Yuav ua li cas sau ntawv ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm. Ib tug ntxhib txoj kev sau nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, tswv yim

Qhov no ib hom ntawv nyeem yog muaj ib qho cuab nce nyob rau hauv nws chaw. Tam sim no nws yog nyob rau hauv coob tsis tau tsuas yog sau ntawv, tab sis kuj cov kev cob qhia kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub xyoo kawg ntawm theem nrab tsev kawm ntawv. Fabkis lo lus "sau ntawv" nyob rau hauv peb cov lus yog teem rau "kev, sim ib tug sketch." Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no ib hom ntawv nyeem twv yuav raug hu muaj ib tug sib sib zog nqus paub txog cov neeg sau ntawm xws li ib tug ua hauj lwm rau tus kwv ntawm nws kev tshawb fawb. Tab sis, dhau li ntawm kev txawj ntse, tus thawj lub tswv yim yog ib qho tseem ceeb, txaus nyiam style ntawm kev nthuav qhia.

Style tswv yim pom zoo nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv tsab ntawv

Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas sau ntawv ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm, koj yuav tsum tau teb, uas yog tseem predominant nyob rau hauv lawv kev kawm style. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb - tsis txo cov theem ntawm kev nthuav qhia rau cov lus. Lub ntsiab ntawm kev sau ntawv yog qhia nrog kev pab los ntawm delicately xaiv cov lus. (Qhov no yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv kom meej tom qab nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.) Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ua cim narrating nws tus kheej lub tswv yim hais txog cov no los yog lwm yam txheej xwm, kev paub, kev xav logic. Yog li ntawd, kev kawm nthuav qhia yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav txog, thiab tas cov muaj tswv yim daim ntawv thov ntawm tus neeg sau ntawm lub artistic txhais tau tias.

Ib hom ntawv nyeem nta tsab ntawv

Raws li yuav tsum to taub los ntawm cov foregoing, ib tug retelling ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm no ib hom ntawv nyeem yog txawv los ntawm yam uas peb yuav pom nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv. Nws tsis xav tias ib tug muaj siab yuav ua kom paub cov kev kawm ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm volume thiab systematically. Ib tug sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm muaj ib cov kom pom tseeb rau hauv lub qhia tawm ntawm ib qho kev zajlus, lub keeb kwm ntawm qhov rov. Tus sau yuav tsum xa lawv cov thawj saib, style kev xav, los qhia siv tau cov lus sib cav.

Yuav ua li cas yuav tsum yog tus uas duav txhua yam ntawm tus sau ntawv

Lub volume ntawm tsab ntawv yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav zoo, proportionate, piv txwv li, nrog rau cov dab neeg. Tiamsis, nws muaj ib tug compact, tsis pub, yog hais tias tsuas vim hais tias ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo es txwv lub npe. Tom qab tag nrho, ua ntej no ib hom ntawv nyeem ua hauj lwm - mus rau ntsiab tej keeb kwm dab neeg, qhia ib yam lub zeem muag ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg. Feem ntau, nyob ntawm seb lub hom phiaj ntawm tus sau, nws yog proportionate rau zaj dab neeg los yog zaj dabneeg luv luv. Volume - los ntawm ib tug ob peb mus 20-30 nplooj ntawv. Yog tsis muaj uniform tswv yim pom zoo nyob rau hauv yuav ua li cas sau ntawv ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm. Muaj, raws li peb twb hais, tsuas pom zoo yog rau lo yog tsis tau hais lus, tab sis cov kev kawm style. Kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov zajlus yuav ua tau heev varied thiab txawm paradoxical. Qhov loj tshaj plaws - rau lwm: yuav ua keeb kwm "tham" thiab ua rau nws "nyob", mus deev tus nyeem ntawv lub mloog mus rau cov kev xav tshwm sim "ntawm bygone hnub." Nws yuav tsum tau hais txog tias qhov no yog tus sau subjectivity hauv tej yam kev txwv: nws muaj peev xwm tsis yuav tsis tooj mus rau meej tseeb thiab cov txheej xwm.

Ib tug sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm: yuav ua li cas sau ntawv?

Muaj ntau ntawm peb nyiam tej yam scenes los ntawm keeb kwm. Lawv evoke tus cwj pwm txawv thiab cia siab rau lawv lub teb chaws. Yuav ua li cas sau ntawv ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm?

Tom qab tau txais cov ntsiab lus, ua ib tug xaiv ntawm cov khoom rau nws. Xyuas kom tseeb tias hais tias koj yuav muaj peev xwm qhia nws kaj thiab txawv txawv. Yog hais tias tus sau cov ntaub ntawv tsis pub nws - zoo hloov qhov kev kawm. Ua hauv paus ntawm koj cov hnoos qeev, koj txoj kev npaj xav txog kev teem. Qhov no yog - ib qho tseem ceeb heev - ib tug nruj heev kev ua raws li cov xaiv logic.

Structurally, ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm yuav pib nrog ib tug kev taw qhia, uas teev lub ntsiab lus nug uas yuav txiav txim cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov kev sib tham. Ces - qhov tseem ceeb, uas yog tus sau lub ncauj lus kom ntxaws cov lus teb, displaying nws tus kheej views on lub tswv yim cov ntsiab. Sau yuav tsum puas yuav to taub kev sib cav, tag nrho cov tau "rau" thiab "tiv thaiv." Lawv yuav tsum tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb, nyob rau hauv nws intermediate theem, ntxiv Tso lub concentrated luv luv lo lus teb rau cov nqe lus nug nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia, raws li zoo raws li - ob peb liam subderivation. Qhov no yog - ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem. Xaus Lub tib yog zaum kawg seev suab subderivation.

Lub sib cav sau ntawv nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm

Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas sau ntawv ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm, yuav yeej tsis tau ua kom tiav tsis specifying yuav ua li cas yuav siv nws nyob rau hauv kev sib cav. Lub essence ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem yog pov thawj ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov views ntawm tus sau. Nws yuav siv tsis tau tsuas yog cov zajlus kom txoj kev xav. Nws kuj featured thiab cov koom haum kev cob cog rua nrog uas twb muaj lawm kev cai thiab kev coj tsis ncaj txoj kev xav generated los ntawm lawv, cov neeg tus cwj pwm txawv. Siv zoo-paub cov zajlus kom cov nqe lus: induction (txoj kev pov thawj, piv txwv tias yog lub logic: los ntawm ib tug private - cov kev xaus); txiav (ib nrab xaus formulated los ntawm ib tug general inference); analogy (kev sib piv logic tso cai ntawm lub ob keeb kwm cov txheej xwm: cov kev siv thiab soj ntsuam, nrog rau tom ntej cov lus xaus formulation). Cov no yog cov cia li ib co zajlus kom cov tswv yim uas yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv rau lub keeb kwm. "Yuav ua li cas sau ntawv ib tug pov thawj ntawm nws lub ntsiab tswv yim sib cav?" - lo lus nug no yuav tsum tau multi-variant, xws li cov ntawv pov thawj los ntawm contradiction, muaj kuab refutation, ib tug indirect pov thawj.

Npaj ua hauj lwm rau ib tug sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm

Koj yuav tsum xub kom huv si kawm cov ntaub ntawv uas hais txog lub keeb kwm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib lub tsim ntawm keeb kwm personalities-neeg raug foob, cov ntsiab lus, cov lus tseeb thiab chronology ntawm cov txheej xwm loj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm koj tsab ntawv. "Yuav ua li cas sau ntawv hais txog cov chav kawm ntawm keeb kwm?" - koj nug. Feem ntau kev nthuav qhia - nyob rau hauv sib lawv liag. Nws yog feem ntau pom zoo rau beginners. Hais txog keeb kwm cov nuj nqis, yuav tsum qhia rau lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv: khwb uas nws nyiam lawv, yog dab tsi views on haiv neeg yog xam qhovkev rau hauv lawv, seb lawv tus kheej pab mus rau qhov kev kawm ntawm, los yog vice versa. Tus kheej sau ntawv txog tej yam rau cov dab neeg feem ntau muaj ib tug nyuag npaum nkaus rau tus sau ntawm lub tswv yim sib cav yog substantiated.

Lub keeb neeg ntawm lub cim tseem ceeb - ib tug tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv

Yuav ua li cas lwm tus txog lub keeb kwm cim yuav sound nyob rau hauv no sau ntawv? Nws ncaj ncees ua cim, nyiam, kev txawj ntse qib, cov kev txawj ntse. seb nws cwm pwm yog contradictory? Yuav ua li cas yog nws cov ntsiab lus: los txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg, rau lub teb chaws ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob. Tshwj xeeb yog tseem ceeb nyob rau kev sau ntawv - lub siab lub ntsws sau tus cuj pwm yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov ntsiab cim. Nws yuav tsum txawj mus los ntawm lub zuag qhia tag nrho cov xov ntawm lub narrative, thiab yuav tsum tau cov winning lub caij uas nws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tej yam rau tus nyeem ntawv. Ib tug sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia yog li feem ntau mob siab rau ib tug charismatic keeb kwm nuj nqis, tiag tiag heroes thiab tseem ceeb rau pej xeem nuj nqis - Aleksandru Nevskomu, Peter kuv, Aleksandru Suvorovu.

Ci ntsa iab sib ntaus sib tua nees nkaum-nees nkaum-ob tub huabtais Alexander: Ice sib ntaus sib tua thiab sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Neva yog cov zoo thiab dawb ceev ua - lub preservation ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev, tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li nws diplomatic zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Golden Horde. Great reformism, sib sib zog nqus heightened khiav ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm, muaj peev xwm npaj thiab txhawb cov neeg featured Petra Velikogo. Lub ci ntsa iab thiab heroic Alpine hiking, amazing sib ntaus sib tua Rymnik thiab ib tug zoo heev capture ntawm lub fortress ntawm Izmail qhuas Russia thiab cov poj commander Aleksandra Suvorova. Ib tug ntau ntawm scenes tsim nyog ntawm ib qho kev sau ntawv, xws li peb keeb kwm.

xaus

Saib nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm hom ntawv nyeem ntawm cov keeb kwm sau ntawv yog tam sim no muaj ib tug lub rooj txhawb siab. Nws, hlub patriotism, yuav pab tau saib txoj kev kaj lug nplooj ntawv ntawm keeb kwm nrog tshiab ob lub qhov muag, xav nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tub ntxhais hluas. Thiab raws li koj paub, tsis muaj ib tug yav dhau los thiab tsis muaj yav tom ntej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tau nco ntsoov peb yog leej twg thiab los ntawm qhov twg, kom ua raws li thiab nco ntsoov lawv cov khub. Qhov no yog - ib tug cog ntawm saab laaj thiab qhov tseeb hais tias loj thiab tseem ceeb affairs, pib los ntawm peb cov predecessors, yuav mus ntxiv.

Raws li peb tau pom, ib tug sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub hom phiaj yog, ntawm chav kawm, ib qho tseem ceeb rau nws sau ntawv, tab sis tsis txaus. Sib nrug los ntawm nws, sau xws li ib tug ua hauj lwm yog ib qho tseem ceeb slim kev nthuav qhia logic, haib undeniable cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv pov thawj thiab zog qhia rau tus nyeem ntawv yuav tsum muaj pej xeem kev ncaj ncees hauv paus ntsiab lus.