Yuav ua li cas yog cov nqaijrog? Kev txiav txim ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg, qauv

Cov nqaijrog yog tshuaj ntawm cov organic keeb kwm. Cov nqaijrog - lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hais txog cov nyob quavntsej. Nonperiodic polymers xws li cov nqaijrog uas txawv los ntawm lwm yam polymers.

Tus thawj protein twb cais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm gluten nyob rau hauv 1728 lub Italian Jacopo Bartolomeo Beccari, uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1682-1766, ua los ntawm hmoov nplej. Ntxuav gluten yog ib tug complex insoluble nyob rau hauv dej glutens, uas yog proteins. Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd pib kev kawm txog cov protein.

Tus qauv ntawm cov protein molecule

Lawv molecules yog tsim los ntawm zoo xws li cov tab sis txawv monomers - 20 amino acids. Txhua yam ntawm lawv nws muaj nws tus kheej lub npe, qauv thiab zog. Molecule tsim los ntawm nws cov kev radical thiab cov kev ua txhua tivthaiv, uas muaj xws li ib tug amino pab pawg neeg nrog alkaline zog, thiab ib tug carboxyl pab pawg neeg nrog acidic zog. Cov muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv ntawm ob pab pawg txiav txim lawv high degree ntawm reactivity.

Cov pab pawg muaj kev cob cog high-nitrogen-muaj organic tshuaj, txoj kev ua lub tshiab polymers, uas yog proteins. Tus txheej txheem yog raws li nram no: cov amino pab pawg neeg ntawm ib tug amino acid thiab cov carboxyl lwm dej molecule yog tsim, thiab cov dawb electrons yog txhua yam, muaj ib tug peptide daim ntawv cog lus. Yog li ntawd polypeptides raug tsim. Txhua yam uas yuav ua rau tib neeg lub cev nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm lub hlwb - qhov kev txiav txim ntawm proteins.

protein biosynthesis

Protein biosynthesis - lub ntsiab qhov teeb meem ntawm Biochemistry. Deciphering nws muaj ib qho tseem ceeb theoretical thiab cov tswv yim ib feem. Rau protein biosynthesis xws li hais xws teeb meem tseem ceeb raws li caj, variation, adaptation, tej yam ntuj tso xaiv, tus emergence ntawm tshiab hom uas muaj sia nyob, txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm cov kev tswj txoj kev kab mob.

Biosynthesis nyob rau hauv lub khw muag tshuaj

Paub txog cov protein biosynthetic dab yog ib yam uas tseem ceeb rau lub noj qab haus huv, nyob rau hauv particular - rau lub khw muag tshuaj, muab ib qho piav rau cov emergence ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic kab mob, daws cov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob. Nws yog siv rau synthesis ntawm cov kws tshuaj, xws li antimetabolites. Cov tshuaj yog siv los nres lub protein biosynthetic dab nyob rau hauv Oncology: antimutagens tiv thaiv DNA los ntawm change; radioprotectors uas tiv thaiv lub nucleic acid los ntawm cov tawg hloov.

Protein biosynthesis pab los mus piav qhia cov ntsiab cai ntawm tej yam ntawm cov tshuaj, xws li tshuaj tua kab mob, inhibitory nyob rau hauv ntau yam ua sawv ntawm protein biosynthesis nyob rau hauv kab mob thiab cov kab mob.

Uas hais txog cov nqaijrog?

Protein, los yog cov protein yuav ua tau los ntawm cov tsiaj los yog zaub keeb kwm. Yuav ua li cas yuav ua li cas cov nqaijrog hais txog? Ib tug loj loj qhov chaw ntawm cov protein - cov nroj tsuag ntsuab, kua khoom, nplej, ceev thiab taum. Thaum tus tsiaj kov tsob nroj khoom noj khoom haus, ces nyob rau hauv nws lub cev puv mus rau hauv ib tug zaub protein tsiaj. Yog li ntawd, cov tsiaj protein nyob rau hauv cov nqaij, mis nyuj thiab qe nyoos. Ib tug neeg muaj cov kev xaiv mus siv cov nroj tsuag los yog tsiaj tej khoom noj nplua nuj nyob rau hauv protein.

Assimilability ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov nqaijrog

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov proteins nyob rau hauv tib pab pawg neeg txawv nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog. Raws li ib co ntawm cov nqaijrog txog yam khoom, nws muaj ib tug txawv digestibility. Ib txhia yog sai sai digested thiab kom cov metabolism, thaum lwm tus neeg tej zaum yuav tsuas qaug cawv kab mob. Xav txog dab tsi tshuaj yog proteins.

Tus thawj coj ntawm cov proteins uas yog sai sai absorbed, yog ib lub qe. Nws yog tsim nyog los noj tom qab ib tug workout, vim hais tias lub qe tsis tawm hauv qab ib tug txheej ntawm roj, xws li lwm yam cov nqaijrog ntawm tsiaj keeb kwm.

Ntses - zoo heev qhov chaw ntawm cov protein, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus zom thiab tsis ua rau heaviness nyob rau hauv lub plab. Nrog kev xav txog tsiaj nqaij, nws yog ib qho undoubted thawj coj nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov protein ib 100 grams thiab yog hais tias koj noj 250 grams nqaij, peb lub cev tau txais ib tug txhua txhua hnub tus nqi ntawm cov protein. Tab sis nqaij qaib ob peb renounces nws protein cov ntsiab lus, tab sis nws yog ntshiv thiab yooj yim digestible.

Hais txog cov zaub cov nqaijrog, tus thawj coj yog tus soybean, nyob rau hauv uas lub protein cov ntsiab lus yog yuav luag tib yam li hais tias ntawm lub qe. Nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau lawv noj haus ntawm cov noob ceev, protein feem pua uas nce mus txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nqaij qaib, tab sis vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov qib high calorie cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau noj maj mam.

Siv ntawm cov nqaijrog, carbohydrates thiab nqaijrog nyob rau hauv kev noj haus

Yog hais tias koj txoj kev noj haus los ntawm qhov seem yus pom ntawm science, tus neeg uas tsis yuav tsum tau tej khoom noj thiab lawv hais rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab lub neej ntawm tus kab mob. Qhov no peb pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj: cov nqaijrog, Sibhawm, carbohydrates. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yuav tsum tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib tug nqi txhua hnub, txwv tsis pub nws yuav tsis ua kom zoo nyob rau hauv lub cev, thiab cov neeg pluag noj qab haus huv. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib co correlation ntawm cov tshuaj, uas yuav tsum ua raws.

Nutritionists xav kom tsim koj noj cov zaub mov, muab lub nram qab no txoj cai: 15% protein, 20% roj thiab 65% carbohydrates. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no nruab nrab kev faib ua feem: nws nyob rau qhov kev kab mob, kev loj hlob tsis, qhov hnyav thiab muaj hnub nyoog ntawm tus neeg. Yog li ntawd, subjective nuj nqis yuav tsum tau txiav txim los ntawm kev siv rau ib tug dietitian los yog ntaus kis las.

cov nqaijrog ua hauj lwm

High-molecular lom tebchaw, dab tsi yog qhov proteins uas tawg mus rau hauv amino acids, uas txeem mus rau hauv cov ntshav thiab saturate lub cev, thiab nws siv lawv los lawv muaj lawv proteins. Hais tias lub cev muaj tau muaj zog nqaij taut thiab zoo nkauj tsos, nws yog tsim nyog mus rau replenish protein cov khoom noj. Txaus ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov ntses thiab nqaij, qe thiab cheese, legumes thiab kua khoom. Count noj cov zaub mov yuav tsum tau raws li nyob rau hauv lub hnub tus nqi ntawm tag nrho cov khoom xyaw, raws li zoo raws li cov hom phiaj.

Cov neeg uas xav mus tso li nqaij, nws yog tsim nyog los ua rau kom qhov tsawg ntawm cov nqaijrog, thiab poob ceeb thawj yuav tsum txo tau ntawm siab carbohydrate thiab fatty khoom noj. Cov nqaijrog, Sibhawm, carbohydrates yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog thiab lub zog. Nyob rau nruab nrab, ib tug neeg mus rau ib tug noj qab nyob zoo noj haus thiab tswj ib tug noj qab nyob zoo luj, koj yuav tsum siv sij hawm nrog cov zaub mov cov nqaijrog, nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates nyob rau hauv tib lub kev faib ua feem: 90-110 / 90-100 / 250-300 g Rau cov me nyuam cov zauv ib tug me ntsis me me thiab.

Protein khoom thiab txhua hnub npaum li cas:

• nqaij qaib, qaib cov txwv, ntshiv nqaij npua - 75 g;
• nqaij npuas, yaj, nyuj - 45 g;
• fatty ntses - 30 g; ntshiv ntses, nqaij ntses nyoo - 60 g;
• taum, lentils - 2 tbsp. l.;
• nqaij npuas kib - 1 daim ntawm ntshiv;
• ntses nrog - 2 pcs.;
• txo-roj hummus - 1 tbsp. l.;
• qe - 1 pc.;
• ceev - '15

Nqaij yog ua los ntawm cov protein, thiab tib neeg zaub mov yuav tsum nco ntsoov kom nws, vim hais tias nws yog ib qhov chaw ntawm lub zog. Ntses thiab nqaij qaib proteins uas nqis zoo tshaj plaws. Khoom noj xws li taum, whole grains, thiab taum pauv kuj muaj cov nqaijrog, thiab, Ntxiv, ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm cov rog, lawv tsis tau lagging qab cheese thiab khoom noj siv mis.

Nthuav txog cov nqaijrog

Ntau tshaj 4 billion xyoo dhau los nyob rau ntiaj chaw lub ntiaj teb los ntawm me me inorganic molecules inexplicably nyob cov nqaijrog, uas tau los ua tus keeb kwm ntawm lub neej. Tag nrho cov nyob yam muaj nyob vim yog lub cim protein molecules, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb yog tseem tsis paub hais tias mus zaum.

1. Txhua nyob kab mob no yog ua los ntawm proteins. Lawv nyob ib ncig ntawm 50% ntawm lub qhuav tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm ib yam ntawm cov kab mob. Kab mob muaj protein ntawm 45 mus rau 95%.
2. Kwv yees li 30% ntawm cov tib neeg protein los txog rau cov nqaij ntshiv, hais txog 20% - nyob rau hauv cov pob txha thiab tendons, thiab hais txog 10% - nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij.
3. Muaj 1012 txawv cov nqaijrog, lub neej-muab cov kab mob ntawm txhua theem ntawm complexity, ntawm cov kab mob rau tib neeg.
4. Lub hlwb - yog tseem protein. Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov hais tias hais tias, tshuav rau tus txheej txheem ntawm cov protein denaturation thaum noj ethanol, lub hlwb lub hlwb tuag.
5. Nws lub npe nqaijrog yuav tsum tau qe protein, nws yog nyob deb ntawm cov ancient cov neeg tau siv raws li ib tug khoom noj khoom haus tivthaiv.
6. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub cev feem ntau ntau haiv neeg, lawv tau ua raws li enzymes. Pepsin - ib qho enzyme uas lov cov nqaijrog rau hauv amino acids nyob rau hauv lub cev.
7. Cov nqaijrog muaj ib tug tiv thaiv nyhuv. Interferon - ib tug protein uas yam tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv tsis tau invading kab mob.
8. Cov nqaijrog yuav ua si lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones, yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov hormone insulin. Nws tswj nkag teb chaws ntawm zib mus rau hauv lub cell.
9. Cov nqaijrog actualize zog teeb meem rau lub cev.
10. Cov plaub hau muaj ntshiab protein.

protein qauv

Muaj 4 ntawm spatial lub koom haum uas muaj protein ntau molecules:

• thawj - tsim los ntawm peptide bonds, nws txiav txim lub zog ntawm cov protein molecules;
• ib theem, muaj tus duab ntawm lub stretched caij nplooj ntoos hlav, ua ntawm peptide thiab hydrogen bonds (txog leeg, rau tes, plaub hau, kab laug sab webs);
• tertiary-zoo li tus tais, lub tsev ntawm peptide, hydrogen thiab disulfide bonds (enzymes, cov tshuaj, cov tshuaj hormones);
• Quaternary - muaj li ntawm alpha thiab beta chains (hemoglobin).

lub caj code yog muab rau txhua protein, uas khw muag khoom cov lus qhia hais txog dab tsi tsim nws yuav tsum coj, tab sis noob caj noob ces thiab yog tsis muaj peev xwm xav tias yuav cov thawj code ntawm nws spatial qauv. Yuav kom koj khiav lag luam cov protein, nws yog tsim nyog los curl li nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias yam zaub mov twg muaj protein, li cas thiab yuav ua li cas nws yuav tsum tau noj. Yog vim li cas? Thiab vim hais tias protein, hlawv nyob rau hauv lub cev, nws nourishes ib tug ntau ntawm lub zog. Nws yog tom qab high-protein zaub mov, peb xav tias ib tug surge ntawm lub dag lub zog, namely protein ua txhua peb leeg thiab tsim ib tug zoo nkauj thiab noj qab nyob zoo lub cev. Tsis muaj tsawg ib qho tseem ceeb yog ib tug tseeb hais tias protein pab kom poob ceeb thawj los yog muaj qhov hnyav tom qab poob phaus.

Cov khoom muaj feem xyuam rau cov nqaijrog

Tsis muaj lub zem protein noj cov zaub mov pom zoo raws li cov feem ntau tsim cov nutritionists, vim hais tias lub cev siv rau ua uas muaj protein ntau cov khoom noj ib tug ntau ntawm lub zog, hais txog 5-10% ntawm cov calories tau txais.

Daim ntawv teev cov feem ntau protein cov khoom.

1. Nyob rau hauv lub qe muaj 17% yooj yim digestible protein. Nutritionists qhia kom coj lub qe rau noj tom qab qoj ib ce, tiam sis tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 2 chav nyob ib hnub twg rau cov resumption ntawm tej nqaij. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub qe - nws yog ib yam khoom nrog cov uas tsis muaj calorie.
2. Tsis tshua muaj roj tsev cheese muaj 25% ntawm cov protein, nws yog yooj yim digestible.
3. Hard cheese yog hais txog 30% protein, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov hais tias hais tias nws yog ib yam nkaus thiab high-calorie thiab fatter tshaj nws yog, qhov tsawg nws muaj protein.
4. Nqaij qaib nqaij - qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev noj haus zaub mov, raws li cov caloric cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws me me thiab zoo nqis. Nqaij qaib nqaij muaj los ntawm 15 mus rau 20% protein.
5. Nqaij nyuj yog ib tug uas tsis muaj-calorie khoom, thiab lub siab dawb siab mus rau lub protein. Cia li ib qho ntawm ntshiv nqaij nyuj muaj txog 22 grams ntawm cov protein.
6. Siab muaj 25% protein. Lub hau thiab stewed heev pab tau, vim nws yog neeg nplua nuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam ntsiab tseem ceeb.
7. Ib txhia ntau ntau yam muaj ntses muaj protein ntau rau 25%, xws li tuna, salmon, mackerel. Qhov no ntses yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv khoom noj khoom haus tsis muaj kev ntshai kom tau zoo dua.
8. Lub richest nyob rau hauv lub protein cov khoom ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog xav kom kua, nws muaj 14% protein nyob rau hauv nws, los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm lub zaub - brussel qe (9%).
9. Cereals comprise tsawg kawg yog 10% protein, uas excellently absorbed los ntawm lub cev.

Nws yog cov khoom tseem ceeb uas muaj feem rau proteins. Daim ntawv uas muaj nyob ntawm no yog nyob deb ntawm tiav, tab sis yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub yooj yim kev xav tau ntawm lub cev protein.

xaus

Cov tib neeg lub cev xav tau zog li. Txawm tias thaum pw tsaug zog hauv lub cev yog nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab: peb ua pa, lub plawv ua hauj lwm, lub cev lub hlwb yog tshiab, kev txom tshuaj dab tshwm sim. Qhov no yuav tsum tau zog: peb tau txais nws los ntawm kev noj thiab digesting zaub mov. Cov zaub mov muaj tshuaj tsim nyog los siv txoj mechanisms ntawm lub neej muaj dab. Yog carbohydrates, cov nqaijrog, Sibhawm, dej, ntsev, fiber, minerals thiab vitamins. Thaum lub sij hawm kev zom rau hauv lub cev yuav siv sij hawm qhov tsim nyog hais, thiab hais tsis tseem ceeb tso.