Yuav ua li cas ib feem ntawm lub cell lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws? Hlwb nyob rau hauv ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob

Muaj ntau lab tus txawv tsiaj ntawm cov kab mob. Ntawm no, tsuas yog tus kab mob no tsis yog-cellular ntaub ntawv ntawm lub neej. Tag nrho cov so ntawm nws tsawg tshaj plaws, tab sis lub ntsiab yam ntxwv tsev muaj ib lub tawb. Yog li ntawd, nws yog - ib tug tseem ceeb qhia ntawm uas twb muaj lawm ib tug neeg, teej tug mus rau ib tug los yog lwm lub tebchaws ntawm qhov. Xeem thiab cell organelles yuav piav li cas rau cov neeg ciaj lub cev loj hlob thiab uas dab tshwm sim tsis pub dhau nws. Qhov no yam ntxwv tsev qauv ntawm kev txawj ntse yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom to taub tag nrho ntawm qhov nyob rau hauv feem ntau.

Tag nrho cov cell qauv npaj

Cell nyob rau hauv ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob - ib tug yeeb yam heev nthuav. Nws yog amazing li cas npaum li cas zais los ntawm cov tib neeg qhov muag, thiab muaj yog nyob rau theem ntawm cov microcosm! Nrog rau qhov kev tsim ntawm no cim kho qhov muag ntaus tau ua tau los ua ib feem ntawm no theem, mus tshawb thiab to taub cov mechanisms ntawm lub neej, kawm yuav ua li cas kom tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lawv thiab siv rau cov kev pab ntawm cov neeg.

Yog li, nws twb pom hais tias tsis yog tag nrho cov kab mob muaj tib lub tsev unit. Txawv yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv zoo txhua tus mej zeej ntawm lub nceeg vaj. Piv txwv li, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell yog txawv los ntawm cov neeg ntawm cov tsiaj. Nws qauv nta yog cov kab mob thiab fungi. Txawm li cas los, koj yeej tseem qhia tau tias cov kev hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cell qauv.

1. Cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov DNA molecules (rau eukaryotic kab mob - cov nroj tsuag, fungi, cov tsiaj - yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, prokaryotes (kab mob) tsis tau muab cov keeb).
2. Cytoplasmic membrane delimits tus txheem ntawm lub sab hauv qhov chaw thiab lwm hloov tau.
3. Lub cytoplasm nrog organelles thiab inclusions.

Muaj ntau organelles kuj yog tib yam rau tag nrho cov hlwb, uas ib zaug dua qhia cov keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Yam ntxwv xeem nyob rau hauv txhua chav tsev ntawm uas muaj sia nyob ib tug heev heev. Nws yog, piv txwv li, nyob rau:

• mitochondria;
• lysosomes;
• Golgi apparatus;
• EPS (reticulum los yog endoplasmic reticulum);
• ribosomes;
• inclusions ntawm protein thiab carbohydrate, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Muaj narrowly kev organelles uas yog tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tej qho nceeg vaj ntawm qhov. Piv txwv li, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cog hlwb - tsis yog tus tseem, tab sis lub cell phab ntsa thiab lub vacuole. Ib qho tseem ceeb plastids, tab sis cov lug yog tsis nyob rau hauv tus tsiaj units.

Yuav ua li cas ib feem ntawm lub cell lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws?

Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no yog heev. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis muaj ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv ib feem ntawm lub cell yuav tsis tau mus nyob nquag thiab tsim. Tab sis tseem muaj ntau ntau ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov kev khiav dej num ntawm lub organelles thiab qhov chaw.

1. Nucleus nrog nucleoli thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub chromosomes.
2. Lub cell phab ntsa (rau cov nroj tsuag), cytoplasmic membrane (tag nrho cov hlwb), mucic plhaub (rau cov kab mob).
3. Lub cytoplasm ntawm lub yam ntxwv Cheebtsam.

Cov Cheebtsam - yog lub hauv paus ntawm tej cell, tsis hais txog ntawm tus kab mob teej tug mus rau ib tug los yog lwm daim ntawv. Ntawm cov cytoplasmic organelles kuj qhia uas yog ib feem ntawm lub cell lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

1. Mitochondria.
2. Ribosome.
3. EPS.
4. Lysosomes.
5. Apparatus (complex) Golgi.

Nws yog pom tseeb tias tus thawj xib fwb yuav hu feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov yam ntxwv rau lwm ntawm lub tsev chav tsev ntawm tus kab mob no.

Cov ntsiav thiab nws cov qauv

Keeb kwm lub tswv yim hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub cell - lub keeb. Txawm li cas los, tsis yog txhua txhua ntawm lawv muaj nws. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj nuclei nyob rau hauv:

• paub tab ntshav liab;
• kev hlwb ntawm tsob nroj ntaub so ntswg ;
• cov kab mob.

Tseem muaj hom, uas, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, ob peb nuclei. Piv txwv li:

• poperchnopolosatye nqaij;
• nceb;
• seaweed;
• zaub lactiferous hlab ntsha.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub zuag qhia tag nrho cov qauv ntawm lub hom phiaj yog ib tug ntawm qhov suav hais tias cov qauv. Muaj ntau ntau yooj yim qhov chaw uas ua tau rau cov tub ntxhais ntawm txhua.

1. Karyotheca (nuclear lub hnab ntawv) - nruab nrab yog ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim nyias nyias qauv acting li tej los ntawm cov cytoplasm thiab lub puab tub ntxhais. Yuav kom nws yog txuas mus rau sab nraum lub ribosome, lub CSE, lub Golgi complex.
2. Karyoplasm - nrog gel matrix sau cov tub ntxhais. Lwm lub npe - nucleoplasm. Nws muaj ntau cov nqaijrog, ribosomal RNA.
3. Chromatin muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm division ntawm lub helical tightly tau ntim chromosomes. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tsuas yog muab los ntawm strands ntawm DNA. calcium thiab magnesium ions yog tseem tam sim no, cov nqaijrog, RNA, lipids.
4. Nucleoli, laus chaw ib ncig ntawm lub chromosomes. Lawv muaj xws li RNA, DNA, proteins. Siv rau kev sib dhos ntawm subunits ribosomal synthesis ntawm p-RNA (ribosomal RNA).

Nws yog ib tug general txoj kev nuclear qauv, los ntawm uas nws yog ib cuab kev tias tus nqi ntawm cov qauv no nyob rau hauv txhua ntawm tes - decisive rau tu tub tu kiv, cia thiab kis tau tus mob ntawm caj ces, combining caj nta.

Lub cytoplasm thiab nws tseem ceeb

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv no yog tsuas qhib rau cov invention yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haib rau koj ntxiv kom cov khoom. Ua ntej ntawd nws yuav tsum - cia li ib tug yug me nyuam rau hauv av rau organelles. Tam sim no, txawm li cas los, nws pom hais tias lub cytoplasm muaj cov nram qab no qauv.

1. Cytoskeleton - microfilaments thiab complex protein hlab uas rau cov tub ntxhais network. Sab hauv thiab tsiv mus nyob rau ntawm tes organelles.
2. Cytosol los yog hyaloplasm - colloidal cytoskeleton nrog txheem, nyob rau lub neej minerals, dej, yog lipids, cov nqaijrog, carbohydrates. Qhov ntawd cell metabolism dab yog nqa tawm yog qhia lug ua ke.
3. Ectoplasm - lub cytoplasm, ncaj qha nyob ib sab mus rau lub membrane. Endoplasma - tag nrho qhov chaw ntawm karyotheca thiab ectoplasm.

Nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm intracellular thauj dab tshwm sim uas tso cai rau yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv nyob sib ze tshaj lub constituent qhov chaw. Nws yog ua tsaug rau ib qhov dynamic zog ntawm tus qauv nyob rau hauv lub organelles nyob rau hauv lub hlwb tsiv mus nyob.

Lub cytoplasmic membrane

Nws nruab nrab bilipidny elastic txheej penetrated los ntawm protein molecules. Feem ntau kev tshawb xav ntawm cov qauv ntawm no organelle - ib tug ua kua-mosaic qauv. Nws ua hauj lwm pab cais cov sab nraud thiab sab hauv ib puag ncig ntawm lub cell. Muaj xim permeability, yog li ntawd, nws tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv lub ingress ntawm txawv teb chaws hais. Nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects nws koom tes cell zoo.

Yog hais tias cov lus teb rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas ib feem ntawm lub cell lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws", tus thawj yuav tsum tau raws nraim cov daim nyias nyias, vim hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv txhua ntawm lawv. Txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv hom sib txawv ntawm tus kab mob no. Rau cov kab mob yam ntxwv muaj nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm chitin, tsiaj - nws tsis tuaj kawm ntawv.

mitochondria

Cov lug yog tsis rau tsis muaj dab tsi hu ua lub zog los yog "fais fab nroj tsuag" ntawm lub hlwb. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem tshwm sim oxidative ntsev ua nyob rau hauv lub tso zog los ntawm ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, qhov no zog yog lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho lub neej dab, ob sab hauv thiab sab nraud.

Cov npe ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb twb tsis yeej ib txwm coj tam sim ntawd. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm mitochondria Ameslikas nyob rau hauv xyoo 1894, cov lug tau piav nyob rau hauv lub npe bioblastov.

Los ntawm nws tus kheej, tus qauv ntawm no organelle es nthuav. Cov txheej membrane bilayer. Lub puab txheej muaj ib tug tais qauv, cov ntaub ntawv tus cristae, nyob rau hauv uas cov txheej txheem heev heev ribosome.

Mitochondria muaj lawv tus kheej DNA thiab ob RNA hom (thauj thiab matrix). Tsis tas li ntawd muaj yog ib tug complex ntawm proteins. Tus nab npawb ntawm cov lug nyob rau hauv lub cell yuav sib txawv, uas yog nyob rau ntawm cov kev ua ntawm cov khoom hauv nrog cev. Qhov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm mitochondria muaj mob hlwb.

ribosomes

Me round tsaus qauv uas yuav pom thaum cov tshuaj ntsuam lub hlwb nyob rau hauv ib tug electron tshuab kuaj kab mob, hu ua ribosomes. Nws kuj yog ib tug loj ib feem ntawm lub cell, vim hais tias lawv yog ncaj qha active ib feem nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib txoos uas muaj protein ntau molecules.

By lawv tus kheej, lawv uas hais ribonucleoprotein roos ib tug plaub uas tag nrho cov cell loj. Tsim ntawm ob txawv subunits, koom nyob rau hauv ib tug puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub cev. Txuas mus rau lub Golgi complex, EPS, mitochondria, nucleus. Nyob hauv tej qhov chaw.

Nws yog tsim los ntawm ribosomes nyob rau hauv protein molecules tsim nyog rau tag nrho cov kev ntawm yas thiab zog metabolism.

endoplasmic reticulum

hlwb nyob rau hauv ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob tsa ib tug hnyav ncawv striated tshawb. Qhov no yog vim hais tias xws li ib tug qauv raws li EPS los yog endoplasmic reticulum, reticulum. Nws pib ua ib tug tag nrho network ntawm branched raws, hlab, vials, uas entangle tag nrho cov organelles, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo feeb meej ib ncig ntawm lub keeb.

Rau cov ducts thiab raws yog ib tug zog (tsheb thauj mus los) sib txawv ntawm cov hais los ntawm ib tug cell mus rau lwm feem. Yog li ntawd EPS - raws li ib tug ntawm nws cov ntsiab lug.

Vacuole thiab cell phab ntsa - ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell

Yog hais tias cov lus teb rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas ib feem ntawm lub cell lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag", nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau saum toj, koj yuav tsum tau ntxiv ib tug ob peb ntau. Qhov no yog feem ntau lub cell phab ntsa. Nws yog tuab lub hnab ntawv nram qab no lub cytoplasmic membrane. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov cellulose thiab lwm yam carbohydrates thiab muab tshwj xeeb zog hlwb. Tsob ntoo yog impregnated nrog tshwj xeeb tshuaj - lignin. Uas yog vim li cas lawv yeej muaj zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib lub cell phab ntsa qauv txoj kev cell zoo li ib tug tag nrho.

Vacuole - qhov no yog qhov loj tshaj ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag qauv units. Nws yuav siv sij hawm yuav luag tag nrho lub ntim ntawm lub puab qhov chaw ntawm lub cell. Kua sau rau hauv, uas yog ib tug cell kua ntoo. Qhov no sib tov ntawm dej, vitamins, minerals, tshuaj hormones, carbohydrates.

plastids

Tseem lwm Cheebtsam ntawm cog ntawm tes - plastids. Sawv cev los ntawm peb hom:

• leucoplasts - tsis muaj kob;
• chromoplasts - liab, txiv kab ntxwv, daj pigments;
• chloroplasts - muaj cov ntsuab xim chlorophyll.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog tus kawg, txij li thaum lawv muaj kev txuam yuaj nyob rau hauv photosynthesis.