Volcanoes: Volcanoes qauv, hom thiab zaus ntawm uas

Niaj hnub no peb saib qhov no nthuav kev kawm, raws li volcanoes. Tus qauv ntawm volcanoes thiab lawv faib yog piav nyob rau hauv kom meej nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Volcanoes tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lub npe ntawm Vulcan, vaj tswv ntawm hluav taws. Lawv sawv cev rau geological formations uas tshwm sim ntau tshaj qhov raws thiab tej kab nrib pleb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Loj volcanoes uas tuaj ua ntej koj ob lub qhov muag, tsis nrog lub incomparable spectacle. Thaum lub ntiaj teb nto los ntawm tej kab nrib pleb thiab raws ntiab tawm lava pob zeb tawg tsam thiab kub gases los ntawm ib tug magmatic qhov chaw. Volcanoes yog feem ntau daim ntau quav tso khoom eruptions ib tug neeg toj siab. Lawv yuav ncav cuag ib qhov siab ntawm loj ntau thiab tsawg pab. Piv txwv li, qhov loj tshaj plaws volcanoes ntawm teb chaws Africa - nws yog Kilimanjaro (5895 meters), Cameroon (4100 meters) thiab Mount Teide (3,718 meters).

Tu noob, dormant thiab active volcanoes

Rau tam sim no yog cov neeg uas tam sim no erupting intermittently los yog tsis tu ncua. Piv txwv li, tam sim no African volcanoes - nws yog Nyiragongo, Meru, Karisimbi, Phaco, Teide. Tsaug Zog - cov volcanoes, uas muaj tsis muaj ntaub ntawv eruptions, tab sis lawv tau cia lawv cov zoo thiab lub zos av qeeg tshwm sim hauv qab rau lawv. Tu noob xa zim zuag thiab phem heev puas, tsis active volcanoes. Duab ntawm lub active roob hluav taws Arenal, nyob rau hauv Costa Rica, yog hais hauv qab no.

Division fissure volcanoes thiab central

Volcanoes raug muab faib mus rau hauv lub central fissure thiab qhov zoo ntawm lub noj raws. Xav cov qauv ntawm cov roob hluav taws (tswvyim qhia hauv qab no), nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qaum mantle magma lag tej zaum yuav ntawm ib tug tob ntawm txog 50-70 kilometers (e.g., roob hluav taws Kamchatka Kluchevskaya Knoll). Tej zaum lawv kuj yuav nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab ntawm ib tug tob ntawm 5-6 meters (Italian roob hluav taws Vesuvius) los yog ntxaum.

Long-term thiab luv luv-term uas

Volcanic eruptions yuav ua tau ntev (los ntawm ob peb xyoo mus rau ob peb puas xyoo) thiab luv luv-lub sij hawm, uas yog ntsuas los ntawm lub moos. Nws yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi rau lawv precursors acoustic phenomena, volcanic av qeeg txhua, kev hloov nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab sib nqus fumarole gases raws li zoo li lwm yam tshwm sim, cov qhab nia ua ntej volcanoes tuaj. Diam duab ntawm ib erupting roob hluav taws yog hais hauv qab no.

Yuav ua li cas mus pib ib lub uas?

Feem ntau, nws pib nyob rau hauv uas lub amplification tshwm sim roj cua. Lawv ces muab pov tseg tawm thaum xub thawj nrog tus mob khaub thuas, tsaus lava rubble, thiab ces nrog liab-kub. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, cov emissions yog nrog los ntawm ib tug outpouring ntawm lava. Los ntawm 1 mus rau 5 kilometers, nyob ntawm seb lub zog ntawm explosions txawv cov nqa nyiaj ntawm lava tawg tsam ntawm nyeem pa dej thiab cua sov, roj cua. Thiab lub biggest roob hluav taws uas tej zaum yuav tso khoom thiab mus txawm ntau dua heights. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1956 xyoo Kamchatka thaum lub sij hawm kev tawg ntawm lub roob hluav taws Nameless nws yog 45 kis lus mev. Thaum ncua kev ntawm ib tug ob peb txhiab mus rau kaum ntawm txhiab tus kilometers kis ntiab tawm cov ntaub ntawv uas. Nws ntim tej zaum nce mus txog ib tug ob peb nyhav kilometers. Lub atmospheric concentration ntawm volcanic tshauv nyob rau hauv ib co eruptions yuav ua tau zoo li ntawd hais tias muaj yog kev tsaus ntuj, piv rau qhov tsaus ntuj nti hauv tsev. Nws tau raug cai, nyob rau hauv particular, lub zos ntawm Daws, nyob 40 km ntawm lub roob hluav taws Nameless, nyob rau hauv 1956.

Layout ntawm lub roob hluav taws, qhia hauv qab no, yuav pab koj to taub nws cov qauv.

Yuav ua li cas yog erupting?

Uas - qhov no alternation ntawm muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog explosions thiab lava ntws. Ntau zog explosions hu ua qhov kawg nkaus paroksizom. Txo tus quab yuam ntawm explosions thiab ces ib tug gradual cessation ntawm eruptions cai tom qab lawv. Dozens ntawm nyhav kilometers ntawm lava streamed muab pov rau hauv lub biggest volcanoes. Lub yees duab hauv qab no qhia tau hais tias cov qauv ntawm cov roob hluav taws. Qhov no tswvyim muab ib tug ntshiab daim duab ntawm yuav ua li cas nws Dentistry.

hom eruptions

Tsis yeej ib txwm tib uas. Lawv yog cov 4 hom nyob rau hauv lub viscosity ntawm lava thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom (khoom, gaseous thiab kua): lub nplaum tawg (Vulcan), extrusion (dome), mixed (Strombolian) thiab effusive (Hawaiian).

Hawaiian hom, feem ntau tsim ib tug ntaub thaiv npog lub roob hluav taws, yog yus muaj los ntawm kuj twj ywm outpouring ntawm basalt (kua) lava uas ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Craters thiab lava ntws flaming kua pas dej. Muaj ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm cov roj chaw daim ntawv uas emit dauv thiab nais ntawm molten lava yog rho mus rau hauv nyias strands ntawm cov iav thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus.

Lub strombolian yam, uas feem ntau yog tsim strato-volcanoes, nrog rau ib tug ncaj tshaj thiab andesitic lava tsev ntawm basaltic muaj pes tsawg leeg yog yeej los ntawm me me explosions, thaum lub sij hawm uas emit daim slag, raws li zoo raws li ntau yam spindly thiab cov foob pob.

Lub dome hom yog gaseous tshuaj ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Lawv ua explosions thiab emissions ntawm loj dub huab coob tibneeg ntau ntau cov tawg tsam ntawm lava. Me lava ntws tsim khov andesite.

eruptions khoom

Khoom, roj thiab kua yog cov sib txawv volcanic uas khoom. Volcanic gases uas yog tso tawm ob thaum lub sij hawm uas (hu ua eruptive), thiab thaum lub sij hawm nyob ntsiag to ua si roob hluav taws (furamolnye) los ntawm tej kab nrib pleb uas nyob rau ntawm lub roob hluav taws, thiab kuj los ntawm nws cov kev ua qab yias pyroclastic pob zeb thiab lava ntws rau kub springs, dua los ntawm cov av.

Lava - incandescent los yog khov heev kua, mas silicate loj uas yog poured los ntawm volcanic eruptions rau lub ntiaj teb nto (saib pictured hauv qab no lub roob hluav taws nyob rau hauv tus ntoo khaub lig seem.). volcanic pob zeb tsim thaum nws solidifies.

Volcanics (volcanic pob zeb) - pob zeb uas yog tsim nyob rau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm volcanic eruptions. Yog distinguished, nyob ntawm seb cov ua cim muaj uas effusive los yog effusive (diabase, liparites, trachyte, andesite, basalt, thiab lwm tus neeg.) Pyroclastic los yog volcanic-clastic (volcanic breccia tuffs) volcanic pob zeb.

volcanic units

Tectonic txhaum (tectonic so) - qhov no yog tshwm sim vim hais tias cov kiav txhab taw pob zeb sam xeeb ua txhaum (thrusts, rov qab tej kev yuam kev, kev hloov, ntswg, thiab lwm yam).

Lub yees duab hauv qab no qhia tau hais tias qhov layout ntawm lub roob hluav taws.

Nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhov xwm ntawm volcanic magma nto lug coj txawv heights thiab nrhiav. Txhua lub sij hawm yog ib tug tshwj xeeb cov qauv ntawm lub roob hluav. Cov duab saum toj no - qhov no yog tsuas yog ib tug piv txwv. Volcanic pab kiag li lawm muaj xws li ib tug keej los yog ib tug tubular channel, lub qhov quav (ib lub ib feem ntawm lub channel), vulkanooblomochnyh khoom thiab lava accumulations lwm tus los ntawm tag nrho cov sab ib channel, thiab ib tug ua qab yias (funnel-zoo li tus los yog khob zoo li tus so ntawm lub sab los yog sab saum toj ntawm lub roob hluav taws, lub lub cheeb ntawm uas yog hom twg los ntawm ib tug ob peb meters mus rau ob peb kilometers ). Feem ntau ntawv no tapered, nrog ib tug predominance ntawm emission ntawm ntau yam detritus, thiab domed (thaum squeezed khov lava).

Tsis tsuas yog los ntawm cov vertices ntawm qab yias lub ntsiab tshwm sim uas, tab sis kuj los ntawm sab (txwv tsis pub hu ua cab) Craters uas muaj volcanoes. Qauv eruptions yus nyob rau hauv uas lub Craters yog nyob rau sab slopes, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv ib co deb ntawm cov thawj vertices. Feem ntau, cov tib eruptions gases uas txeem lub ntiaj teb nto channel tsim funnel-zoo li tus depressions. Lawv bordered los ntawm cov annular ncej, muaj raws ntawm blocks ntawm txawv breeds. Feem ntau cov Craters yog lawm ua tus sau nrog dej. Lawv hu ua Maar. Tej zaum tsausmuag uas nrog lub fact tias ib feem ntawm lub volcanic lug crumble. Feem ntau, qhov no kuj siv rau tej qhov chaw uas nyob ze rau volcanoes. Tus qauv ntawm volcanoes thiab tej zaum kuj ua rau yus nws lub cev qhuav dej. Depressions, uas yog tsim nyob rau lub sij hawm no txoj kab uas hla yog tiav los ntawm ob peb mus rau ob peb kaum tawm kis lus mev. Lawv yog cov hu ua calderas.

underwater volcanoes

Tus qauv ntawm volcanoes peb sib tham. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias ib tug ntawm lawv hom yog underwater, nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub pas dej. Niaj hnub no thaj coordinates eruptions ntawm no hom yuav feeb meej mas tsis pub dhau peb volcanic aav: Atlantic, Mediterranean-Indonesian thiab Pacific. Raws li ib txoj kev kawm ntawm yav dhau los ntawm peb ntiaj chaw ntawm lub taw tes ntawm view ntawm geology, nyob rau hauv nws cov uas duav txhua yam thiab nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm emissions khoom los ntawm lub ntiaj teb, lawv yog ho siab tshaj rau daim av. Yog hais tias txhua xyoo av los ntawm 20-30 eruptions nyob rau nruab nrab los txog rau 1.5 nyhav kilometers ntawm molten magma nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, los ntawm undersea volcanoes nyob rau hauv tib lub sij hawm nws thiaj tawg 12-15 lub sij hawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv uas. Active submarine volcanoes txhawb lub neej nyob rau hauv qhov dej ntawm tus dej hiav txwv nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw. Thiab los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lem yog nyob rau tus nqi ntawm cov tsev cog khoom gases absorbed dej hiav txwv.

Cov kev tawg ntawm underwater volcanoes

Yog hais tias lub reservoir yog nyob saum toj no lub volcanic hearth pyroclastic khoom thaum lub sij hawm kev tawg ntawm nyeem dej thiab ces kis ib ncig ntawm lub hearth. Rau thawj lub sij hawm xws li deposits tau piav nyob rau hauv lub Philippines. Lawv raug tsim thaum lub sij hawm qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv 1968, lub tawg ntawm Taal roob hluav taws, uas yog nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub pas dej. Cov deposits ntawm no hom mas feem ntau yog kev hloov maj mam laim ntoom khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm pumice. Islands peev xwm yuav tsim los ntawm cov tawg ntawm volcanoes. Qhov no, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Indian dej hiav txwv, lub volcanic kob ntawm rov sib ntsib.

Ua rau volcanic kev ua si

Cov sib raug zoo ntawm cov tsiv qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab thiab volcanic kev ua aav qhia lub thaj chaw ntawm volcanoes. Tsim nyob rau hauv xws aav faults yog raws los ntawm kev uas magma tsiv mus rau qhov chaw. Qhov no tshwm sim, thaj nyob rau hauv tus ntawm txawv tectonic dab. Thaum lub siab ntawm gases yaj nyob rau hauv lub magma yuav ntau dua qhov siab ntawm qhov tob ntawm lub overlying, lawv pib tsiv mus nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw, nqa lub magma. Tej zaum, thaum lub sij hawm crystallization ntawm magma generated roj thaum tus vapor thiab residual gases enriched nws kua ib feem. Magma li boils. Lub hearth siab siab yog tsim los ntawm allocating ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm gaseous tshuaj. Nws kuj yuav yog ib tug ntawm cov ua qhov uas.

Cov tsim thiab cov qauv ntawm cov roob hluav taws - lub ntsiab lus yog heev nthuav. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb tsuas piav me ntsis ntsia lawv. Lub sab hauv qauv ntawm lub roob hluav yog tseem xav nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm kev soj ntsuam. Lawv tseem koom nyob rau hauv nws cov kev tshawb no.

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm thaum lub sij hawm nws lub tsev kawm ntawv xyoo, peb yeej paub txog dab tsi lub roob hluav taws. Geography muab rau peb lub sijhawm tau los ze zog mus to taub yuav ua li cas peb ntiaj chaw yog cov txheej txheem ntawm. Lub ntiaj teb yog fraught nrog ntau learn kom daws tau yuav cov tiam tom ntej. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, peb tham xwb highlights thaum peb kawm cov qauv ntawm cov roob hluav taws. Class 5 - tsis yog hais tias muaj hnub nyoog thaum koj yuav tsum tau mus rau hauv no lub npe. Txawm li cas los, tej zaum nws yuav ua tau thiab yuav tsum tau. Peb cia siab tias koj kawm ib yam dab tsi tshiab los ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm.