Qhia kev kawm ntawv system: cov hom phiaj thiab cov hom phiaj

Didactic kev kawm ntawv system yog ib qho kev qauv muaj tej yam hom phiaj, koom haum hauv paus ntsiab lus, txoj kev thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev kawm.

hom

Niaj hnub nimno soj ntsuam qhov txawv peb lub ntsiab didactic systems uas muaj qhov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv:

• Didactics Herbart.
• Dewey system.
• Zoo meej tswvyim.

Wb sim kom paub tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv, mus nrhiav tau zoo sib xws thiab txawv nta.

didactics Herbart

German philosopher Gerbart I. F. analyzed thiab paraphrased cov chav kawm ntawv-qhia daim ntawv Polish xib fwb Yana Kamenskogo. Herbart tau tsim nws tus kheej system ntawm didactic qhia txoj kev, raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug hlau theoretical tau ntawm psychology thiab ethics ntawm 18-19 centuries. Qhov kawg ntawm tag nrho cov kev kawm German xib fwb kev kawm ntawv pom tau hais tias ib tug muaj zog ntsuj plig ntawm ib tug txiv neej muaj peev xwm mus puag nrog rau tej kev nyuaj siab. Lub zoo tshaj plaws lub hom phiaj ntawm lub didactic system yog tus uas pom nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm kev ncaj ncees zoo ntawm tus neeg.

Koom tswv yim ntawm kev kawm ntawv rau Herbart

Ntawm cov ntsiab tswv yim uas nws npaj rau siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm, sawv tawm:

• Perfection teb dee ntawm tus me nyuam, cov kev tshawb fawb kev taw qhia ntawm tus cuj pwm txoj kev loj hlob.
• Goodwill, uas yuav xyuas kom meej kom sib haum nruab nrab ntawm lawv yuav thiab kev txaus siab ntawm lwm tus neeg.
• Kev ncaj ncees rau pab kom txawm peem rau tag nrho cov phem thiab kom paub daws kev nyuaj siab.
• Puab txoj kev ywj pheej, ua rau nws tau kom phim rau txoj kev ntseeg thiab kev ntshaw ntawm tus txiv neej.

Ethics thiab psychology kws qhia ntawv muaj ib tug metaphysical cim. Nws didactic systems yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub German idealist philosophy. Ntawm cov ntsiab tsis gerbartovskoy didactics tseem ceeb rau koj nco ntsoov qhov kev kho mob ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov kev txawj ntse tsim ntawm cov me nyuam. Nrog kev xav txog cov kev kawm ntawv ntawm tus neeg, ces qhov no luag hauj lwm muab Herbart tsev neeg. Rau lub tsim ntawm muaj zog, lub neej, lub cim ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv, nws yog tswv yim mus siv ib tug nruj kev qhuab qhia. Los ntawm nws taw tes ntawm view, cov xib fwb yuav tsum tau ua tiag tiag cov piv txwv ntawm lub siab dawb paug thiab ntseeg rau lawv cov menyuam kawm ntawv.

Lub specifics didactics Herbart

Cov hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv coj noj coj ua yog los xyuas kom meej tas mus li ua hauj lwm rau me nyuam kawm ntawv, tso lawv txoj kev kawm, nqa tawm tas mus li xyuas ntawm lawv cov kev txawj ntse thiab lub cev kev loj hlob, accustom menyuam kawm ntawv kom hais tau thiab qhuab qhia. Yuav kom lub tsev kawm ntawv yog tsis chaos, Herbart npaj yuav ua kom paub tej kev txwv thiab kev txwv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm loj ua txhaum ntawm feem ntau txais cov kev cai, nws txawm tso cai rau kev siv ntawm nchav. Muaj lawv cov hom kawm nyob rau hauv lub didactic system txhais tau tias nyiaj pab ntau tshaj siv tswv yim ua ub no. German xib fwb them tshwj xeeb mloog mus rau lub synthesis ntawm yuav, kev xav, kev txawj ntse, kev qhuab qhia thiab kev txiav txim.

Lub ntsiab lus didactic tswv yim

Nws yog nws leej twg ua ntej npaj siab tsis cais kev kawm thiab kev kawm ntawv, xam tau tias yog ob tug ntawm cov xib fwb lub sij hawm tsuas nyob rau hauv lub sau ua ib pawg. Lub ntsiab tshab nyob rau hauv nws didactic kev kawm system tau qee ntawm ob peb theem ntawm kev kawm ntawv. Nws npaj ib txwm los ntawm cov uas tus clarity ntawm lub koom haum dhau, ces tus system, thiab ces mus rau txoj kev. Kev kawm ntawv, nws ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm duab kos tau tshwm, uas maj yuav tsum tau mus rau hauv theoretical kev txawj ntse. Nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim tsim los ntawm Herbart, tawm ntawm cov nqe lus nug. Nws ntseeg hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los mus muab cov me nyuam kawm ntawv theoretical paub, tab sis seb nws yuav los yog yuav siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, nws tsis muaj nqi rau lub tsev kawm ntawv.

followers Herbart

Cov thwj tim thiab successors ntawm lub German xib fwb pib T. Ziller, rein B., F. Dörpfeld. Lawv muaj peev xwm los tsim thiab modernize lub tswv yim ntawm nws tus kws qhia ntawv, sim tshem lawv system ntawm didactic formalism thiab unilateralism. Rein tsib theem kev kawm tau tswvcuab, thiab faib rau txhua cov ntsiab lus, lub ntsiab hom phiaj, npaj txoj kev tau zoo thiab lub hom phiaj. Nyob rau hauv nws cov tswvyim rub tsev nrog cov khoom tshiab, lub sib haum ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau cov kev txawj ntse uas cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau muab yav tas los, raws li zoo raws li lub synthesis thiab kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub mas yuav kis tau kev txawj ntse.

Kev sib piv ntawm ob peb didactic tswv yim

Cov xib fwb yuav tsum tsis txhob tau meticulously ua raws li nrog tag nrho cov kev kauj ruam ntawm txoj kev kawm, lawv tau muab txoj cai los tsim cov hau kev rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov me nyuam txoj kev xav, lawv tau txais ib daim ntawv qhia txog kev kawm ntawv. Tej systems didactic kev kawm muaj kom txog thaum lub nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Niaj hnub nimno psychologists paub tseeb tias lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug tsis zoo feem nyob rau chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tsev kawm ntawv. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm tag nrho cov didactic system teem rau cov kev hloov ntawm cov xib fwb cov tub kawm ntawv npaj txhij paub. Tsis yog tus twg ntawm uas tus tsim ntawm tej yam kev mob rau nws tus kheej-realization, paub txog tswv yim, tawm ntawm cov nqe lus nug. Tus thwjtim yuav tsum tau zaum ntsiag to nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawv, ua tib zoo mloog rau nws cov neeg cob, meej thiab sai sai ua tag nrho nws cov lus qhia thiab cov tswv yim. Lub passivity ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm coj mus rau lub fact tias lawv muaj tsis muaj muaj siab rau kawm kom tau kev txawj ntse, ib tug loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tsis xav kom tau kev txawj ntse, tsis mus kawm ntawv, lawv nplij unsatisfactory tias. Muaj tsis muaj cov xib fwb thiab cib fim rau cov kev qhia kom paub thiab kev loj hlob ntawm feemxyuam thiab gifted menyuam kawm ntawv. Qhov nruab nrab system yog lam xav thiab nrhiav ib tug neeg tau ntawm txhua tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Nco ntsoov tias tsis muaj didactics Herbart, yuav muaj lub zoo hloov nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm system, uas tshwm sim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem thiab tseem niaj hnub no.

Didactics Dzhona Dyui

American kawm thiab kev puas siab ntsws Dzhon Dyui tsim lub sib piv nyob nruab nrab ntawm authoritarian qauv Herbart cov xib fwb. Nws tej hauj lwm tau los ua ib tug tiag tiag counterweight rau tus uas twb muaj kev kawm cov ntsiab lus. American kawm khav tias qhov yooj yim qhia system uas twb muaj lawm ua ntej nws, coj xwb mus rau ib tug ces dag kev kawm ntawv ntawm schoolchildren. Vim lub fact tias lub ntsiab haum twb muab tso rau cov kev hloov ntawm theoretical paub, muaj ib tug loj loj kis ntawm cov kev muaj tiag. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv "hi" cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis siv lawv cov kev paub nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov me nyuam tau txais ib "npaj txhij-ua txawj ntse", lawv tsis xav tau los mus ua kom zog nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau nws tus kheej nrhiav rau tej ntaub ntawv. Nws tsis mus nyob rau hauv lub German kev kawm ntawv system thiab tus hais lus ntawm cov sau npe xav tau thiab xav tau kev pab ntawm cov me nyuam, cov kev txaus siab ntawm lub neej, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej. Dewey, nws thawj thwmsim pib nyob rau hauv lub Chicago lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv 1895. Nws tsim ib daim ntawv ua ntaub ntawv thov ntawm didactic ua si tsim lug txhim khu cov kev ua ntawm cov me nyuam. Tus kws qhia ntawv muaj peev xwm los tsim ib tug tshiab lub tswvyim ntawm "tiav thought". Puas siab puas ntsws thiab philosophical views ntawm tus sau, tus me nyuam pib xav tias thaum twg muaj ib co teeb meem nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws. Nws yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev kov yeej kev obstacles, tus me nyuam pib mus xav hais tias. "Tag nrho cov cai" xav txog Dewey yuav tej kauj ruam:

• Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm teeb meem.
• Tebchaws teeb meem.
• Formulation ntawm hypotheses.
• Nqa lub logic pov thawj ntawm lub hypothesis raug.
• Analysis ntawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm thwmsim thiab cov tswvyim.
• Overcoming obstacles.

Lub specifics didactics Dewey

Cov ntaub ntawv uas tsim los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawm didactic ua si lub npaj "teeb meem raws li txoj kev kawm." Qhov no mus kom ze heev sai sai pom los ntawm UFW ntawm cov European psychologists thiab cov kws qhia ntawv. Raws li hais hauv daim ntawv thov ntawm cov American system nyob rau hauv Soviet cov tsev kawm ntawv, peb nco ntsoov tias cov los yog, tab sis nws twb tsis crowned nrog txoj kev vam meej. Paj nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug didactics nyob rau hauv Russia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm lub American Dewey tau ib tug differentiated mus kom ze rau txoj kev kawm thiab kev kawm ntawv ntawm txhua tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Cov zaj lus qhia cov qauv tam sim no theem ntawm defining qhov teeb meem, formulation ntawm hypotheses, cov kev tshawb fawb algorithm ntawm kev ua, txoj kev tshawb, tsom xam ntawm cov kev tshwm sim, formulation ntawm cov lus xaus, kom paub tseeb ua raws li cov txheej hypothesis.

Kev sib piv ntawm cov tsoos system thiab lub tswvyim ntawm Dewey

American los ua ib tug yeej muaj tseeb innovator ntawm lub pedagogical txheej txheem. Nws es tsis txhob "hauv phau ntawv txoj kev kawm" tau muaj cov kev xaiv ntawm ib tug active nrhiav tau ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse. Lub fore ywj siab kev txawj ntse kev ua si ntawm me nyuam kawm ntawv, cov xib fwb los ua ib tug pab cuam rau nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Tus kws qhia ntawv coj tus me nyuam, pab nws kom kov yeej lub teeb meem, rau muab tso rau lub hypothesis rau kos kev xaus ntawm kev soj ntsuam tau. Es tsis txhob qhov classical cov ntaub ntawv kawm muaj American neeg kev pab them nqi, uas koj yuav kis tau paub txog ntau yam kev. Los ntawm lub sij hawm no pib zaj dab neeg ntawm differentiated thiab kev qhia ntawv, ib chav tsev ntawm cov kev pab cuam nyob rau theem pib thiab tshwj xeeb ntau. Ntau mloog yog them rau nws cov tswvyim Dewey xyaum, ua tsaug rau nws lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob ywj siab tshawb fawb kev ua si ntawm schoolchildren.

xaus

Lub tsev kawm ntawv system yog lossi tau kho, nyuab dua, ua tsaug rau txoj kev pab cuam tsim los ntawm psychologists thiab cov kws qhia ntawv. Ntawm cov ntau didactic tswv yim uas tau raug tsim tshaj yav dhau los ob centuries, ntawm kev tseem ceeb yog lub classic system ntawm Herbart, Dewey txoj kev pab cuam. Nws yog los ntawm cov tej hauj lwm tau nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm kev kawm ntawv, uas tau pom nyob rau hauv hnub no lub tsev kawm ntawv. Ntsuam xyuas cov tshiab tiam sis, peb nco ntsoov kev kawm "los ntawm qhib" npaj los ntawm American kawm Jerome Bruner. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog peb reflected nyob rau hauv lub qhov yuav tsum tau mus rau lub tiav ntawm cov thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov GEF. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau paub cov kev cai thiab cov kev tshwm sim ntawm qhov, cov tseem ntawm lub social lub neej, siv lawv tus kheej cov kev tshawb fawb, kev koom tes nrog nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg thiab collective tej yaam num.

Lub creators ntawm tus tshiab thib ob tiam ntawm lub xeev tus qauv siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov chaw ua hauj lwm, ob peb kev kawm tswv yim, xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tswv yim no. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv niaj hnub didactic system them nyiaj mus rau tsim ntawm ib tug harmonious neeg uas yog zoo siab rau nws Fatherland, yeej paub thiab respects tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm nws cov neeg. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv tau raug nruj heev heev rau niaj hnub tej yam kev mob ntawm lub neej, kev tseem ceeb yog muab rau nws tus kheej txoj kev loj hlob. Tus kws qhia ntawv yog tsis ib tug "dictator", nws cia li xa nws cov tub kawm ntawv tau, nws yuav pab kom tiv nrog tawm txoj kev sib tw.