Sau ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv: cov qauv, uas yuav tsum tau ntim sau ntawv

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, kawm ntawv qib siab hauv tsev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws rau humanitarian specialties zoo txog rau lub muaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus xib fwb tau nce tau tub kawm ntawv los sau ntawv mus rau ib co raws li ib yam tshiab ntawm kev sau ntawv ua hauj lwm - tsab ntawv.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias qhov no hom ntawm ib daim ntawv ntawm nws tus kheej xav tsa pa compositions, ib co tseem ceeb sib txawv tseem muaj. Yuav tsum muaj, tus qauv, tus duab, lub volume ntawm tsab ntawv - nws tsuas yog ib tug ib nrab daim ntawv teev cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nta.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug sau ntawv

Lo lus "sau ntawv" yog ntawm Fabkis keeb kwm (essai), thiab tsa "cua ntsawj ntshab", "qhia", "Txoj kev tshawb no", "qauv". Feem ntau cov feem ntau hom kev sau ntawv pom ntawm cov tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab. Txawm li cas los, muaj tsis tau tsuas yog tsab ntawv rau cov ntaub ntawv: sau cov lus sib cav ntau nyob rau hauv philosophy, social science, keeb kwm, lwm hom lus, kev nom kev tswv science thiab ntau lwm yam kev kawm.

Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv raws li ib tug ua hauj lwm

Sau ntawv implies ib tug dawb kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov tswv yim. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv raws li uas muaj tej yam uas yuav tsum tau hais txog qhov sau ntawv, cov lus no yuav tsum hu ua rau hauv nqe lus nug. Nyob rau hauv kev, tus kws qhia ntawv yog muab los ntawm qhov ntim ntawm tsab ntawv thiab nyob rau hauv Feem ntau - nws lub ntsiab. Qhov no yog dab tsi yog tsis tooj mus rau tus thawj txhais ntawm kev ywj pheej. Yuav ua li cas ces yog meant ntawm lub sij hawm "sau ntawv"?

Ntsev tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm yog hais tias tus me nyuam kawm ntawv daim ntawv ntawm nws tus kheej qhia lawv cov kev xav thiab views on qhov no los yog hais tias nam, hlub tus kheej tus cwj pwm rau tej yam teeb meem thiab piav qhia txog views. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau qhov no ib hom ntawv nyeem sau ntawv tej zaum yuav los ntawm ib tug txawv xim - ib tug tseem ceeb heev, philosophical, journalistic.

tswv yim pab

Sau ntawv, tau ntau xyoo tau ntse siv nyob rau hauv Western tshuab kev kawm ntawv, nws yuav pab tau npaj koj xav, qhov chaw kawm tawm kom meej meej nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv, muaj tswv yim xav thiab txhawb rau expansion ntawm horizons ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv nws zoo nkaus li qhov ua rau ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb preconditions ntawm nws tshwm sim, cov tau zoo thiab yuav ua li cas kom tsis txhob muaj lawv. Cov me nyuam kawm ntawv paub mus hais lus cam xav thiab kos kev xaus lus. Tshwj xeeb ciav nyob rau hauv no hwm yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo sau ntawv, keeb kwm thiab kev nom kev tswv science.

Ntsiab nta

Nyob rau hauv 2004, Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij M. Yu. Brandtom twb raug rho tawm thiab feem ntau yog muaj qhia txog cov ntxwv yooj yim ntawm ib tug sau ntawv:

- ib lub ntsiab lwm tag nrho nws tej hauj lwm;

- nkag siab txog ntawm qhov teeb meem thiab qhov ncaj xaav ntawm nws los ntawm tus sau nws tus kheej;

- me me volume ntawm tsab ntawv;

- free qauv;

- narrative - dawb, tsis txwv nruj moj khaum;

- nyob rau ntawm thawj thiab uas tsis yog-tsis tseem ceeb copyright kev txiav txim;

- lub laaj ntawm lub narrative siab;

- tsis tiav, piv txwv li cov uas tsis muaj ib tug exhaustive tsom xam ntawm ib lub xaus.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txhua tus sau rau ntaub ntawv, los sis lwm yam yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv koj lub cev tus tsom xam cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem, raws li tau zoo raws li ib co ntawm cov piv txwv illustrating nws.

Tsis zoo li kev kawm, tsab ntawv, sau ntawv

Sib txawv los ntawm lwm yam kev sau sau tej hauj lwm muaj xws li mas nyob rau hauv nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Xav txog cov nta nyob rau hauv ntau yam:

1. Qauv. Chav Kawm ua hauj lwm muaj nruj me ntsis cai txiav txim: title page, cov txheej txheem, ib cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov zajlus kom saw, xws li lub taub hau, paragraphs thiab paragraphs, xaus, ua tim khawv, thiab daim ntaub ntawv. Daim ntawv ntawm ib tsab ntawv tsis yog raws li ib tug txhav moj khaum. Cov ntaub ntawv albeit tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv ib yaam yam, tab sis tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm cov num ntawm qhov teeb meem, tsis muaj qhov chaw kawm tej cov hom phiaj thiab cov hom phiaj.
2. Stylistics. Theses, lub sij hawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev sau ntawv heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv scientific los yog kev kawm style. Cov tsab ntawv kuj pib ib tug dawb kev hais lus, tab sis cov proposals yuav tsum literate, thiab nws - zoo-ncaav.
3. Cov ntaub ntawv. Yog hais tias lub nplua mais ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb xov tooj, hnub, theses (feem ntau heev uas tsim nyog), Zoo siab txais tos, nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv rau cov ntaub ntawv los yog lwm yam kev kawm yuav tsum txaus siab los cia li ib ob peb, tab sis heev tiag tiag li thiab nco piv txwv.
4. Qhaj ntawv ntawm citations thiab ua tim khawv. Cov dawb tsab ntawv Quotes malodopustimy: nco ntsoov hais tias peb sau ntawv - yog tus kheej cov kev xav thiab kev xav.

Ib txhia cov xib fwb tsis meej pem cov menyuam kawm ntawv, hu xov tooj sau ntawv sau ntawv. Qhov no yog tsis heev muaj tseeb. Nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no sau ntawv sib tham ua suab, lub ntsiab vividly retold, tekstovka dai kom zoo nkauj nrog aphorisms, thiab qhov kev txiav txim tej zaum nws yuav feem ntau nyias hais txawv nyias.

qauv

Txhua tsab ntawv yog tau faib ib co qauv, uas, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tsis muaj dab tsi yog tswj, tab sis tseem muaj ib qhov chaw.

Ib tug nyuag excursion mus rau hauv qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ua ib tug nyob ntawm nkag mus rau hauv lub sau ntawv. Pib feem ntau muaj tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ob paragraphs, occupies txog 15-30% ntawm tag nrho cov sau ntawv thiab qhia txog cov xwm ntawm qhov teeb meem. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los mus ua kom kev nkag teb chaws li hais tias nws yog xav nyeem ntawv mob siab nws mus ntxiv kawm hauv tsab xov xwm.

Lub nkag yuav tsum yog tus tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm kev sau ntawv. Xaav lus no fragment yuav tsum tau muaj yam tsawg 50% ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Lub ntsiab yog ib feem ntawm qhov kev txiav txim qhia tus sau, nws yog ib yam lus thiab cov piv txwv. Lub zog yuav los ua piv txwv los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov sau ntawv, qhov zoo nws yuav qhia lub taub hau ntawm tus sau piav txog lub peev xwm vim li cas thiab cov lus sib cav los pab txhawb nws hais lus.

Qhov thib peb thiab kawg ib feem ntawm txhua tus tsab xov xwm - ib tug xaus. Nws yog ib lub shortest - tsuas hais txog 10-15%. Thaum kawg pub mus sab laj txog cov tswv yim tseem ceeb, mus rau kos xaus hais txog tus teeb meem nyob rau hauv lo lus nug thiab luv luv lub ntsab lug, tawm hauv me ntsis understatement.

Tom qab tag nrho cov tau piav hauv paus ntsiab lus thaum uas sau ntawv ib tsab ntawv, koj yuav nyiam cov xim uas tus kws qhia ntawv thiab ua ib tug zoo tswv yim.

ntim

Kuj muaj ntau ntawm kev tsis sib haum tsa cov lus nug ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov sau ntawv yuav tsum tau. Nws tag nrho cov nyob rau tus xib fwb yuav tsum, raws li zoo raws li lub ntsiab ntawm tsab xov xwm nws tus kheej. Pom zoo hais tias ib tug kev tsom xam ntawm cov paj huam lub kws sau paj lug yuav siv sij hawm ib tug ntau tsawg nplooj ntawv tshaj ib tug txiav txim txog nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug tag nrho.

Standard sau ntawv yuav siv sij hawm txog peb los xij ntawm A4, sau nrog ib txhais tes. Txawm li cas los, cov sau ntawv yuav zoo yuav muab tso rau ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv tib page, thiab nyob rau xya. Lub volume ntawm tsab ntawv no kuj lom zem ntau nyob ntawm lub kev txawj ntawm tus sau thiab nws tus cwj pwm zoo izyasneniya.

rau kev sau ntawv uas yuav tsum tau

Vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lub sib tw kev pab cuam nkag tsab ntawv yog nce muaj raws li ib tug validation cuab tam, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias ib co ntawm cov uas yuav tsum tau uas siv rau lawv nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov teb chaws tus universities.

Ib tug ntawm cov cwj pwm tseem ceeb ua si los ntawm cov tib neeg zoo tshaj. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, sau ntawv yuav tsum soj ntsuam ib tug xib fwb uas koj yog feem ntau tej zaum yuav tsis paub nrog. Dhau li ntawd, sib nrug los ntawm koj ua hauj lwm, nws yuav tsum tau los mus daws ib tug ntau yam ntawm lwm cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, hais txog ntawm lub tswv yim thiab views ntawm lub kev soj ntsuam, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau impress nws, "nuv" cov xim.

Nyob rau hauv no kev twb kev txuas, nws yog pom zoo kom hnav ntawv nyeem tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug me me daim ntawv. Thov yuav tsum yog luv luv xwb thiab mus rau lub point. Tsis txhob lengthy kev sib tham, tsis tau distracted los ntawm lub npe. Sau rau cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis tsis dhau sparingly. Los ntawm cov nram qab no cov yooj yim kav lub yuav hais tias koj sau ntawv, nyeem ntawv rau qhov kawg, yog heev zog. Pre-tso ua ke npaj yuav pab mus npaj kev xav thiab ua ib tug cos thiab nthuav nqe lus nyob rau hauv nws cov ntsiab lus.

Yuav tau npaj rau qhov tseeb hais tias koj yuav teev raws li ib tug kev kawm, thiab cia ib tug neeg sab nraud nrhiav ntawm cov kev kawm teeb meem. Txij li thaum feem ntau kev xaiv thib ob, yuav tsum khaws cov teeb meem uas koj muaj ib yam dab tsi hais. Txawm zoo dua, yog hais tias lawv yog nruab nrab - ces koj xav los yog kev thuam yog tsis zoo li mus tsis tooj mus rau Commission tus lub tswv yim.

Yog hais tias koj kiag li yuav tsis xav txog tej yam uas koj yuav qhia tau rau ib tug muab lub ntsiab lus, sim kom thiaj kawm tau los ntawm cov piv txwv. Sau ntawv rau social science los yog philosophy mus nrhiav yooj yim npaum li nyob rau hauv kev lag luam los yog txoj cai, tab sis tom qab kev kawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws qauv ntawm ib tug yav tom ntej tsab xov xwm tseem yuav pib los mam.

Los ntawm tib txoj hauj lwm tiag thiab yuav npaj mus yuav loj. Sim nrhiav kom ntau li ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov cuam tshuam tej teeb meem. Tshawb qhov sib txawv kev xaav thiab caijnyoog ntawm cov neeg muaj feem - qhov no yuav pab tau koj tsim lub feem ntau tag duab ntawm lawv tus kheej lub ntiaj teb no pom thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los mus piav qhia nws nyob rau hauv yav tom ntej sau.

Kev npaj thiab kev sau ntawv

Mus piv rau koj ua hauj lwm thiab muab tso rau hauv kev txiav txim lub tswv yim uas yuav tom qab tau pw tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, tus neeg sau ntawv pom zoo kom yuav tau xav txog lub tswv yim nram no rau kev npaj thiab sau ib tsab ntawv:

- ua ib lub hom phiaj rau kev sau ntawv;

- tsim ib tug kev kee version ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm;

- txhua lub tswv yim dag nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib pawg lus;

- ntxiv lub resulting sketch tshiab nqe vaj lug kub;

- kho qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev nthuav qhia;

- Tuaj nrog ib tug interesting, etched nyob rau hauv kuv lub cim xeeb header.

Nrog hais txog lub koom haum sib nrauj, faib theem ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, tsis txhob sim ua txhua yam nyob rau hauv ib hnub, yog hais tias nws yog ib tug ncaj lengthy zog. ntaub ntawv, tsis txhob tshooj koj lub taub hau thiab nco ntsoov dab tsi yog sau rau lub tswv yim ntawm ib tsab ntawv yuav tsum tau nyeem nyob rau hauv thaum sawv ntxov txawv dua li tam sim ntawd tom qab siv sij hawm ntev ntawm kev ua hauj lwm.