Tus foundations ntawm radioactivity.

Keeb kwm paub xws li mob, thaum zoo tswv yim tuaj paub txog ntawd. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi mus rau lub Fabkis physicist Anri Bekkerelyu, yog pom tau hais nyob rau hauv 1896 lub foundations ntawm radioactivity. Yog vim li cas rau kev lub thwmsim yog mus kawm B. Roentgen X-rays. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus paub txog ua lub assumption tias lawv yog txuas mus rau lub phenomenon ntawm luminescence. Thiab tej zaum, hais tias qhov no zoo ntawm luminescence yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis muaj cathode rays.

Becquerel txiav txim siab mus kawm ntawv rau hauv lub hypothesis muab rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm V. Roentgen. Nws xav seb puas luminescent tshuaj emit rays muaj lub peev xwm mus txeem los ntawm cov opaque muab faib. Yuav kom teb tau lo lus nug no, Becquerel coj ib tug photographic phaj qhwv nws dub zaj duab xis, muab ntsev coated uranium tooj liab ntoo khaub lig thiab muab tso rau hauv lub hnub. Tej lub sij hawm tom qab, nws pom tus zaj duab xis. Nws muab tawm hais tias nws yog dub nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas muaj tus ntoo khaub lig. Qhov no qhia hais tias cov uranium muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm generating tawg dua los ntawm opaque khoom thiab tej yam nyob rau hauv ib tug photographic phaj. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, Becquerel ntseeg tias yog vim li cas rau lub glow ntawm uranium - lub hnub.

Tom qab ib co sij hawm, tus paub txog txiav txim siab kom rov hais dua cov xyaum ua tej yam. Tab sis lub sij hawm no overcast nag huab cua tiv thaiv nws mus pib txoj kev tshawb no. Becquerel muab tso cia rau hauv lub phaj nyob rau hauv dub wrapper nrog ib tug ntoo khaub lig nyob rau hauv ib tug maub txee dai khaub ncaws rau hnub. Thaum ib tug physicist tsom photographic zaj duab xis, nws twb pom hais tias, thaum nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti, nws yog dub ib tug heev tshaj thaum raug rau lub hnub. Los ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuam ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tebchaw, Becquerel pom tias emit rays uas txeem los ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj nti daim ntawv, ua tau tsuas yog tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg uas muaj uranium. Txij li thaum lub foundations ntawm radioactivity tau ua

Tom qab no, qhov no tshwm sim tau kom huv si kawm los ntawm nws tus poj niam Mariey Sklodovskoy thiab Pierre Curie. Tus foundations ntawm radioactivity yog vim li cas rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ntau lwm yam hais. Pierre thiab Marie nrhiav tau hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm ntawm emitting kab teeb ntawm peb inputs: beta, alpha, gamma -. Lawv tau kom huv si kawm rau tshwm sim ntawm radioactivity, kawm nws tob tob muaj peev xwm thiab coj tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv ib tug sib nqus teb. Cov discoveries tau tso cai zaum yuav nrhiav tau qhov loj, tshaj tawm thiab them nyiaj ntawm tus hais hais tias ua li lub teeb.

Cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua teeb meem loj discoveries nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm physics. Nws twb pom hais tias cov alpha rays yog myriad ntawm kuj hnyav hais, tus tshaj tawm ntawm cov uas 16 txhiab kilometers ib ob. Txhua yam ntawm lawv muaj ob tug zoo hluav taws xob xwb thiab muaj ib tug loj. Lub hauv paus ntawm beta-rays - electrons, los yog tsis zoo them teeb ntsiab. Lawv ceev nce mus txog ntau tshaj 300 txhiab kilometers ib ob. Ib tug gamma-rays rau cov qauv muaj ntsis zoo li X-ray. Ib me ntsis tom qab, physicists tau pom ib tug ob peb ntau nthuav tseeb. Nws twb pom hais tias cov beta-emitting los yog alpha hais, atoms ntawm ib co tshuaj ntsiab yuav hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv lwm tus neeg.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ore, uas yog ib feem ntawm thorium thiab uranium, tau raug qhib kiag li tshiab, tsis tau kawm tshuaj caij. Nws lub npe - ua kom tiav - nws yog nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Mary lub tsev lub teb chaws - Poland. Ib me ntsis tom qab physicists qhib ib tej lub caij - radium (radiant). Qhov no feem yog faib haum muaj zog tawg. Rooj radium Mendeleev muaj ib tug atomic luj ntawm 226, 88 nyob ntawm tes. Ib me ntsis tom qab, nws tau txiav txim hais tias cov tshuaj hais, ib theem zuj zus ntau dua 83, nyob rau hauv ntiaj teb yeej yog neeg, uas muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tsim tawg nthawv.

Nyob rau hauv 1903, lub Curies rau lub foundations ntawm radioactivity tau muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog. Mariya Sklodovskaya los ua tus thawj poj niam xib fwb. Tsaug rau nws, nyob rau hauv lub Sorbonne University cov hoob kawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm radioactivity yog thawj ua tswvcuab.