Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv lub Science News for KIDS - dab tsi yog qhov no? Thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj. cov chav kawm ntawm tshuaj

Lub ntsiab lus nug uas yuav tsum tau paub cov lus teb txiv neej rau lub zoo siab ntawm daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no - hais tias xws li ib yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS. Cov tswvyim no tsim txawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj hnub nyoog thiab coj tus me nyuam yuav tsum tau tsim ntxiv. Tau txais mus rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Science News for KIDS tseem ceeb mus nrhiav ib qho av nrog rau ib tug uas niaj hnub theem, nws tso cai rau koj yuav pom tau thiab muaj rau piav qhia txog lub ntau yam dab, txhais cov ntsiab lus, cov khoom, thiab lwm yam

Tu siab, vim yuav tsis-zoo tagnrho system ntawm kev kawm ntawv, muaj ntau yam uas ploj lawm ib co yuav tsum muaj hauv paus. Lub tswvyim ntawm "tej yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS" - ib yam ntawm cov pobzeb, raws sij hawm haum ntawm no txhais muab ib tug neeg txoj cai pib nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm tej yam ntuj tso kev kawm.

tsim ntawm lub tswvyim

Ua ntej mus rau lub tswvyim ntawm yeeb tshuaj, nws yog tsim nyog los mus txiav txim yog dab tsi rau qhov kev kawm ntawm Science News for KIDS. Teeb meem - yog tias ncaj qha tshuaj xyuas qhov Science News for KIDS ntawm lawv kev sib nrig sib transformations, qauv thiab zog. Nyob rau hauv cov kev nkag siab cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw - qhov no yog li cas yuav muab lub cev lub cev.

Yog li ntawd, dab tsi yog qhov substance nyob rau hauv lub Science News for KIDS? Peb yuav tsim ib tug txiav txim los ntawm txoj kev hloov los ntawm cov kev xav ntawm ib tug txhob txwm tshuaj. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw - yog ib tug kev hom ntawm qhov teeb meem, tas muaj ib tug loj uas yuav ntsuas. Qhov no yam ntxwv nyias txawv nyias tshuaj los ntawm lwm yam teeb meem - ib daim teb uas tsis muaj loj (hluav taws xob, magnetic, lom teb, thiab lwm yam). Teeb meem, nyob rau hauv lem - nws yog ib yam dab tsi uas peb tsim thiab txhua yam uas nyob ib ncig peb.

Ob peb lwm yam ntxwv ntawm qhov teeb meem, nws yog txiav txim, los ntawm uas nws yog ib hais - nws yog twb kawm ntawm Science News for KIDS. Tshuaj tsim los ntawm atoms thiab molecules (ib co ions), thiab txhais tau tias tej yam khoom uas muaj cov mis chav nyob thiab ib yam khoom uas.

Tej yam yooj yim thiab complex teeb meem

Tom qab mastering puag txhais yuav kis tau rau nws complexity. Cov tshuaj tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau theem ntawm lub koom haum, uas yog ob qho tib si yooj yooj yim thiab complex (los yog kev twb kev txuas) - qhov no yog thawj division rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm tshuaj, Science News for KIDS muaj ib tug ntau ntawm tom ntej kev sib cais, ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab ntau. Qhov no faib tawm, tsis zoo li ntau lwm tus neeg, muaj ib tug ncaj qha txhais ib thaj tsam, txhua twb kev txuas yuav tsum kom meej meej ntaus nqi mus rau ib qho ntawm cov hom nrog kom.

Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj nyob rau hauv Chemistry - ib tug compound muaj atoms ntawm tsuas yog ib lub caij ntawm lub periodic rooj. Feem ntau, qhov no binary molecules, i.e. li ntawm ob hais, kev cob cog rua ntawm covalent linkages nonpolar - tsim kev unshared electron khub. Yog li, lub atoms ntawm ib yam tshuaj uas caij muaj tib lub electronegativity, piv txwv li, muaj peev xwm khaws tag nrho cov electron ceev, li ntawd nws yog tsis ntxub rau ib yam ntawm cov neeg koom nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus. Piv txwv ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj (nonmetals) - hydrogen thiab oxygen, tshuaj chlorine ua, iodine, fluorine, nitrogen, sulfur, thiab lwm yam Nws muaj peb atoms ntawm ib tug qauv ntawm ib yam khoom xws li ozone, thiab ib tug - tag nrho cov noble gases (argon, xenon, Helium, etc.). Nyob rau hauv cov hlau (magnesium, poov hlau, tooj liab, thiab lwm yam) muaj nws tus kheej kev twb kev txuas hom - hlau, nqa tawm vim yog lub socialization ntawm cov dawb electrons hauv cov hlau thiab lub tsim ntawm molecules li xws li yog tsis cai. Thaum lub tshuaj los ntawm cov hlau ntawv muaj cia li ib lub cim ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij tsis muaj indexes.

Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, piv txwv uas tau muab saum toj no, nws yog txawv los ntawm lub zoo pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub complex. Tshuaj atoms ntawm txawv hais yog tsim los ntawm ob tug los yog ntau tshaj. Tej yam muaj lub ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent los yog ionic tsevneeg hom. Txij li thaum sib txawv atoms muaj ntau electronegativity, ces tus tsim ntawm lub zuag qhia tag nrho electron khub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws cov hloov mus rau ib tug ntau electronegative caij, uas ua rau yus tag nrho cov polarization ntawm lub molecule. Ionic hom - qhov no yog ib qho huab ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug dawb, electron khub thaum kiag li hloov dua siab tshiab rau ib qho ntawm kev ruaj koom, ces tus atoms (los yog tej pawg) yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ions. Clear ciam, muaj yog nruab nrab ntawm cov hom, ionic daim ntawv cog lus yuav muab txhais raws li ib tug dawb covalent npaum li cas. Piv txwv ntawm complex tebchaw - dej, xuab zeb, iav, ntsev, oxides, etc.

tshuaj hloov

Cov tshuaj raug xa mus rau raws li tej yam yooj yim, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb feature uas tsis yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv ib tug complex. Ib txhia hais tej zaum yuav tsim ib co daim ntawv ntawm tej yam yooj yim substance. Lwm tag nrho raws li yog ib lub caij, tab sis ntau pes tsawg leeg, qauv thiab cov khoom dramatically paub qhov txawv xws formations. Qhov no feature yog hu ua allotropes.

Pa, sulfur, carbon thiab lwm yam hais muaj ob peb allotropic kho. Pa - nws yog ib yam uas O ₂ thiab O _3, carbon muab plaub hom tshuaj - carbyne, pob zeb diamond, graphite thiab fullerenes molecule yog rhombic leej faj, monoclinic kev hloov kho thiab yas. Xws li ib tug yooj yim teeb meem nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, piv txwv uas tsis yog tas rau cov saum toj no, nws yog ib yam uas tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv kev, lub fullerenes siv nyob rau hauv lub kos duab raws li semiconductors, photoresists, additives rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov pob zeb diamond films thiab lwm yam hom phiaj thiab nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog ib tug haib antioxidant.

Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim rau lub substance?

Txhua ob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thiab ib ncig ntawm lub transformation ntawm tshuaj. Science News for KIDS tshuaj xyuas thiab piav txog cov txheej txheem uas mus nrog tus zoo thiab / los yog ntau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov reacting molecules. Nyob rau hauv parallel, sib thooj, feem ntau tshwm sim thiab lub cev transformations uas yog yus los ntawm ib tug kev hloov ntawm lub cev, nqaij tawv, khoom los yog hauv lub xeev ntawm aggregation, thiab ib co lwm yam ntxwv.

Tshuaj phenomena - yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ntau hom, piv txwv li, lub tebchaw ntawm hloov chaw, hloov, expansion, reversible, exothermic, redox, thiab lwm yam, nyob ntawm seb cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub parameter ntawm kev txaus siab. Rau lub cev phenomena muaj xws li: evaporation, hws, sublimation, nyias mus nyias, cia kom khov, hluav taws xob conductivity, etc. Lawv feem ntau nrog txhua lwm yam, piv txwv li, los ntawm xob laim thaum lub sij hawm ib tug cua daj cua dub - nws yog ib lub cev, thiab xaiv nyob rau hauv nws ozone - ib tug tshuaj.

lub zog

Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS - qhov teeb meem no, uas yog xam qhovkev rau hauv tej lub zog. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub xub ntiag, tsis tuaj kawm ntawv, kawm ntawv thiab siv yuav kwv yees, raws li cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw behaves nyob rau hauv txawv tej yam kev mob thiab kuj piav ib co ntawm cov tshuaj yam ntxwv ntawm lub tebchaw. Piv txwv li, siab kub kub organic tebchaw, nyob rau hauv uas yog hydrogen, thiab electronegative heteroatom (nitrogen, oxygen, thiab lwm yam) qhia tias tus tshuaj exhibits tshuaj hom kev sib tshuam xws li hydrogen tsevneeg. Ua tsaug rau cov paub txog dab tsi tshuaj muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws muaj peev xwm rau kev hluav taws xob, cable thiab hlau sam xauv nees yog tsim los ntawm tej yam hlau.

tshuaj zog

Tsim, kev tshawb fawb thiab kawm txog lub zog ntawm cov lwm sab ntawm lub npib yog koom nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Cov khoom ntawm qhov teeb meem los ntawm nws taw tes ntawm view - nws yog lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv interoperability. Ib txhia tshuaj yog heev active nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, piv txwv li, cov hlau los yog oxidants thiab lwm yam noble (inert) gases uas nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob tsis suab hnov mob. Tshuaj zog yuav qhib kom ua huaj los yog passivated yog tias tsim nyog, tej zaum nws yuav tsis muaj feem xyuam rau cov teeb meem thiab muaj ib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub. Zaum siv ntau teev nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj, los ntawm kev mus sib hais thiab yuam kev, ua tau raws li cov hom phiaj, thiab tej zaum kuj tsis tau lawv. By ua tej tsis (kub, siab, thiab lwm yam) los yog siv tshwj xeeb tebchaw - catalysts los yog inhibitors - yuav cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj, thiab yog li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Suam ntawm cov tshuaj

Lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov classifications yog sib cais rau hauv cov organic thiab inorganic tebchaw. Lub ntsiab organic caij - yog cov pa roj carbon, txuas nrog txhua lwm yam thiab hydrogenic, carbon atoms tsim ib hydrocarbon cev pob txha uas tom qab tus sau los ntawm lwm yam atoms (oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, halogens, co, thiab lwm tus), kaw nyob rau hauv mus los yog branched, ua pov thawj li no ntau yam ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Rau hnub tim, science paub 20 lab ntawm xws tshuaj. Thaum mineral tebchaw xwb ib nrab ib tug lab.

Txhua kev twb kev txuas ib lub zuj zus, tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam zoo xws li cov nta nrog rau lwm cov nyob rau hauv cov khoom, qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, nyob rau hauv no lub hauv paus, muaj yog grouping nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm tshuaj. Science News for KIDS muaj ib theem siab ntawm systematization thiab lub koom haum, nws yog ib qho txaus science.

inorganics

1. Oxides - binary tebchaw nrog rau oxygen:

a) acid - los ntawm reacting nrog dej muab acid;

b) cov ntsiab - nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej muab ib lub hauv paus.

2. Acid - ib yam khoom uas muaj ib los yog ntau protons thiab hydrogen acid residue.

3. Cov bases (alkali) - muaj xws li ib los yog ntau hydroxyl pab pawg thiab ib tug hlau atom:

a) amphoteric hydroxides - muaj lub zog thiab acids thiab bases.

4. Ntsev - qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub acid thiab alkali (puag soluble), muaj xws li ib tug hlau atom thiab ib los yog ntau tshaj acid residues:

a) acid ntsev - yog ib tug anion residue ntawm ib tug acid proton nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, qhov tshwm sim ntawm tsis tiav dissociation ntawm lub acid;

b) yooj yim ntsev - yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub hlau hydroxyl pab pawg neeg, lub txiaj ntsim ntawm tsis tiav dissociation ntawm lub hauv paus.

organic tebchaw

organics nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau ntau yam ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm tshuaj, xws li ib tug ntim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qhov nyuaj rau tam sim ntawd nco ntsoov. Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog yuav tsum paub qhov yooj yim sib cais ntawm aliphatic thiab cyclic tebchaw, carbocyclic thiab heterocyclic, nyeem thiab unsaturated. Tsis tas li ntawd, hydrocarbons muaj ntau derivatives nyob rau hauv uas ib tug pawg atom ntawm Hydrogen rau halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, thiab lwm yam atoms, raws li zoo raws li functional pawg.

Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS - yog lub hauv paus suschestovanie. Vim mus rau cov organic synthesis ntawm tus txiv neej niaj hnub no muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom cua ntaub ntawv uas hloov tej yam ntuj tso, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv unparalleled nws tus yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv cov xwm.