Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho organelle? Tus qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm organelles. Organelles ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm tes. Organelles ntawm cov tsiaj hlwb

Cell - yog theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm nyob qhov teeb meem, ib qho kev ywj lom system, uas muaj qhov yooj yim cov yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov nyob yam. Piv txwv li, nws muaj peev xwm tsim, muab, tsiv, hloov thiab hloov. Tsis tas li ntawd, tej xam qhovkev hlwb metabolism, cov kev qauv, lub ordering lug thiab kev khiav dej num.

Cov science uas tseem ua hauj lwm nrog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm hlwb - yog cytology. Nws kawm yog ib tug yam ntxwv chav tsev ntawm multicellular tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag, ib leeg-celled kab mob - cov kab mob, protozoa thiab algae, muaj raws ntawm ib tug cell.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov kev koom haum ntawm lub structural units uas muaj sia nyob, lawv muaj xws li ib tug nyias nyias thiab cov nucleus nrog lub nucleolus. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv muaj organelles ntawm lub cell cytoplasm. Rau hnub tim, ib tug ntau yam ntawm mas tsim kev tshawb fawb txoj kev, tab sis cov uas qhov chaw yog nyob los ntawm cov microscopy, uas tso cai rau ib tug mus kawm txog cov qauv ntawm lub hlwb thiab mus tshawb nws yooj yim yam ntxwv hais.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho organelle?

Organelles (lawv yog hu ua organelles) - tas mus li constituent ntsiab ntawm tej hlwb uas ua rau nws ib tug tag nrho thiab ua tau tej yam zog. Qhov no qauv, uas yog tseem ceeb heev rau kev tswj txoj kev.

Los ntawm organelles xws li cov nucleus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum thiab Golgi apparatus, vacuoles thiab hlwv, mitochondria, ribosomes, thiab cell center (centrosome). Ntawm no kuj yog xws li lug uas tsim lub cell cytoskeleton (microfilaments thiab microtubules) melanosomes. Peb kuj yuav tsum ntsiab qhov organelle zog. Nws cilia, flagella thiab pseudopodia myofibrils.

Tag nrho cov lug yog sib xyaw thiab muab ib tug hauj lwm ua ke ua si ntawm lub hlwb. Uas yog vim li cas rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog lub organelle" - yuav teb tau hais tias yog ib feem uas yuav tau equated rau hauv lub cev ntawm ib tug multicellular kab mob.

kev faib organelles

Lub hlwb sib txawv nyob rau hauv loj thiab cov duab, raws li zoo raws li lawv lub zog, tab sis lawv zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj qauv thiab cov ntsiab cai ntawm ib tug tib lub koom haum. Cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi thiab dab tsi yog qhov organelle qauv, txaus sib tham. Piv txwv li, lysosomes los yog vacuoles yog tej zaum raug xa mus rau raws li cellular organelles.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov kev faib ntawm lub hlwb ntawm cov Cheebtsam, lub cais uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias thiab daim nyias nyias organelles. Tsis-membrane - ib tug cell chaw thiab lub ribosome. Organelle zog (microtubules thiab microfilaments) kuj deprived ntawm lub week.

Lub hauv paus qauv ntawm membranous organelles lus dag muaj kev lom week. Odnomebrannye dvumembrannye organelles thiab yog coated nrog ib tug uniform qauv, uas muaj ib tug muab ob npaug rau txheej ntawm phospholipids thiab protein molecules. Nws separates lub cytoplasm ntawm cov sab nraud ib puag ncig, nws yuav pab tswj tau cell zoo. Nws yog ib nqi nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv lub cog hlwb nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub membrane tseem muaj thiab txheej cellulose casing, uas yog hu ua tus cell phab ntsa. Nws ua ib tug txhawb muaj nuj nqi.

Los ntawm daim nyias nyias organelles xws li EPS, lysosomes thiab mitochondria thiab plastids thiab lysosomes. Lawv week txawv tsuas yog nyob rau ib co ntawm cov proteins.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog tej kev muaj peev xwm ntawm organelles, ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm kom los ua ke tej yam tshuaj. Yog li, synthesis ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb organelles - mitochondria, uas tsim ATP. Ribosomes plastids (chloroplasts) thiab ntxhib endoplasmic reticulum lub luag hauj lwm rau cov protein ntau synthesis, tus EBL - rau synthesis ntawm lipids thiab carbohydrates.

Tus qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm organelles nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

cov tub ntxhais

Qhov no organelle yog tsis tshua muaj ib qho tseem ceeb, vim hais tias thaum nws yog muab tshem tawm lub hlwb nres ua tau hauj lwm thiab tuag.

Lub keeb muaj ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim nyias nyias, uas muaj ib tug plurality ntawm pores. Los ntawm txoj kev lawv nws yog zoo txuam nrog rau endoplasmic reticulum thiab cytoplasm. Qhov no organelle comprises chromatin - chromosomes uas muaj txoj nqaijrog thiab DNA. Nrog rau qhov no nyob rau hauv lub siab, peb yuav hais tias nws yog tus tub ntxhais ntawm lub organelle uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub preservation ntawm qhov yooj yim npaum li cas ntawm cov genome.

Cov kua feem ntawm lub noob pob kws hu ua karyoplasm. Nws muaj cov tub ntxhais lug ntawm lub neej cov khoom. Lub densest cheeb tsam - nucleolus, uas tsev lub ribosome complex cov nqaijrog thiab RNA, raws li zoo raws li poov tshuaj ntsev, magnesium, zinc, hlau thiab poov hlau. Nucleolus disappears ua ntej cell division , thiab yog tsim dua nyob rau hauv lub theem kawg ntawm tus txheej txheem.

Endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum)

EPS - odnomembranny organelle. Nws yuav siv sij hawm ib nrab ntawm tes ntim thiab muaj ib tug tubular thiab tso tsheb hlau luam, uas yog kev cob cog rua ua ke, raws li zoo raws li lub cytoplasmic membrane thiab lub plhaub ntawm lub nucleus. Lub membrane ntawm no organelle muaj tib tus qauv raws li qhov plazmalema. Qhov no qauv kev thiab tsis qhib mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic reticulum du thiab granular (ntxhib). Nyob rau hauv lub plhaub ntawm tus granular Epm muab tso ribosome qhov twg protein synthesis yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw. Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm tus endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv, tiam sis ntawm no mus rau synthesis ntawm carbohydrates thiab nqaijrog.

Tag nrho cov tshuaj uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub endoplasmic reticulum, yog kis los ntawm lub system ntawm tubules thiab ducts rau destinations qhov twg sau thiab tom qab siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam biochemical dab.

Muab qhov peev xwm ntawm synthesizing EPS gritty reticulum nyob rau hauv lub hlwb nws thawj muaj nuj nqi - lub tsim ntawm cov nqaijrog thiab tus - nyob rau hauv lub hlwb synthesizing carbohydrates thiab nqaijrog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, du reticulum noog calcium ions uas tsim nyog rau ib txwm hauj lwm ntawm lub hlwb, los yog lub kab.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias EPS yog qhov chaw ntawm tsim ntawm lub Golgi apparatus.

Lysosomes, thiab lawv cov functions

Lysosomes - yog cellular organelles uas yog hais odnomembrannymi pouches nrog npawv thiab hydrolytic digestive enzymes (proteases, lipases thiab nucleases). Rau cov ntsiab lus yam ntxwv acidic ib puag ncig ntawm lysosomes. Week formations cov ntaub ntawv cais tawm lawv los ntawm lub cytoplasm, tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau lwm cov yam ntxwv Cheebtsam ntawm lub hlwb. Thaum tso tawm, enzymes lysosome mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell nws tus kheej puas tsuaj tshwm sim - autolysis.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias enzymes feem ntau tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntxhib endoplasmic reticulum, thiab ces tsiv mus rau lub Golgi apparatus. Ntawm no lawv muaj hloov, fej nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias hlwv thiab pib cais thiab ua ywj siab Cheebtsam ntawm lub cell - lysosomes, uas yog thawj thiab.

Primary lysosomes - lug uas yog cais los ntawm cov Golgi apparatus, thiab cov theem nrab (digestive vacuoles) - cov neeg uas raug tsim vim fusion ntawm thawj lysosomes thiab endocytotic vacuoles.

Muab xws li ib tug qauv thiab ib lub koom haum yeej paub lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lysosomes:

• plab zom mov ntawm txawv tshuaj rau hauv lub cell;
• kev puas tsuaj ntawm cellular lug uas tsis yuav tsum tau;
• kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub es rov ntawm lub cell muaj dab.

vacuoles

Vacuoles - odnomembrannye no organelle lub kheej kheej zoo, uas yog reservoirs ntawm dej thiab yaj nyob rau ntawd organic thiab inorganic tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lug muab kev koom tes Golgi apparatus thiab EPS.

Cov tsiaj cell vacuoles ntsis. Lawv yog cov me me thiab nyob tsis muaj ntau tshaj 5% ntawm lub ntim. Lawv lub ntsiab lub luag hauj lwm - muab thauj tshuaj thoob plaws lub cell.

Vacuoles ntawm cog hlwb yeej loj thiab coj mus rau 90% ntawm lub ntim. Nyob rau hauv ib tug paub tab ntawm tes tsuas muaj tib vacuole, uas occupies ib tug central txoj hauj lwm. Nws membrane yog hu ua tonoplast thiab cov ntsiab lus - cell kua ntoo. Lub ntsiab functions ntawm tsob nroj vacuoles - muab ib tug cell daim nyias nyias voltage, txuam nrog ntawm ntau yam tebchaw thiab hlwb nkim. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cog ntawm tes organelles muab dej tsim nyog rau cov photosynthesis txheej txheem.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cell kua ntoo, ces nws muaj xws li cov nram qab no yam:

• hloov - organic acids, carbohydrates thiab proteins, tej yam amino acid;
• tebchaw uas yog tsim nyob rau thaum lub sij hawm lub cell ua si thiab sau nyob rau ntawd (alkaloids, phenols thiab tannins);
• volatile thiab cog cov tshuaj hormones;
• pigments, uas cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, keeb kwm thiab tej nplaim yog xim nyob rau hauv tus tsim nyog cov xim.

Golgi complex

Tus qauv ntawm organelles hu ua "Golgi apparatus" yog yooj yim heev. Nyob rau hauv cog hlwb, lawv yuav tshwm sim li cais plab hlaub membrane nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb yog sawv cev tso tsheb hlau luam, canals thiab npuas. Cov yam ntxwv lub tsev ntawm lub Golgi complex - nws dictyosome, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov 4-6 "tso tsheb hlau luam" thiab cov me me npuas uas yog cais los ntawm lawv, thiab yog cov intracellular thauj system, thiab muaj peev xwm kuj pab raws li ib tug qhov chaw ntawm lysosomes. Dictyosomes tooj yuav kev ntsuas pib ntawm ib mus rau ob peb puas.

Golgi complex, feem ntau yog nyob ze ntawm lub keeb. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb - nyob ze qhov chaw ntawm lub cell. Lub ntsiab functions ntawm cov organelles yog lub nram qab no:

• secretion thiab txuam nrog ntawm cov nqaijrog, lipids thiab saccharides;
• kev hloov kho ntawm cov organic tebchaw nkag mus rau lub Golgi complex;
• Qhov no organelle yog lub chaw ntawm cov tsim ntawm lysosomes.

Nws yog sau tseg hais tias EPS, lysosome, lub vacuole, golgi apparatus thiab ua ke tsim tau ib tubular vacuolar-system uas cais lub cell mus rau hauv nyias muaj nyias ib seem nrog coj zog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov no lawv muab ib qhov kev hloov tshiab ntawm week.

Mitochondria - lub zog cog hlwb

Mitochondria - dvumembrannye pas nrig-zoo li organelles, kheej kheej los yog filamentary daim ntawv, uas ua ke ATP. Lawv muaj ib tug txheej nto thiab ib puab tus membrane uas muaj ntau folds, hu ua cristae. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tus naj npawb ntawm cristae ntawm lub mitochondria tej zaum yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb lub cell lub zog xav tau kev pab. Nws yog tus puab membrane mus rau ntau enzyme ceg uas coj los ua ke adenosine triphosphate. Ntawm no yog lub zog ntawm tshuaj bonds yog hloov dua siab tshiab mus ua lub zog-nplua nuj ATP kev sib txuas lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub mitochondria kis cleavage ntawm fatty acids thiab carbohydrates nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog, uas yog muab thiab siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab synthesis.

Internal cov ntaub ntawv Wednesday organelles hu ua matrix. Nws comprises ib lub nplhaib ntawm DNA thiab RNA, me me ribosome. Interestingly, lub mitochondria - lub semi-siv yooj yim organelles, vim hais tias lawv yog nyob ntawm seb hauj lwm ntawm lub cell, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, muaj peev xwm tswj tau ib yam ywj siab. Yog li, lawv yuav tau coj los ua ke lawv tus kheej cov nqaijrog thiab enzymes, raws li zoo raws li rau cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias mitochondria tshwm sim thaum tso tawm rau hauv tus tswv tsev cell aerobic prokaryotic kab mob, ua rau tsim ntawm ib tug kev complex symbiotic. Yog li, mitochondrial DNA muaj tib tus qauv raws li qhov DNA ntawm niaj hnub kab mob thiab protein synthesis nyob rau hauv mitochondria thiab nyob rau hauv cov kab mob inhibited los ntawm tib lub tshuaj tua kab mob.

Plastids - lub organelles ntawm ib tug cog ntawm tes

Plastids yog loj txaus organelles. Lawv tsuas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cog hlwb thiab raug tsim los ntawm precursors - proplastids muaj DNA. Cov organelles ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub metabolism thiab sib cais los ntawm lub cytoplasm los ntawm ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim nyias nyias. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej zaum lawv yuav tsim ib qho kom system ntawm Internal week.

Plastids yog peb hom:

1. Chloroplasts - feem ntau heev heev plastids yog lub luag hauj lwm rau photosynthesis nyob rau hauv uas organic tebchaw yog tsim thiab dawb lub oxygen. Cov lug muaj ib tug complex qauv thiab yog rooj noj nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm mus rau qhov kaj qhov chaw. Lub ntsiab yam khoom uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv chloroplasts - chlorophyll, uas cov nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm siv lub hnub lub zog. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias chloroplasts zoo xws li mitochondria semiautonomous lug tau tsis tau ywj siab faib thiab synthesis ntawm nws tus kheej proteins.
2. Leucoplasts - tsis muaj kob plastids, uas, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub teeb hloov mus rau hauv chloroplasts. Cov cell Cheebtsam comprise enzymes. Nrog lawv, qabzib yog hloov dua siab tshiab thiab cia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej granules. Nyob rau hauv ib co nroj tsuag cov plastids yuav noog lipids los yog cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm muaju thiab amorphous lub cev. Qhov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm leucoplasts feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm lub underground kabmob ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
3. Chromoplasts - derivatives ntawm qhov lwm ob yam ntawm plastids. Lawv tsim carotenoids (nrog chlorophyll kev puas tsuaj), uas yog xim liab, daj los yog txiv kab ntxwv. Chromoplasts - theem kawg transformation ntawm plastids. Feem ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tej nplaim thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg.

ribosomes

Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho organelle hu ua lub ribosome? Ribosomes yog hu ua tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelle, muaj raws ntawm ob tawg tsam (me me thiab cov loj loj subunit). Lawv txoj kab uas hla yog hais txog 20 nm. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm tag nrho cov hom. Qhov no organelles ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cog hlwb, cov kab mob. Cov lug yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais, thiab ces kis mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm qhov twg tso xoob los yog txuas mus rau lub EPS. Nyob rau hauv lub thaj chaw ntawm synthesizing ribosome muaj nuj nqi nyob ib leeg los yog ua ke mus rau hauv ceg, txoj kev polyribosomes. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias ua txhua yam organelles tub txib RNA molecule.

Ib tug ribosome muaj 4 molecules ntawm p-RNAs, uas roos ib tug ncej, raws li zoo raws li ntau yam proteins. Lub ntsiab yam khoom ntawm lub organoid - sau cov polypeptide saw, uas yog tus thawj theem ntawm protein synthesis. Cov proteins uas yog ua los ntawm ribosomes ntawm lub endoplasmic reticulum, yuav siv tau thoob plaws hauv lub cev. Cov nqaijrog rau tus neeg xav tau kev pab ntawm lub cell yog tsim los ntawm ribosomes, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ribosomes kuj pom nyob rau hauv mitochondria thiab plastids.

cell cytoskeleton

Lub cell cytoskeleton tsim microtubules thiab microfilaments. Microtubules yog cylindrical tsim 24 nm nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla. Lawv ntev yog 100 hli-1 hli. Lub ntsiab Cheebtsam - ib tug protein hu ua tubulin. Nws yog tsis tau daim ntawv cog lus thiab raug puas tsuaj los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm colchicine. Microtubules muaj nyob rau hauv hyaloplasm thiab ua cov nram qab no functions:

• tsim saj zawg zog, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib tug muaj zog lub cev pob txha hlwb, uas tso cai rau nws mus khaws nws zoo lawm;
• noj ib feem nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm cell chromosomes;
• muab zog ntawm organelles;
• muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell chaw, raws li zoo raws li flagella thiab cilia.

Microfilaments - yarns yog muab tso rau hauv qab cov ntshav membrane thiab muaj li ntawm protein actin los yog myosin. Lawv yuav tsum tau txo, nrog rau cov tshwm sim hais tias muaj yog lub zog ntawm lub cytoplasm thiab cell daim nyias nyias protrusion. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov Cheebtsam yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub duav rov sauv thaum lub sij hawm cell division.

Cell center (centrosome)

Qhov no organelle yog muaj li ntawm ob centrioles thiab tsentrosfery. Centriole cylindrical zoo. Nws cov phab ntsa yog tsim los ntawm peb cov microtubules, uas hauj lwm ua ke nrog txhua lwm yam ntawm crosslinks. Centriole officers cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj cai ces kaum mus rau txhua lwm yam. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ntau dua cog hlwb tsis muaj cov organelles.

Lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes yog los xyuas kom meej tias ib qho kev faib ntawm chromosomes thaum lub sij hawm sib faib cell. Nws tseem yog lub chaw ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub cytoskeleton.

Organelles ntawm kev khiav

Rau organoids ntawm txav nqa cilia, thiab kuj flagella. Cov no yog qhov me me ua qhov me me rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov plaub mos mos. Lub flagella muaj 20 microtubules. Nws lub hauv paus nyob hauv lub cytoplasm thiab hu ua lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus. Qhov ntev ntawm tus flagellum yog 100 μm lossis ntau dua. Flagellites, uas tsuas muaj 10-20 microns, yog hu ua cilia. Thaum dai microtubules, cilia thiab flagella tau oscillate, ua rau lub zog ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm nws tus kheej. Lub cytoplasm muaj peev xwm muaj cov ntaub ntawv cog lus fibrils, uas hu ua myofibrils - lawv yog organelles ntawm cov tsiaj cell. Myofibrils, raws li txoj cai, nyob hauv myocytes - hlwb ntawm cov leeg nqaij, zoo li hauv lub plawv hlwb. Lawv muaj cov fibers me (protofibrils).

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov kab teeb ntawm myofibrils txhaj tsaus fibers - cov no yog cov anisotropic discs, thiab cov cheeb tsam ci - yog isotropic discs. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub myofibril yog tus neeg ua zog. Qhov no yog seem ntawm qhov anisotropic thiab isotropic disc, uas muaj actin thiab myosin filaments. Thaum lawv npleem, cov sarcomere shrinks, uas ua rau lub zog ntawm tag nrho cov leeg nqaij. Hauv qhov no, lub zog ntawm ATP thiab calcium ions siv.

Nrog kev pab los ntawm flagella, qhov nyuaj thiab spermatozoa ntawm cov tsiaj txav. Cilia yog cov khoom ntawm lub zog ntawm cov infusoria-khau. Hauv cov tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg, lawv npog lub tshuab pa pa thiab pab kom tshem tau cov khoom me me, piv txwv, ntawm hmoov av. Tsis tas li ntawd, tseem muaj cov pseudopods uas ua rau cov tshuaj amoeboid thiab yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm ntau lub hlwb thiab cov tsiaj txhu (xws li, leukocytes).

Feem ntau cov nroj tsuag tsis tau tsiv mus nyob hauv qhov chaw. Cov kev taw qhia muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob, txav ntawm nplooj thiab hloov hauv cytoplasm ntawm cov hlwb.

Xaus

Txawm tias muaj ntau hom hlwb, lawv txhua tus muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws thiab koom haum. Cov qauv thiab cov dej num ntawm organoids yog cov xeeb los ntawm cov khoom sib xws, kom ntseeg tau tias ib txwm ua haujlwm ntawm ob leeg tib neeg lub cev thiab tag nrho lub cev.

Qhov no yuav tsum qhia raws li hauv qab no.

Cov lus "Organoids ntawm lub eukaryote cell"

Ntshav	Nroj ntawm tes	Animal Cell	Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb
Nucleus	Muaj	Muaj	DNA cia, RNA transcription thiab protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum	Muaj	Muaj	Synthesis ntawm cov nqaijrog, lipids thiab carbohydrates, tsub zuj zuj zus ntawm cov tshuaj txhuam cov kua xiav, tsim los ntawm Golgi txoj
Mitochondria	Muaj	Muaj	Synthesis ntawm ATP, hom enzymes thiab proteins
Plastids	Muaj	Tsis yog	Kev koom tes hauv photosynthesis, tsub zuj zus ntawm starch, lipids, proteins, carotenoids
Ribosomes	Muaj	Muaj	Kev sau ntawm lub thawv polypeptide (protein synthesis)
Microtubules thiab microfilaments	Muaj	Muaj	Cia lub xov tooj ntawm tes khaws ib yam khoom, yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes, cilia thiab flagella, npaj lub zog ntawm organelles
Lysosomes	Muaj	Muaj	Lub plab zom ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub cell, kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws cov qauv tsis tseem ceeb, kev koom tes hauv kev hloov cov qog hlwb, txiav txim siab autolysis
Loj central vacuole	Muaj	Tsis yog	Muab qhov nro ntawm lub xuab zeb membrane, cov khoom nruab nrog cev thiab cov khoom siv hauv lub neej, phytoncides thiab phytohormones, thiab pigments, yog ib pob reservoir
Golgi txoj	Muaj	Muaj	Secrete thiab accumulate proteins, lipids thiab carbohydrates, hloov cov as-ham uas nkag mus rau ntawm tes, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov tsim ntawm lysosomes
Cell center	Muaj, tsuas yog rau cov nroj tsuag siab dua	Muaj	Yog qhov chaw ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov cytoskeleton, ua kom pom zoo sib xws ntawm chromosomes hauv cell division
Myofibrils	Tsis yog	Muaj	Npaj kom muaj zog hauv cov leeg nqaij

Yog hais tias peb kos cov lus xaus, ces peb tuaj yeem hais tias muaj cov tsis tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cog hlwb. Hauv qhov no, qhov kev xyuam xim thiab cov qauv ntawm lub cev (cov lus saum toj no, tshaj tawm qhov no) muaj ib qho kev cai ntawm lub koom haum. Lub zog ntawm tes ua ib qho kev sib xyaw thiab ua ke. Hauv qhov no, lub luag haujlwm ntawm organoids yog kev sib cuam tshuam thiab cov hom phiaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes tseem ceeb.