Yuav ua li cas yog lub caj code: tus tsim

Nyob rau hauv txhua lub cell, thiab tag nrho cov nta ntawm lub cev anatomical, morphological thiab haumxeeb cim txiav txim los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lawv. Mob muaj keeb khoom teejtug uas yog ib tug kab mob no muaj peev xwm coj los ua ke kev proteins. Cov DNA molecule ntawm amino acids teem nyob rau hauv lub polypeptide saw uas nyob ntawm seb yam kab lom yam ntxwv.
Txhua lub cell yog yus muaj los ntawm nws ib theem zuj zus ntawm nucleotides nyob rau hauv ib tug polynucleotide saw ntawm DNA. Qhov no yog qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code ntawm DNA. Los ntawm nws kev sau cov lus qhia txog lub synthesis ntawm tej yam proteins. Qhov ntawd yog qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code ntawm nws lub zog thiab lub caj ces ntaub ntawv them nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Ib me ntsis keeb kwm

Lub tswv yim hais tias tej zaum muaj cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code, tau raug formulated thiab Dzh.Gamovym A.Daunom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. Lawv piav hais tias ib tug sib lawv liag ntawm nucleotides uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub synthesis ntawm tej yam amino acids, muaj tsawg kawg yog peb mus. Tom qab ntawd cov pov thawj tseeb npaum li cas ntawm peb nucleotides (ib chav tsev ntawm lub caj code), uas yog hu ua ib tug triplet los yog codon. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj rau caum plaub nucleotides, vim hais tias cov molecules ntawm acids, qhov twg lub synthesis ntawm cov protein los yog RNA, yog muaj li ntawm plaub txawv nucleotide residues.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub caj code

Txoj kev amino acid ib theem zuj zus uas muaj protein ntau coding sequences los ntawm nucleotides ntau rau tag nrho cov nyob hlwb thiab kab mob. Hais tias yog dab tsi lub caj code.
Nyob rau hauv DNA, muaj plaub nucleotides:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• thymine - T.

Lawv xaiv los ntawm cov niam ntawv loj nyob rau hauv Latin los yog (nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntawv nyeem) Lavxias teb sab.
Lub RNA kuj muaj plaub nucleotide, tab sis ib tug ntawm lawv yog txawv los ntawm ib tug DNA:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• uracil - W.

Tag nrho cov nucleotides cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib cov saw, uas yog tau nyob rau hauv lub ob helix ntawm DNA thiab RNA - ib.
Cov nqaijrog yog raws li nyob rau hauv nees nkaum amino acids, wherein lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ib theem zuj zus txiav txim los ntawm kev nws lom zog.

Lub zog ntawm cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code

Triplet. Lub tsev ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code muaj peb cov tsiaj ntawv, nws yog ib tug triplet. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias uas twb muaj lawm nees nkaum peb amino acids encoded los ntawm tej yam nucleotides, hu ua codons los yog trilpetami. Muaj caum-plaub ob peb ua ke uas yuav tsim los ntawm cov plaub nucleotides. Qhov no yog tus nqi ntau tshaj li txaus rau encode nees nkaum amino acids.
Degeneracy. Txhua amino acid sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau ntau tshaj ib codon, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm methionine thiab tryptophan.
Lub uniqueness. Ib codon encodes ib zaug xwb amino acid. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib lub noob ntawm ib tug neeg noj qab nyob nrog cov lus qhia txog lub hom phiaj hemoglobin beta triplet gag thiab GAA encodes glutamic acid. Thiab tag nrho cov uas muaj mob nrog sickle-cell anemia, ib nucleotide yog hloov.
Collinearity. Cov amino acid ib theem zuj zus yeej ib txwm ua raws li cov nucleotide ib theem zuj zus uas muaj ib tug noob.
Cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code yog tas mus li thiab compact, uas txhais tau tias nws tsis "cim". Hais tias yog, pib hauv ib lub codon yog ib tug tas mus readout. Piv txwv li, AUGGUGTSUUAAUGUG tau nyeem li: Aug, GUG, TSUU, AAC, GUG. Tab sis tsis Aug, UGG thiab thiaj li nyob los yog lwm tus txwv tsis pub.
Versatility. Nws yog ib tug kiag li rau tag nrho cov terrestrial kab mob, los ntawm cov tib neeg rau ntses, fungi thiab cov kab mob.

rooj

Lub rooj tsis muaj tag nrho cov amino acids. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo tyrosine, cystine, thiab ib co lwm tus neeg yog tsis muaj, vim hais tias lawv yog derived ntawm lwm cov amino acids encoded los ntawm mRNA thiab ua protein tom qab hloov kho raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm neeg txhais lus.
Vim hais tias cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code yog zoo dua lub npe hu thaj chaw uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm ib codon encoding ib amino acid. Qhov kos yog ntxiv zog thiab encoding valine thiab methionine, lub caj code. MRNA, thaum nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm ib tug codon, koom lub tRNA uas yog formylmethionyl-. Thaum kawm tiav ntawm lub synthesis, thiab nws yog cleaved nws tus kheej captures rau ib tug formyl radical, hloov mus rau hauv methionine residue. Yog li, lub saum toj no codons yog initiators synthesis saw polypeptides. Yog hais tias lawv yog tsis nyob rau hauv thaum pib, koj yeej tsis txawv ntawm lwm leej lwm tus.

kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv

Nyob rau hauv cov tswvyim no implies qhov kev pab cuam zog, uas yog kis tau los ntawm cov pog koob yawg koob. Nws cov lus dag nyob rau hauv caj raws li ib tug kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code.
DVR nyob rau hauv protein synthesis genetic code RNAs (ribonucleic acids) :

• Cov ntaub ntawv thiab RNA;
• thauj tRNA;
• p-ribosomal RNA.

Cov ntaub ntawv yog kis tau feedforward (DNA-RNA-protein) thiab rov qab (nruab nrab protein-DNA).
Kab mob yuav tau txais, khw, hloov, thiab siv nws nyob rau tib lub sij hawm feem ntau zoo.
Kis los ntawm qub txeeg qub teg, cov ntaub ntawv txiav txim txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug kab mob. Tab sis vim hais tias ntawm lub sis raug zoo nrog cov ib puag ncig ntawm lub xeem cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog distorted, thiab li tus evolution thiab kev loj hlob. Yog li lub cev yog pw nyob rau hauv lub tshiab.

Muab xam los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm molecular biology uas thiab tus foundations ntawm cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code tau illustrated hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los txuas noob caj noob ces nrog Darwin lub kev tshawb xav rau lub hauv paus hais tias muaj yog ib tug hluavtaws kev tshawb xav ntawm evolution - uas tsis yog-classical biology.
Caj, variation thiab natural xaiv Darwin complemented txhob txiav txim los ntawm cov kev xaiv. Evolution yog DVR ntawm lub caj theem ntawm random hloov thiab qub txeeg qub teg, cov zoo tshaj plaws tej yeeb yam uas yog feem ntau yoog mus rau ib puag ncig.

Seev suab ib tug neeg code

Nyob rau hauv lub nineties, launched ib qhov project Human Genome, ua nyob rau hauv ob-txhiab twb sab tawg tsam ntawm lub genome, muaj 99.99% ntawm tib neeg noob. Tseem tsis paub hais tawg tsam uas tsis koom nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm cov nqaijrog thiab tsis encoded. Lawv lub luag hauj lwm tseem tsis paub hais tias.

Tsis ntev los no discoveries nyob rau hauv 2006 chromosome 1 yog tus coos nyob rau hauv lub genome. Ntau tshaj peb puas tsib caug kab mob, xws li mob cancer, yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev ntshawv siab thiab hloov mus rau hauv nws.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb xws tsis tau overestimated. Thaum nws qhib, uas yog lub caj code, nws los ua lub npe hu cov kev cai nws yog txoj kev loj hlob, tsim raws li ib tug morphological qauv, mentality, predisposition rau tej kab mob, metabolism thiab tsis xws luag ntawm cov neeg.