Tus thawj mention ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv keeb kwm twb txuam nrog rau lub npe ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duke. Uas xyoo pom thawj mention ntawm Moscow?

Keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Russia - ib tug heev interesting lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov kev txaus siab ntawm tus txiv neej thiab tus hlub. Nws yog ces nyob rau hauv nws kiag, tsim thiab tsim ntau hom ntawm socio-economic, socio-thoj dab. Muaj ntau lub zos uas muaj dim mus rau lub hnub tam sim no. Nws yog lub sij hawm no yog tus thawj mention ntawm Moscow.

Ib me ntsis ntawm ancient keeb kwm

Yog hais tias koj ua ib tug luv luv excursion mus rau hauv lub deb dhau los ntawm peb lub teb chaws, peb yuav pom hais tias tus hais sib haum ntawm cov neeg no twb los ntawm tus thib ob txhiab BC. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nws yog ib tug heev txheej thaum ub heev, tab sis nrog rau qhov no tag nrho cov pib. Active khiav dab, marching rau lub sij hawm, pub khom thiab nrhiav tau qhov tseem ceeb uas haum rau qhov chaw no, ib tug ntawm lawv ua lub East European Tiaj, nyob rau hauv particular upland. Nws khiav no Proto-Slavic pab pawg neeg, uas yog cais los ntawm cov Germanic thiab Slavic Balt nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej. Tseem tom qab ntawd muaj ib tug faib ntawm lub Slavic loj hauv peb pawg neeg: lub sab hnub poob, yav qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj. Lawm, lub xyoo ntawm tus thawj mention ntawm Moscow yog tseem heev nyob deb deb. Txawm li cas los, lub Slavs tswm rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Russia, thiab cov neeg zej zog ntawm lub capital pib txiav txim cia nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau xis rau hauv cheeb tsam no - Borovitsky Hill.

Thawj pom: cov chronicle ntawm Moscow

Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm science yog ntau version ntawm cov tsos nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov hnub ntawm lub xeev ntawm tsim ntawm lub Eastern Slavs. Tseeb, archaeological pov thawj tso cai rau peb hais tias nyob rau hauv no qhov chaw muaj ib tug kev sib hais haum, thiab heev tsim. Txawm li cas los, mus hais lus cam hais tias nws yog Moscow, koj yuav tsis tau. Qhov tseeb hais tias muaj tsis tau sau qhov chaw hais txog qhov xwm ntawm no yog tsis tau, thiab yog li ntawd, yog vim li cas yuav tsum tau ntseeg yog. Lub ntsiab ntawv rau lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient Russia yog lub "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" Nestor monk. Yog hais tias peb ua tib zoo kawm nws, peb yuav to taub tias tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub kaum ob xyoo pua, muaj tus thawj mention ntawm Moscow. Lub hnub ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim yog laus 1147, thaum koj kawm tau tej yam tshiab dog dig distorted lub npe "Yoov Tshaj Cum". Nyob rau hauv kev, nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm no cheeb tsam, piv nrog rau lwm lub zos rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj Russia, yuav hu ua ib tug es rov qab, thiab lub nroog yog neeg lag ntseg thiab nyob deb nroog.

Ntuj zoo thiab foresight tub huabtais

Txawm li cas los, cov cheeb tsam no yog heev conveniently nyob ib thaj nyuag, yog li attracted lub qhov muag ntawm tus princes ntawm tag nrho cov qib hauj lwm. Tab sis lub fore Moscow yuav tuaj ib lub sij hawm ntev heev. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm ib lub sij hawm coj ib tug txoj kev zoo nkauj rau tus tub yau ntawm Vladimir Monomakh, Yuri Dolgoruky nicknamed. Raws li cov Rostov-Suzdal princes, nws kuj ntsia mus Kiev, tab sis nws paub hais tias internecine nriaj yog tsim nyog los muaj ib tug tau rear. Thiab lub qub nroog yog zoo-ncaav thiab muaj zog knights pawg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub nroog twb nyob, figuratively hais lus, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab khoom ntiag tug, uas yog yooj yim heev rau ib tug nres nyob rau yuav luag tag nrho cov loj principalities ntawm lub North-East. Yog li ntawd, cov thawj mention ntawm Moscow yog txuam nrog lub npe ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duke Yuri Vladimirovich, ntawm no yog ib tug council ua tsov ua rog, nws caw nws tus khub nyob rau hauv lub tawm tsam rau supremacy nyob rau hauv Russia thiab ib tug txheeb ze ntawm tub huabtais Svyatoslav Olegovich.

Hypotheses thiab controversies

Txawm li cas los, dua li no, cov historians yog tsis muaj kev pom zoo hais txog lub xyoo ntawm lub nroog foundation. Qhov no yog vim contradictions uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm, nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub fact tias nws yog txuam nrog rau cov 1147 thawj mention ntawm Moscow. Lub hnub nyob rau hauv cov lus nug, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm muab cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv 1156, None Yuri Dolgoruky ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej capital nrhiav tau lub fortress. Txawm hais tias nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub sij hawm no nws kav nyob rau hauv Kiev, thiab yog hais tias nws tau nrhiav tau Moscow nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no, ces qhov no tshwm sim yuav tsum reflected nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau lub sij hawm no qhov ua rau silence uas yog puzzling. Dua li ntawm qhov hais ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv 1147, historians ntseeg tias nyob rau hauv hais tias lub sij hawm hu rau nws ib tug tag nrho-fledged kev sib hais haum tsis tau. Feem ntau cov zaum ntseeg yog tseem muaj ib tug xyoo ntawm tso lub fortress thiab lub nroog hais sib haum ntawm 1153. Nws yog ces hais tias lub Rostov-Suzdal None yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw, yog li peb yuav xav tias qhov no version.

Kuchkovo - Moscow

Txawm li cas los, Yuri txhob txwm kos mloog mus rau lub nroog. Raws li hais saum toj no, Moscow qhov chaw ua rau nws yooj yim heev thiab paaj transit point uas tus tswv xeev to taub tag nrho. Txawm tias thaum twg lub Kiev tub vaj ntxwv, nws devotes ib feem ntawm nws cov xim rau cov Moscow kawm. Txoj cai no txuas ntxiv thiab nws tus tub Andrew Bogolyubskii, tab sis hais tias nyob rau hauv hais tias lub sij hawm Moscow yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg xaiv yaam tseem ceeb, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua. Nws yog ib tug me me ciam teb hla taw tes, nyob qhov twg hla ciam teb principalities, luam tseem khiav. Nws yog ib tug yooj yim qhov chaw Moscow cov khoom txuas rau tua ntawm tub huabtais Andreya Bogolyubskogo. Cov pawg neeg thaj av los mus rau hauv lub me me puv tes ntawm Boyar Stepan thiab hu ua Kuchkovo. Xav kom tig muaj rau hauv lawv tus kheej, thaum xub thawj sim kom koj yaum tau tub huabtais Stepan muab cov cheeb tsam no, tab sis cov intransigence ntawm Boyar coj mus rau nws tiav, thiab discontent ntawm cov boyars 'Estates, uas tau nyob rau hauv ib tug kev koom tes thiab cov kev tua neeg ntawm tub huabtais Andreya Bogolyubskogo. Txawm li cas los, dua li no, lub neej yav tom ntej capital ntawm qhov chaw raug txib mus Monomakh.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub successors Aleksandra Nevskogo nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Moscow tus yam ntxwv

Tab sis lub nroog txoj kev loj hlob yog qeeb heev. Txij thaum twb xub kaw mention ntawm Moscow, thiab kom txog thaum tej lub sij hawm raws li nws acquires nws tus kheej lub hwj, nws tau ntau tshaj li ib nrab caug xyoo. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum peb xyoo pua, nws pib mus rau noj nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug loj nroog hais sib haum thiab ib tug tseem ceeb xaiv yaam taw tes. Tus thawj mention ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv nws cov tshiab muaj peev xwm ntog thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no. Qhov no qhia ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub nroog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov-Lavxias teb sab affairs. Yeej muaj tseeb flowering yuav pib tom qab Alexander Yaroslavovich, tau txais rau nws exploits npe menyuam yaus Nevsky, tawm hauv nws ib tug qub txeeg qub teg rau nws tus tub, Daniel. Thaum xub thawj, cov tub ntxhais thawj yog chim hais tias nws tau txais ib tug xa ua dab tsi nqi zog, tab sis raws li Mougins, nws pib kom to taub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cheeb tsam no thiab tej yam nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Russia lub sij hawm ntawm fragmentation. Nws yog nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev uas ntxiv dag zog nws los ntawm txoj kev dynastic kev sib yuav, tub rog quab yuam. Tsis tas luag hauj lwm yog ua si los ntawm thiab cunning None. By kawg ntawm nws lub reign, lub nqi zog ntawm Moscow thiab lub nroog tau heev tseem ceeb rivals rau supremacy nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Daniilovich nyob rau hauv lub tawm tsam rau supremacy

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias tus sawv ntawm Moscow vim lub fact tias cov laus chaw zov me nyuam (Kiev, thiab ces Vladimir) maj yuav ploj mus rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm, thiab mus rau lub fore Tver thiab tib "golden-domed". Peb kuj yuav tsum hais qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tej yam ntawm no pej xeem lub tsev kawm ntawv, raws li cov Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj. Thaum pib ntawm lub kaum plaub xyoo pua, tsam chaw nyob twb tsiv los ntawm Vladimir rau Moscow. Nws yog ib, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, meant ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv tus txheej xwm thiab lub hwj ntawm lub yav tas. Qhov kev tshwm sim tshwm sim rau ib tug yog vim li cas, thiab yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm far-sighted txoj cai ntawm lub Moscow princes. Lub tswv yim taw qhia los ntawm Daniilom Aleksandrovichem, txuas ntxiv mus los ntawm nws successors: Yuri, leej twg tsis txawv politically minded, thiab Ivan zaum saum lub zwm txwv tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws tus tij laug. Ivan, nicknamed Kalita yog qhabnias designer yuav ntxiv zog rau tus ntawm cov tub ntxhais tab sis nquag nroog. Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm nws Mongol khans muab cov nyiaj them ntawm tribute nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov Moscow rulers.

kev nom kev tswv ntawm

Thaum tub huabtais tshwm chroniclers, uas muaj xws li tus thawj mention nyob rau hauv lub annals ntawm Moscow rau lub cuaj, thiab txawm thaum pib ntawm lub yim caug xyoo. Tag nrho cov no yog ua nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nrhiav pov thawj rau txoj kev mus rau lub nroog thiab nqi zog nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov-Lavxias teb sab affairs. Princes thiab boyars lub tsev hais plaub xav txhawb no version. Kalita txoj cai txuas ntxiv los ntawm nws cov tub Ivan Liab, tau txais nws lub npe menyuam yaus rau ib tug zoo nkauj tsos, thiab Semyon siab, distinguished los ntawm ntev txaus siab. Thaum lawv ua kev hloov mus rau chronicle lub hom phiaj ib me ntsis "coj" lub neej yav tom ntej capital. Txawm li cas los, nws yog tseeb hais tias cov thawj mention nyob rau hauv lub annals ntawm Moscow, muab kev ncaj ncees chroniclers, nws yog tsis muaj tseeb, thiab qhov no yog ua li cas purely rau kev nom kev tswv motives. Dmitry Ivanovich txawm ntau ntxiv dag zog rau ua txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub nroog, yeej ib decisive kov yeej lub Mongol-Tatar troops rau lub Kulikovo teb nyob rau hauv 1380. Txawm li cas los, ob lub xyoos tom qab, ib tug tshiab tua invaders ntes tau lub nroog los ntawm surprise, thiab nws raug coj thiab hlawv yuav luag tag.

Tsev Neeg tsis sib haum tshaj qub txeeg qub teg Moscow

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, ntawm lub qub txeeg qub teg ntawm ib tug tawm tsam rau lub hwj chim, tau txais nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntaub ntawv raws li ib tug zoo kawg feudal tsov rog. Nplooj ntawv no nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm yog tag nrho ntawm tragic lub sij hawm. Tus khiav tawm Vasily II lub Tsaus, thiab los ntawm nws tus tub, Ivan III ntawm, rau thawj lub sij hawm txij li thaum lub feudal fragmentation tau txais lub npe ntawm Grand tub huabtais ntawm tag nrho cov zog ntawm Guj kuj thiab Moscow los ua lub peev ntawm lub koom Russia. Tom qab, lub nroog txawm ntau ntxiv dag zog thiab nthuav. Raws li pom los ntawm British tub txawj tub ntse, nws yog ntau tshaj ntawm London. Nws raws li txoj cai raws li ib tug capital Moscow khaws cia kom txog rau thaum qhov kev siv ntawm St. Petersburg thiab peb puas xyoo yielded lub xibtes rau sab qaum teb capital. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1918 lub dag zog ntawm lub Bolsheviks, nws rov los ua lub capital ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub RSFSR thiab ces tus USSR.

Moscow: los ntawm lub peev ntawm tus nqi zog mus rau lub capital ntawm Russia

Yog li ntawd koj yuav zoo nkauj luv luv highlight lub ntsiab yam ntawm lub hauv paus thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub nroog: thawj mention ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm Moscow raws li ib tug me me hais sib haum rau cov xwm txheej ntawm ib tug loj thiab haib tshaj lub xeev capital. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, nws tau undergone heev heev hloov raws li cov tsos thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm nws cov cawv nyob rau hauv lub dav dav kawg ntawm cov txheej xwm. Nyob rau hauv kev, tus tub ntawm Basil Tsaus tsev Kremlin raws li peb muaj peev xwm saib nws nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, ntawm liab cib. Tag nrho historic qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog tau ua nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, thiab ces tsuas yog me ntsis hloov. Txawm tias historians puas muaj lawm ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntawv luam, hnov hypotheses txog lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv uas lub zos, muaj ib tug feem ntau txais saib hais tias cov thawj mention ntawm Moscow hnub mus rau lub kaum ob xyoo pua, thiab yog suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm tub huabtais Yuri Dolgoruky. Xyoo ntawm tus thawj mention pom tau hais tias 1147. Tam sim no lub nroog yog ib qho ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws lub zos nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thiab lub peev ntawm peb lub teb chaws.