg? Yuav ua li cas muaj nuj nqi li cas nws ua? Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav teb nyob rau hauv kom meej rau tag nrho cov lus nug. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, peb yuav saib cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm lub cytoplasm thiab nws cov khoom, raws li zoo raws li tham txog lub division ntawm lub colloidal tshuaj, cov qauv ntawm cov cell week thiab cellular organelles tseem ceeb heev.

Lub structural units ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg thiab hlwb hauv nruab nrog cev. Ob hom ntawm cov yam ntxwv lub koom haum

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub hlwb yuav tsim ntaub so ntswg ntawm tag nrho cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Cov yam ntxwv lub tsev ntawm tag nrho cov nyob yam tej zaum yuav txawv nyob rau hauv zoo lawm, luaj li cas thiab txawm lub hauv kev teeb tsa. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv muaj zoo sib xws hauv paus ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub neej dab, xws li metabolism, kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob, txob taus thiab variability. Qhov yooj yim ntaub ntawv ntawm lub neej muaj ib zaug xwb lub hlwb thiab cov me nyuam los mus faib.
Zaum tau ob hom ntawm cell qauv ntawm lub koom haum twb tau muab sau ua ke:

• prokaryotic;
• eukaryotic.

Lawv muaj ib tug ntau ntawm txawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv. Lub prokaryotic cell cob tub ntxhais yog uas ploj lawm. Nws ib chromosome yog nyob ncaj qha rau hauv lub cytoplasm, uas yog tsis cais los ntawm lwm yam ntsiab. Xws li ib tug qauv yog raug tus kab mob. Lawv cytoplasm yog neeg pluag nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov lug, tab sis muaj me me ribosome. Eukaryotic yog ntau tshaj prokaryotic hlwb. Nws DNA muaj feem xyuam rau cov protein ntau yog nyob rau hauv lub chromosomes, uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib cell organelles - nucleus. Nws yog sib cais los ntawm lwm yam organelles ntawm ib tug ntxeem tau daim nyias nyias ntawm ib tug ntawm tes thiab muaj khoom xws li chromatin, lub nuclear kua txiv thiab lub nucleolus. Cuaj kaum, muaj yog ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv ntau nyob rau hauv ob hom ntawm cellular lub koom haum. Thiab prokaryotes thiab eukaryotes muaj week. Thiab lawv nrog txheem hais tshwj xeeb colloidal tov, uas muaj ntau yam organelles thiab ib ntus kom.

Eukaryotic cell: lub cytoplasm. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev khiav dej num

Yog li ntawd, peb mus rau ntawm lub plawv ntawm peb kev tshawb fawb. Yuav ua li cas yog lub cytoplasm? Cia peb xav txog nyob rau hauv ntau yam no cell tsim. Lub cytoplasm yog ib tug tseem ceeb heev tivthaiv hlwb situated ntawm cov tub ntxhais thiab cov ntshav membrane. Semi-kua, nws yog permeated los ntawm tubules, microtubules, microfilaments thiab filaments. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm yuav tsum to taub colloidal kua uas yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm lub zog ntawm colloidal hais thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv no semi-nruab nrab muaj dej thiab ntau yam organic thiab inorganic tebchaw, cov txheej txheem ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm lug, organelles, raws li zoo raws li ib ntus kom. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj zog yog cov cytoplasm. Nws thiaj li tawm tau sau npe ntawm tag nrho cov cellular Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv ib qhov system. Vim lub tubules thiab microtubules cytoplasm ntawm lub cell ua cov kev ua ntawm lub cev pob txha thiab muab ib puag ncig rau physiological thiab biochemical dab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws muab ib lub sij hawm rau tag nrho cov cell organelles thiab muab zog. Tej yam no yog lub cell cytoplasm yog tsis tshua muaj ib qho tseem ceeb, raws li lawv tso cai rau cov yam ntxwv chav tsev ntawm tag nrho cov nyob yam nqa tawm lawv tej kev ua si. Tam sim no uas koj paub tias dab tsi lub cytoplasm. Raws li paub zoo zoo li cas ntawm txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cell thiab yog dab tsi nws yuav siv sij hawm "ua hauj lwm" ua. Tom ntej no peb xav txog muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv ntawm cov colloidal daws nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Puas muaj tej sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hlwb?

Membranous organelles, nyob rau hauv ib tug colloidal tshuaj, suav hais tias Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, thiab cov txheej plastid cytoplasmic membrane. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj thiab cog hlwb txawv pes tsawg leeg semiliquid nruab nrab. Lub cytoplasm nyob rau hauv lub cog ntawm tes muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb organelles - lub plastids. Lawv yog ib cov kev protein lub cev uas txawv nyob rau hauv muaj nuj nqi, daim ntawv thiab xim pigments nyob rau hauv cov xim txawv. Plastids nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm thiab muaj peev xwm yuav tawm mus nrog nws. Lawv loj hlob, proliferate thiab tsim organic tebchaw uas muaj enzymes. Lub cytoplasm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell muaj peb hom plastids. Yellowish los yog txiv kab ntxwv hu ua chromoplasts, ntsuab - chloroplasts, thiab tsis muaj kob - leucoplasts. Muaj lwm yam ntxwv feature - tus Golgi complex sawv cev dictyosome tawg khiav ri niab mus thoob plaws hauv lub cytoplasm. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov nroj tsuag, cov cytoplasm ntawm ob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg muaj. Txheej hu ua ectoplasm, thiab lub puab - endoplasma. Tus thawj txheej yog nyob ib sab mus rau lub cell daim nyias nyias, thiab lub thib ob - nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog ntxeem tau nuclear membrane. Ectoplasm yog muaj li ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm microfilaments - strands ntawm molecules ntawm globular actin protein. Endoplasm muaj ntau yam organelles, granules thiab yus los ntawm ib tug qis viscosity.

Hyaloplasm nyob rau hauv ib tug eukaryotic cell

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub cytoplasm ntawm eukaryotes yog ib tug thiaj li hu ua hyaloplasm. Nws yog ib tug slimy, tsis muaj kob, tsis yog niaj hnub zoo li cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv uas metabolic dab tsis tu ncua tshwm sim. Hyaloplasm (nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub matrix) yog colloidal system nrog ib tug complex qauv. Nws qauv muaj xws li RNA thiab soluble cov nqaijrog, lipids thiab polysaccharides. Nyob rau hauv tseem muaj ib tug tseem ceeb npaum li cas hyaloplasm nucleotides, amino acids, inorganic ions, raws li zoo raws li lub tebchaw ntawm lub hom Na ^- los yog Ca ^2+. Lub matrix muaj ib tug homogeneous qauv. Nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv ob hom uas yog xa mus gel (khoom) thiab ib tug huab (kua). Kev sib nrig sib hloov ntawm lawv tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv lub kua theem muaj ib tug system thinnest protein filaments hu ua mikrotrabekulami. Lawv khi tag nrho cov lug nyob rau hauv lub cell. Thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas lawv yuav hla ib pawg ntawm cov ribosomes. Mikrotrabekuly nrog microtubules thiab microfilaments tsim ib cytoplasmic cev pob txha. Nws nyiaj thiab lub sij thiab regulates qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov cell organelles.

Organic thiab inorganic tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub colloidal tshuaj hlwb

Cia saib dab tsi yog qhov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov cytoplasm? Tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell yuav tsum txwv kom muab zais rau hauv ob pawg - organic thiab inorganic. Thawj nyob rau hauv cov nqaijrog, carbohydrates, cov rog thiab nucleic acids. Carbohydrates uas hais nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm mono-, di- thiab polysaccharides. Los ntawm monosaccharides, tsis muaj kob muaju, feem ntau Sweet saj xws li fructose, qabzib, ribose thiab cov zoo li. D. Loj molecules polysaccharides muaj monosaccharide. Nyob rau hauv lub cell, lawv yog sawv cev los ntawm starch, glycogen thiab cellulose. Lipids, i.e. roj molecules, tsim seem ntawm glycerol thiab fatty acids. cytoplasm Qauv: inorganic tshuaj uas hais no feem ntau dej, uas feem ntau nqi rau 90% los ntawm ceeb thawj. Nws ua nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb functions. Dej yog qhov universal hnyav, muab elasticity, yog ncaj qha kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm tshuaj, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm hlwb. Hais txog macro uas ua lub hauv paus ntawm biopolymers, ntau tshaj 98% ntawm tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob los ntawm cov cytoplasmic oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, thiab nitrogen. Dhau li lawv, tus cell muaj sodium, calcium, sulfur, magnesium, tshuaj thiab lwm tus neeg. Cov mineral ntsev yog tam sim no raws li anions thiab cations, wherein tus piv txiav txim lawv acidity.

Lub zog ntawm cov colloidal daws nyob rau hauv lub cell

Xav txog ntxiv lawm, dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb nta ntawm lub cytoplasm. Firstly, nws yog ib qhov cyclosis. Nws yog ib qho intracellular cytoplasm zog. Nws twb xub sau tseg thiab piav nyob rau hauv lub 18th caug xyoo, lub Italian paub txog Corti. Cyclosis nqa tawm thoob plaws hauv lub cytoplasm, xws li nyob rau hauv tyazhah txuas lub cytoplasm mus rau lub keeb. Yog hais tias cov lus tsa suab rau ib co yog vim li cas tsis - tuag eukaryotic cell. Lub cytoplasm yog tas nyob rau hauv qhov cyclosis, uas yog kuaj tau los ntawm lub zog ntawm organelles. Cov kev ceev ntawm cov lus tsa suab ntawm lub matrix nyob ntawm ntau yam, nrog rau lub teeb thiab qhov kub thiab txias. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub epidermis ntawm dos dos cyclosis ceev yog hais txog 6 m / s. cytoplasm zog nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag lub cev muaj ib tug zoo kawg li tej yam nyob rau hauv nws kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob, txhawb thauj tej ntawm lub hlwb. Qhov thib ob qho tseem ceeb cuab yeej yog cov viscosity ntawm lub colloidal tshuaj. Nws txawv heev nyob rau hauv lub hom kab mob. Ib txhia nyob beings cytoplasm viscosity yog tsuas yog me ntsis ntau tshaj li cov viscosity ntawm dej, lwm tus neeg, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, mus cuag cov viscosity ntawm glycerine. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws yog nyob rau ntawm metabolism. Lub intensive kev pauv tshwm sim, lub qis lub viscosity ntawm lub colloidal tshuaj. Ib qho tseem ceeb feature yog semipermeable. Lub cytoplasm nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj ib limiting membrane. Lawv yog vim ib tug tshwj xeeb structurally, muaj lub peev xwm los xaiv dhau molecules ntawm ib co tshuaj thiab kom tsis txhob nco rau lwm yam. Selective permeability ntawm lub cytoplasm plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub neej. Nws tsis yog qhov thoob plaws hauv lub neej, hloov nrog lub hnub nyoog thiab nce rau tsob nroj kab mob nrog ua lub teeb khov thiab kub. Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau overestimate qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub cytoplasm. Nws yog kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub zog metabolism, thauj cov as-ham, feem exotoxins. Nws kuj xam tau tias yog ib tug osmotic barrier matrix thiab yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm kev loj hlob dab, kev loj hlob thiab cell division. Xws li cov cytoplasm plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv DNA replication.

Nta ntawm cell division

Tag nrho cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hlwb muab los mus faib. Muaj peb paub hom - indirect, ncaj thiab Txo. Tus thawj tseem hu ua amitosis. Indirect npaug tshwm sim raws li nram no. Chiv, "pereshnurovyvaetsya" tub ntxhais, thiab ces tus division ntawm cytoplasm tshwm sim. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub ob hlwb yog tsim, uas maj loj hlob mus rau qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov niam txiv. Qhov no zoo sib cais nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj yog tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj. Feem ntau, lawv tshwm sim indirect division, piv txwv li mitosis. Nws yog ntau yam ntxiv nyuaj amitosis thiab yus nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog nce synthesis nyob rau hauv lub nucleus thiab doubling tus nqi ntawm cov DNA. Mitosis muaj plaub theem, uas yog hu ua - prophase, metaphase, anaphase thiab telophase.

• Tus thawj theem yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm tsim ntawm lub kauj chromatin strands ntawm lub nucleus, chromosome thiab tom qab li "studs". Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no muaj ib tug tsis sib xws centrioles rau tug thiab txoj kev achromatin ntxaiv.
• Qhov thib ob theem ntawm mitosis yus nyob rau hauv uas chromosome, xeeb tshaj plaws helix pib yuav tsum tau nyob rau ntawm qhov ncaj orderly hlwb.
• Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb theem lub splitting ntawm chromosomes mus rau hauv ob chromatids. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub ntxaiv xov txiav thiab rub tus ntxhais cov chromosomes mus opposite tug.
• Nyob rau hauv lub plaub theem ntawm mitosis tshwm sim dispiralizatsiya chromosomes thiab tsim ntawm ib tug nuclear lub hnab ntawv nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub division ntawm cytoplasm tshwm sim. Peb tus ntxhais cell muaj ib tug diploid txheej chromosomes.

Yuav txo tau kev faib peculiar rau txoj kev sib deev hlwb. Nyob rau hauv no hom ntawm cell npaug tshwm sim lub tsim ntawm paired chromosomes formations. Qhov kos yog ib tug unpaired chromosome. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, yuav txo tau kev faib mus rau hauv ob tus ntxhais hlwb tau txais ib nrab ntawm chromosome teeb. Cov theem nrab yog tsuas yog ib tus ntxhais ntawm tes. Pw ua ke hlwb nrog ib nrab ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm chromosomes, mature thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm fertilization, hu ua poj niam thiab txiv neej gametes.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov cytoplasmic membrane

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag, lub hlwb thiab txawm nyuaj kab mob muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw unit uas txwv thiab tiv thaiv qhov matrix los ntawm cov sab nraud ib puag ncig. Cytoplasmic membrane (plasmalemma, lub cell daim nyias nyias, ntshav membrane) yog ib tug xaiv permeable txheej ntawm molecules (cov nqaijrog, phospholipids), uas npog lub cytoplasm. Nws muaj peb subsystems:

• ntshav membrane;
• nadmembranny complex;
• submembranny licas hyaloplasm contractile apparatus.

Tus qauv ntawm lub cytoplasmic membrane yog tias: nws muaj ob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lipid molecules (bilayer), txhua xws molecule muaj tus Tsov tus tw thiab ib lub taub hau. Tails txojkev sib. Lawv yog cov hydrophobic. Hydrophilic lub taub hau thiab inward thiab sab nraud hlwb. Lub bilayer muaj xws li ib tug protein molecule. Ntxiv mus, nws yog asymmetrical thiab txawv lipids teem nyob rau hauv ib tug monolayer. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug eukaryotic cell cholesterol molecules yog pom nyob rau hauv lub puab, uas nyob ib sab mus rau lub cytoplasm, membrane ib nrab. Glycolipids nyob thiaj tau tuaj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheej, thiab lawv carbohydrate chains yeej ib txwm qhia tawm sab nraud. Cytoplasmic membrane muaj ib qho tseem ceeb functions xws li limiting tus nrog txheem ntawm lub cell los ntawm cov sab nraud ib puag ncig, nws tso cai rau mus rau tej yam tshuaj (qabzib, amino acids) mus rau lub hlwb. Plasmalemma ua hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm tshuaj mus rau hauv lub cell, raws li zoo raws li lawv tso zis outwards, i.e. xaiv. Los ntawm lub pores tob tob dej, ions thiab me me molecule tshuaj, thiab ntxhib hais yog thauj mus rau hauv lub cell los ntawm txoj kev phagocytosis. Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm daim nyias nyias ntaub ntawv microvilli invagination thiab diverticulum, uas tsis tsuas zoo nqus thiab tso tshuaj, tab sis kuj sib txuas lus nrog lwm lub hlwb. Lub membrane tso cai txuas ntawm "kev sib sau ntawm tag nrho cov nyob yam" rau txawv chaw thiab tswj lub zog.

Organelles nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg. Endoplasmic reticulum thiab ribosomes

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd hyaloplasm cytoplasm muaj heev heev thiab me me organelles uas txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hlwb yuav qhia tau tias lawv ua tau qhov tseem ceeb functions thiab tseem ceeb heev. Yuav kom ib co raws li, cov morphological kev kawm ntawv piv tau rau tib neeg lub cev los yog lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj, uas tau muab lub sij hawm los mus hu lawv organelles. Nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm paub qhov txawv pom nyob rau hauv ib lub teeb tshuab kuaj kab mob organelle ib platelet complex, mitochondria, thiab cov centrosome. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug electron tshuab kuaj kab mob nyob rau hauv lub matrix pom microtubules, lysosomes, ribosomes thiab ntshav network. Lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell yog penetrated los ntawm txawv raws, uas yog hu ua "endpolazmaticheskaya network." Lawv membrane phab ntsa nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog tag nrho lwm cov organelles thiab roos ib zaug xwb system uas ua lub zog metabolism, raws li zoo raws li lub zog ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Cov phab ntsa hauv cov raws yog cov ribosomes, uas zoo li me me hlaws dai. Lawv yuav tsum tau muab tso rau singly los yog nyob rau hauv pab pawg. Ribosomes muaj yuav luag sib npaug tooj ntawm ribonucleic acids thiab proteins. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog magnesium. Ribosomes yuav tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub EPS raws, tab sis kuj free mus pw nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, thiab kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, qhov uas lawv yuav tsim. Ib co ntawm raws muaj ribosomes yog hu ua granular endoplasmic reticulum. Nyob rau lawv, tshwj tsis yog ribosomes nyob enzymes uas ua rau kom lub synthesis ntawm carbohydrates thiab nqaijrog. Nyob rau hauv lub nrog kab noj hniav ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm raws yog cov khoom pov tseg. Tej zaum extensions Eps tsim vacuoles - kab noj hniav uas muaj cov cell kua ntoo thiab tsawg daim nyias nyias. Cov organelles muaj turgor siab. Lysosomes yog me me oval tsim. Lawv ua li khiav ri thoob plaws hauv lub cytoplasm. Lysosomes yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub EPS los yog lub Golgi complex, uas tau sau nrog cov hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosomes yog tsim los zom hais rau hauv lub hlwb raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm: cov qauv thiab cov kev khiav dej num ntawm nws cov organelles. Phaj Golgi complex, mitochondria, thiab cov centrosome

Golgi complex sawv cev los ntawm ib tug neeg cog hlwb corpuscles dai kom zoo nkauj week, thiab nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj - tubules, npuas thiab tso tsheb hlau luam. Qhov no organoid rau tshuaj lom neeg kev hloov kho thiab tom ntej tshem ntawm lub tsiaj hiav txwv mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell kua. Nws kuj nqa tawm lub synthesis ntawm polysaccharides thiab glycoproteins tsim. Mitochondria - lub plab hlaub yog pas nrig-zoo li tus, filamentous los yog granular daim ntawv. Lawv yog tas rau ob lub week, uas muaj xws li ib tug muab ob npaug rau txheej ntawm phospholipids thiab proteins. Los ntawm sab hauv daim nyias nyias ntawm cov organelles ncaim cristae, cov phab ntsa uas yog enzymes. Nrog lawv pab, cov synthesis ntawm adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria yog tej zaum raug xa mus rau raws li "cellular fais fab nroj tsuag" vim hais tias lawv muab ib tug tseem ceeb feem ntawm adenosine triphosphate. Nws yog siv los ntawm lub cell raws li ib tug qhov chaw ntawm tshuaj muaj zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, mitochondria ua lwm yam tso, xws li lub teeb liab transduction, cell tuag, cell ntau yam zoo. Centrosome (lub cell center) yog muaj li ntawm ob centrioles, uas yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau ntawm ib lub mus rau txhua lwm yam. Qhov no organelle yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu (tsuas yog elementary thiab qis fungi), thiab yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev txheeb xyuas cov tug thaum lub sij hawm mitosis. Lub faib cell yog thawj muab faib centrosome. Qhov no ntaub ntawv achromatin ntxaiv uas txhais chromosomes dees divergent mus rau tug. Tsis tas li ntawd qhia nyob rau hauv lub cell organelles thiab organelle tej zaum yuav tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj, xws li cilia thiab flagella. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau tej qhov theem ntawm lub neej nws yuav ua tau thiab xam nrog, uas yog, lub caij ntawm lub sij hawm. Piv txwv li, as-ham xws li mob roj, protein, starch, glycogen, etc ...

Lymphocytes - tseem ceeb hlwb ntawm lub cev

Lymphocytes - yog ib qho tseem ceeb hlwb teej tug mus rau cov pab pawg neeg cov ntshav dawb ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu thiab koom nyob rau hauv immunological tshua. Lawv muab faib los ntawm loj thiab yam ntxwv tus yam ntxwv mus rau hauv peb pab pawg:

• me me - tsawg tshaj li 8 microns nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla;
• nruab nrab - txoj kab uas hla ntawm 8 rau 11 microns;
• siab - ntau tshaj 11 microns nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla.

Me lymphocytes predominate nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov tsiaj. Lawv muaj ib tug loj nucleus puag ncig, yeej tshaj qhov ntim ntawm lub cytoplasm. Lub cytoplasm ntawm lymphocytes nyob rau hauv no pab pawg zoo li ib tug nuclear ntug los yog sickle, uas nyob ib sab mus rau ib tug sab ntawm cov tub ntxhais. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub matrix muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm azurophilic granules ntawm loj me me. Mitochondria, lub phaj ntsiab ntawm lub complex thiab Eps tubules yog ob peb thiab yog nyob ze ntawm lub nuclear kab noj hniav. Medium thiab loj lymphocytes cov txheej txheem ntawm dog dig txawv. Lawv nuclei yog taum-zoo li tus muaj tsawg heev npaum li cas ntawm condensed chromatin. Lawv yog cov yooj yim mus paub qhov txawv cov nucleolus. Cytoplasmic lymphocytes thib ob thiab thib peb pawg muaj ib tug dav ntug. Ob tug paub cov chav kawm ntawm lymphocytes, qhov thiaj li hu ua B- thiab T-lymphocytes. Thawj tsim nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv mielovidnoy hlwb pob txha. Cov hlwb muaj lub peev xwm los tsim immunoglobulins. Nrog lawv pab B lymphocytes nrog antigens, paub lub caij nyoog kawg no. T-lymphocytes xeeb los ntawm pob txha hlwb nyob rau hauv lub thymus (nyob rau hauv nws slices cortical ib feem). Cov no yog cov cytoplasmic membrane nto histocompatibility antigens, raws li zoo raws li heev heev receptors los ntawm txoj kev uas paub ntawm txawv teb chaws hais. Me lymphocytes mas hais T-lymphocytes (70%), cov uas muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntev-nyob hlwb. Feem coob ntawm cov B-lymphocytes yog cov luv luv-nyob - nyob qhov twg los ntawm ib lub lim tiam rau ib lub hlis.

Peb cia siab tias peb tsab xov xwm tau pab tau, thiab tam sim no koj paub tias dab tsi lub cytoplasm, thiab hyaloplasm plazmelemma. Raws li paub zoo, yog dab tsi lub zog, qauv thiab tseem ceeb rau lub neej ntawm lub cev ntawm lub cell lug.